3_fasteners_handbook.pdf

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BOLTS & NUTS HANDBOOK Types of Bolts In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections Stud Bolts and Hex Bolts are used. The Stud Bolt is a threaded rod with 2 heavy hexagon nuts, while the Hex Bolt has a head with one nut. Nuts and head are both six sided. Stud Bolts general Stud Bolt length are defined in ASME B16.5 standard. The length in inches is equal to the effective thread length measured parallel to the axis, from the first to the first thread without the chamfers (points). First thread is defined as the intersection of the major diameter of the thread with the base of the point. Note: The length of metric Stud Bolts measured parallel to axis, is the distance from each Stud Bolt, including the point. The quantity of bolts for a flange connection will be given by the number of bolt holes in a flange, diameter and length of bolts is dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange.

To allow the use of hydraulic tensioning equipment, larger dimension studs shall be often one diameter longer than "standard". That bolts to have plastic end cap protection. Bolts threading are defined in ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread Form). The most common thread is a symmetrical form with a V-profile. The included angle is 60. This form is widely used in the Unified thread (UN, UNC, UNF, UNRC, UNRF) form as the ISO / metric threads. The advantage of a symmetrical threads is that they are easier to produce and inspect compared with non-symmetrical threads. These are typically used in general-purpose fasteners. Thread series cover designations of diameter/pitch combinations that are measured by the number of threads per inch (TPI) applied to a single diameter. Standard Thread Pitches

Coarse thread series (UNC/UNRC) is the most widely used thread system and applied in most of the screws, bolts and nuts. Coarse threads are used for threads in low strength materials such as iron, mild steel, copper and softer alloy, aluminium, etc.. The coarse thread is also more tolerant in adverse conditions and facilitate quick assembly.

Fine thread series (UNF/UNRF) is commonly used in precision applications and in there where require a higher tensile strength than the coarse thread series.

8 - Thread series (8UN) is the specified thread forming method for several ASTM standards including A193 B7, A193 B8/B8M, and A320. This series is mostly used for diameters one inch and above.



Hex Nuts (dimensional data) are defined in ASME B18.2.2, and even as bolts the threading in ASME B1.1. Depending on a customer specification, nuts must be both sites chamfered or with on one side a washer-face. The height of a nut for Stud Bolts are the same as the diameter of the thread rod.

Nut with on one side a washer-face

Both sites chamfered

Materials for Stud Bolts Dimensions from Stud Bolts are defined in the ASME B16.5 standard. The material qualities for studs are defined in the different ASTM standards, and are indicated by Grade. Frequently used grades are A193 for thread rods and A194 for the nuts. ASTM A193 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. ASTM A194 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and martensitic and austenitic stainless steel nuts. These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both. Below you will find as an example a table with materials and grades for flanges, thread rods (bolts) and nuts, arranged on design temperature, flanges, thread rods and recommended nuts. DESIGN TEMPERATURE FLANGES GRADE THREAD RODS GRADE NUTS

-195 to 102C ASTM A 182 Gr. F304, F304L, F316, F316L, F321, F347

A320 Gr. B8 Class 2 A194 Gr. 8A

-101 to -47C ASTM A 350 Gr. LF3 A 320 Gr. L7 A 194 Gr. 7

-46 to -30C ASTM A 350 Gr. LF2 A 320 Gr. L7 A 194 Gr. 7

-29 to 427C ASTM A 105 A 193 Gr. B7 A 194 Gr. 2H

428 to 537C ASTM A 182 Gr. F11, F22 A 193 Gr. B16 A 194 Gr. 2H

538 to 648C ASTM A182 Gr. F11, F22 A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1 A 194 Gr. 8A

649 to 815C ASTM A182 Gr. F304 H, F316 H A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1 A 194 Gr. 8A

Note: Materials in the table above are being provided for guidance purposes



Marking of Stud Bolts Thread rods and nuts must be marked by the manufacturer with a unique identifier to identify the manufacturer or private label distributor, as appropriate. Below you will find a number of ASTM examples.



Dimensions of Heavy Hex Nuts according to ASME B18.2.2 used with Stud Bolts acc. to ASME B16.5

Width Across Flats

Width Across Corners Thickness

F C T Nominal Size

Basic Max Min Max Min Basic Max Min

1/2 7/8 0.875 0.850 1.010 0.969 31/64 0.504 0.464 22 mm

5/8 1.1/16 1.062 1.031 1.227 1.175 39/64 0.631 0.587 27 mm

3/4 1.1/4 1.250 1.212 1.443 1.382 47/64 0.758 0.710 32 mm

7/8 1.7/16 1.438 1.394 1.660 1.589 55/64 0.885 0.833 36 mm

1 1.5/8 1.625 1.575 1.876 1.796 63/64 1.012 0.956 41 mm

1.1/8 1.13/16 1.812 1.756 2.093 2.002 1.7/64 1.139 1.079 46 mm

1.1/4 2 2.000 1.938 2.309 2.209 1.7/32 1.251 1.187 51 mm

1.3/8 2.3/16 2.188 2.119 2.526 2.416 1.11/32 1.378 1.310 56 mm

1.1/2 2.3/8 2.375 2.300 2.742 2.622 1.15/32 1.505 1.433 60 mm

1.5/8 2.9/16 2.562 2.481 2.959 2.828 1.19/32 1.632 1.556 65 mm

1.3/4 2.3/4 2.750 2.662 3.175 3.035 1.23/32 1.759 1.679 70 mm

1.7/8 2.15/16 2.938 2.844 3.392 3.242 1.27/32 1.886 1.802 75 mm 2 3.1/8 3.125 3.025 3.608 3.449 1.31/32 2.013 1.925 80



mm

2.1/4 3.1/2 3.500 3.388 4.041 3.862 2.13/64 2.251 2.155 89 mm

2.1/2 3.7/8 3.875 3.750 4.474 4.275 2.29/64 2.505 2.401 99 mm

2.3/4 4.1/4 4.250 4.112 4.907 4.688 2.45/64 2.759 2.647 108 mm

3 4.5/8 4.625 4.475 5.340 5.102 2.61/64 3.013 2.893 118 mm

3.1/4 5 5.000 4.838 5.774 5.515 3.3/16 3.252 3.124 127 mm

3.1/2 5.3/8 5.375 5.200 6.207 5.928 3.7/16 3.506 3.370 137 mm

3.3/4 5.3/4 5.750 5.562 6.640 6.341 3.11/16 3.760 3.616 145 mm

4 6.1/8 6.125 5.925 7.073 6.755 3.15/16 4.014 3.862 155 mm Basic Max Min Max Min Basic Max Min F C T Nominal

Size Width Across Flats

Width Across Corners Thickness

Notes: All dimensions are given in inches unless otherwise indicated. Heavy hex nuts are slightly larger and thicker than standard (finished) hex nuts. There are

numerous grades and the heavy pattern is typically used for large diameter and high strength bolts.

Important: the Across Flat sizes in Millimeters shown in the table should be used as a guide only. Individual sizes should be checked before specifying any equipment.



Dim. Across Flats & Heights of Hex Nuts acc. to DIN & ISO

Width (F) Across Flats Height of Nuts (T) Min-Max

DIA DIN ISO DIN 555 ISO 4034 ISO type 1 DIN 934

ISO 4032 ISO 8673 ISO type 1

ISO 4033 ISO type 2

M 1 2.5 ... ... ... 0.55 - 0.80 ... ... M 1.2 3 ... ... ... 0.75 - 1.00 ... ... M 1.4 3 ... ... ... 0.95 - 1.20 ... ... M 1. 6 3.2 ... ... ... 1.05 - 1.30 1.05 - 1.30 ...

M 2 4 ... ... ... 1.35 - 1.60 1.35 - 1.60 ... M 2.5 5 ... ... ... 1.75 - 2.00 1.75 - 2.00 ... M 3 5.5 ... ... ... 2.15 - 2.40 2.15 - 2.40 ... M 3.5 6 ... ... ... 2.55 - 2.80 2.55 - 2.80 ... M 4 7 ... ... ... 2.90 - 3.20 2.90 - 3.20 ... M 5 8 ... 3.40 - 4.60 4.40 - 5.60 3.70 - 4.00 4.40 - 4.70 4.80 - 5.10 M 6 10 ... 4.40 - 5.60 4.60 - 6.10 4.70 - 5.00 4.90 - 5.20 5.40 - 5.70 M 7 11 ... ... ... 5.20- 5.50 ... ... M 8 13 ... 5.75 - 7.25 6.40 - 7.90 6.14 - 6.50 6.44 - 6.80 7.14 - 7.50 M 10 17 16 7.25 - 8.75 8.00 - 9.50 7.64 - 8.00 8.04 - 8.40 8.94 - 9.30

M 12 19 18 9.25 - 10.75 10.40 - 12.20 9.64 - 10.00 10.37 - 10.8 11.75 - 12.00

M 14 22 21 ... 12.10 - 13.90 10.30 - 11.00

12.10 - 12.80

13.40 - 14.10

M 16 24 ... 12.10 - 13.90 14.10 - 15.90

12.30 - 13.00

14.10 - 14.80

15.70 - 16.40

M 18 27 ... ... 15.10 - 16.90 14.30 - 15.00

15.10 - 15.80 ...

M 20 30 ... 15.10 - 16.90 16.90 - 19.00

14.90 - 16.00

16.90 - 18.00

19.00 - 20.30



M 22 32 34 17.10 - 18.90 18.10 - 20.20

16.90 - 18.00

18.10 - 19.40 ...

M 24 36 ... 17.95 - 20.05 20.20 - 22.30

17.70 - 19.00

20.20 - 21.50

22.60 - 23.90

M 27 41 ... 20.95 - 23.05 22.60 - 24.70

20.70 - 22.00

22.50 - 23.80 ...

M 30 46 ... 22.95 - 25.05 24.30 - 26.40

22.70 - 24.00

24.30 - 25.60

27.30 - 28.60

M 33 50 ... 24.95 - 27.05 27.40 - 29.50

24.70 - 26.00

27.40 - 28.70 ...

M 36 55 ... 27.95 - 30.05 28.00 - 31.50

27.40 - 29.00

29.40 - 31.00

33.10 - 34.70

M 39 60 ... 29.75 - 32.25 31.80 - 34.30

29.40 - 31.00

31.80 - 33.40 ...

M 42 65 ... 32.75 - 35.25 32.40 - 34.90

32.40 - 34.00

32.40 - 34.00 ...

M 45 70 ... 34.75 - 37.25 34.40 - 36.90

34.40 - 36.00

34.40 - 36.00 ...

M 48 75 ... 36.75 - 39.25 36.40 - 38.90

36.40 - 38.00

36.40 - 38.00 ...

M 52 80 ... 40.75 - 43.25 40.40 - 42.90

40.40 - 42.00

40.40 - 42.00 ...

M 56 85 ... 43.75 - 46.25 43.40 - 45.90

43.40 - 45.00

43.40 - 45.00 ...

M 60 90 ... 46.75 - 49.25 46.40 - 48.90

46.40 - 48.00

46.40 - 48.00 ...

M 64 95 ... 49.50 - 52.50 49.40 - 52.40

49.10 - 51.00

49.10 - 51.00 ...

DIN ISO DIN 555 ISO 4034 ISO type 1 DIN 934 ISO 4032 ISO 8673 ISO type 1

ISO 4033 ISO type 2

DIA Width (F) Across Flats Height of Nuts (T) Min-Max

All dimensions are given in millimeters - dIN -



Dimensions Stud Bolts for RF & RTJ flanges ASME B16.5 Class 150

NPS Diameter of bolts (in)

Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts NPS

Diameter of bolts (in)

Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

1/2 1/2 55 - 4 5 3/4 95 110 8 3/4 1/2 65 - 4 6 3/4 100 115 8 1 1/2 65 75 4 8 3/4 110 120 8 1 1/2 70 85 4 10 7/8 115 125 12 1 1/2 70 85 4 12 7/8 120 135 12 2 5/8 85 95 4 14 1 135 145 12 2 5/8 90 100 4 16 1 135 145 16 3 5/8 90 100 4 18 1 1/8 145 160 16 3 5/8 90 100 8 20 1 1/8 160 170 20 4 5/8 90 100 8 24 1 1/4 170 185 20


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

General notes:

Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated. The length of the Stud Bolt does not include the height of the chamfers (points). Length dimensional tolerances for all Stud Bolts:

length to 12 inch tolerance = 1.6 mm length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = 3.2 mm length over 18 inch tolerance = 6.4 mm

- studs150 -





Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts NPS


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

1/2 1/2 65 75 4 5 3/4 120 135 8 3/4 5/8 75 90 4 6 3/4 120 140 12 1 5/8 75 90 4 8 7/8 140 150 12 1 5/8 85 95 4 10 1 160 170 16 1 3/4 90 100 4 12 1 1/8 170 185 16 2 5/8 90 100 8 14 1 1/8 180 190 20 2 3/4 100 115 8 16 1 1/4 190 205 20 3 3/4 110 120 8 18 1 1/4 195 210 24 3 3/4 110 125 8 20 1 1/4 205 220 24 4 3/4 115 125 8 24 1 1/2 230 255 24


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts





Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts NPS


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

1/2 1/2 75 75 4 5 7/8 145 145 8 3/4 5/8 90 90 4 6 7/8 150 150 12 1 5/8 90 90 4 8 1 170 170 12 1 5/8 95 95 4 10 1 1/8 190 190 16 1 3/4 110 110 4 12 1 1/4 205 205 16 2 5/8 110 110 8 14 1 1/4 210 210 20 2 3/4 120 120 8 16 1 3/8 220 220 20 3 3/4 125 125 8 18 1 3/8 230 230 24 3 7/8 140 140 8 20 1 1/2 240 250 24 4 7/8 140 140 8 24 1 3/4 265 280 24


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts





Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts NPS


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

1/2 1/2 75 75 4 5 1 165 165 8 3/4 5/8 90 90 4 6 1 170 170 12 1 5/8 90 90 4 8 1 1/8 190 195 12 1 5/8 95 95 4 10 1 1/4 215 215 16 1 3/4 110 110 4 12 1 1/4 220 220 20 2 5/8 110 110 8 14 1 3/8 235 235 20 2 3/4 120 120 8 16 1 1/2 255 255 20 3 3/4 125 125 8 18 1 5/8 275 275 20 3 7/8 140 140 8 20 1 5/8 285 290 24 4 7/8 145 145 8 24 1 7/8 330 335 24


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

General notes:





Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts NPS


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

1/2 3/4 110 110 4 6 1 1/8 190 195 12 3/4 3/4 115 115 4 8 1 3/8 220 220 12 1 7/8 125 125 4 10 1 3/8 235 235 16 1 7/8 125 125 4 12 1 3/8 255 255 20 1 1 140 140 4 14 1 1/2 275 280 20 2 7/8 145 145 8 16 1 5/8 285 290 20 2 1 160 160 8 18 1 7/8 325 335 20 3 7/8 145 145 8 20 2 350 360 20 4 1 1/8 170 170 8

24 2 1/2 440 455 20



5 1 1/4 190 190 8


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

General notes:

Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated. Length dimensional tolerances for all Stud Bolts:




Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts NPS


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

1/2 3/4 110 110 4 6 1 3/8 260 265 12 3/4 3/4 115 115 4 8 1 5/8 290 300 12 1 7/8 125 125 4 10 1 7/8 335 345 12 1 7/8 125 125 4 12 2 375 385 16 1 1 140 140 4 14 2 1/4 405 425 16 2 7/8 145 145 8 16 2 1/2 445 470 16 2 1 160 160 8 18 2 3/4 495 525 16 3 1 1/8 180 180 8 20 3 540 565 16 4 1 1/4 195 195 8 24 3 1/2 615 650 16 5 1 1/2 250 250 8


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

General notes:





Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts NPS


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

1/2 3/4 120 120 4 3 1 1/4 220 230 8 3/4 3/4 125 125 4

4 1 1/2 255 260 8



1 7/8 140 140 4 5 1 3/4 300 310 8 1 1 150 150 4 6 2 345 355 8 1 1 1/8 170 170 4 8 2 380 395 12 2 1 180 180 8 10 2 1/2 490 510 12 2 1 1/8 195 205 8 12 2 3/4 540 560 12


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts


Length RF

Length RTJ

N of bolts

General notes:

