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Evolution to 3g

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Requirements of 3G

Bit rates up to 2 Mbps;

Variable bit rate to offer bandwidth on demand;

Multiplexing of services with different quality requirements on a singleconnection, e.g.

speech, video and packet data;

Delay requirements from delay-sensitive real-time traffic to flexible best-effortpacket data;

Quality requirements from 10% frame error rate to 106 bit error rate;

Coexistence of second- and third-generation systems and inter-system handoversfor

coverageenhancements and load balancing;

Support of asymmetric uplink and downlink traffic, e.g. web browsing causes more

loading to downlink than to uplink;

High spectrum efficiency.

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Evolution

UMTS system is based on layered services,

unlike GSM.

On the top there is the services layer, which

will give advantages like fast deployment of

services and centralized location

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From GPRS to UMTS

The key point when going to UMTS is the use of theexisting mobilenetwork.From GSM core network side, the

following network elements will be reused:

MSC (Mobile switching centre) (vendor dependent)

AUC (Authentication centre)

HLR (Home location register)

VLR (Visitor location register)

EIR (Equipment identity register)

From GPRS network, the following network elements will be reused:

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) (vendor dependent)

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

From GSM radio network, the following network elements CANNOT bereused:

BSC (base station controller)

BTS (base transceiver station)

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From GPRS to UMTS

UMTS network will introduce new network elements that will givethe functionality as given in standards:

Node-B (base station)

RNC (Radio Network Controller)

MGW (Media Gateway) The functionality of MSC and SGSN will change when going to

UMTS. In a GSM system, MSC handles all the circuit switchedoperations like connecting A- and B-subscriber through thenetwork. SGSN handles all the packet switched operations andtransfers all the data in the network. In UMTS the MGW (Media

gateway) will take care of all data transfer in both, circuit and packetswitched networks. MSC and SGSN will act as "brains" of the systemand they will control MGW operations. The name of the nodes willchange into MSC-server and GSN-server

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Migration to 3G

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EDGE(EnhancedData for GSM

Evolution):

EDGE is the part of the ITUs IMT-2000 familyand has been designed to enhance theexisting GSM air interface in order to support

more advanced services. However, EDGE doesnot represent a replacement for 3GSM.

3GSM is a moreefficient carrier for data thanEDGE and also provides an increased voicecapacity over those systems based on theGSM air interface.

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3G SERVICES

Universal global roaming

Multimedia (voice, data & video)

Increased data rates

384 kbps whilemoving

2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations

Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)

IP architecture

Problems

No killer application for wireless data as yet Vendor-driven.

Video on demand,

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Roadmap to 3G

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wcdma

By definition, the bandwidth of a WCDMA system is 5 MHz or more, and

this 5 MHz is also the nominal bandwidth of all 3G WCDMA proposals.

This bandwidth was chosen because:

It is enough to provide data rates of 144 and 384 Kbps (these were 3G

targets), and even 2 Mbps in good conditions.

Bandwidth is always scarce, and the smallest possible allocation should

be used, especially if the systemmust use frequency bands alreadyoccupied

by existing 2G systems.

This bandwidth can resolvemoremultipaths than narrower bandwidths,

thus improving performance.

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IMT-2000

IMT-2000 is the umbrella specification of all 3G systems.

Originally it was the purpose of theInternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) to have only one truly global 3Gspecification, but for both technical and political reasons this didnot happen.

In its November 1999 ITU accepted the following proposals as IMT-2000 compatible

IMT Direct Spread (IMT-DS; also known as UTRA FDD);

IMT Multicarrier (IMT-MC; also known as CDMA2000);

IMT Time Code (IMT-TC; also known as UTRA-TDD/

TD-SCDMA narrowband TDD); IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC; also known as UWC-136);

IMT Frequency Time (IMT-FT; also known as DECT).

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What is 3GPP?

3GPP is an organization that develops specifications fora 3G system based on the UTRA radio interface and ontheenhanced GSM core network.

3GPP is also responsible for future GSM specificationwork. This work used to belong to ETSI, but becauseboth 3GPP and GSM use the same core network (GSM-MAP) and the highly international character of GSM, itmakes sense to develop the specifications for bothsystems in one place.

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Organizational partners

3GPP bring togeteher a number of

Telecommunication standard bodies referred to as

organizational partners

ETSI

ARIB Association ofRadio Industries & Business of

Japan

T1 of USA Telecommunication Technology Association (TTA) of

Korea

China Wireless Telecommunications Standard (CWTS)

group.

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3GPP2

3GPP2 initiative is the other major 3G standardization organization. It promotesthe CDMA2000 system, which is also based on a form of WCDMAtechnology.

In the world of IMT-2000, this proposal is known as

IMT-MC.

Themajor difference between the 3GPP and the 3GPP2approaches into the air interface specification development is that 3GPP hasspecified a completely new air interface without any constraints from the past,

3GPP2 has specified a system that is backward compatible with IS-95 systems.

The 3GPP2 membership includes ARIB, CWTS, TIA, TTA, and

TTC.

Although there are some common features in the 3GPP and 3GPP2

systems and they both belong under the common IMT-2000 umbrella, they

are technically incompatible.

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3G Evolution paths

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WHAT IS UMTS ?

UMTS is an International Mobile Telecommunications

- 2000 (IMT-2000) 3G system. the 3rd generation

Partnership Project is developing technical

specifications or IMT-2000 and the InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) framework for third-

generation standards.

UMTS is the natural evolution from GSM and other

second generation (2G)mobile systems. It provides

interconnection with 2G networks as well as other

terrestrial and satellite-based networks

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UMTS release architectures

3GPP currently defines standards for the

following UMTS releases

3GPP Release 99 (R99) 3GPP Release 4 (Next Generation Network

(NGN) architecture)

3GPP Release 5 (all-IP core network)

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3G network implementation on the

3GPP R99

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3GPP RELEASE 99 (R99)

3GPP Release 99 (R99) includes the following

network elements:

RADIO

ACC

ESS NETWO

RKS: Base Station Subsystem (BSS) for access to GSM services

which includes:

Base Transceiver Stations (BTS),

Base Station Controller (BSC). Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) for access

to UMTS services includes

Node Bs

Radio Network Controller (RNC).

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3GPP R99

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3GPPR4

WCDMA radio access provides excellent possibilities to extend coverage and transfer

capacity within the radio coverage area, unlike GSM radio access.

3GPP R4 offers an option to convert protocol stacks in such a way that the

transport protocols become IP-based. The third mentioned item, bearer-independent

CS CN brings scalability to the system.

The traditional MSC contains both connection capacity and connection control capacity, but thesetwo capacity types do not necessarily go hand in hand. 3GPP R4 defines the way to split these twocapacity types into two different nodes.

The node that maintains CS connection capacity is called the Circuit Switched

Media Gateway (CS-MGW) and it takes care of all physical connection set-up

matters.

The node that maintains connection control capacity is called the MSCserver. The MSC Server and CS-MGW have a one-to-many relationship (i.e., one

MSC server could control numerous CS-MGWs).

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3GPPR4

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3G Evolution paths

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3G Evolution paths

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3G network implementation on the

3GPP R99

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3GPPR4

WCDMA radio access provides excellent possibilities to extend coverage and transfer

capacity within the radio coverage area, unlike GSM radio access. This is not,

however, a simple issue as such, and the use of repeaters has its effect on, for instance,

LCSs. 3GPP R4 offers an option to convert protocol stacks in such a way that the

transport protocols become IP-based. The third mentioned item, bearer-independent

CS CN brings scalability to the system. The traditional MSC contains both connection

capacity and connection control capacity, but these two capacity types do not necessarily go hand in hand. 3GPP R4 defines the way to split these two capacity types into

two different nodes.

The node that maintains CS connection capacity is called the Circuit Switched

Media Gateway (CS-MGW) and it takes care of all physical connection set-up

matters. The node that maintains connection control capacity is called the MSC

server. The MSC Server and CS-MGW have a one-to-many relationship (i.e., one

MSC server could control numerous CS-MGWs). With this arrangement the operator

is able to optimise the physical length of the user plane within its network. This in turn

helps us to migrate to the IP-based transport network.

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3GPPR4

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3GPP R5

After 3GPP R4 the aim was to implement the followingmajor items:

. IP transport over the whole system from the BS up to the network border gateway.

. To introduce an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) in order to start wide use of various

multimedia services.

. To unify the open interface between the various access and core networks.

. To gain more capacity in the UTRAN air interface in the downlink direction.

Themajor items defined to be implemented in 3GPP R5 aim to simplify the network structure; making the transport protocol environment uniformenables more straightforward

solutions to be used than those used in R3 implementation. The first main item

mentioned, IP transport throughout the whole network starting from the BS, has the

aim of simplifying this transport network structure.

From the service point of view, the IMS will play a major role in R5 and further

implementations. IMS is a separate system solution that is able to utilise various networks

itself; one of these is UMTS. With IMS, end-users will be able to use sophisticated

multimedia and messaging services. IMS architecture is described in Chapter 6

and some related service aspects are discussed

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3GPP RELEASE 5 (R5)

3GPP Release 5 implements a unified IP backbone infrastructure which enables

high performance services and functions.

3GPP Release 5 (R5) introduces the following new network elements in addition to

R99 and R4 elements:

CORE NETWORK:

Common Core Network elements:

Home Subscriber Server (HSS),

Internet protocol Multimedia subsystem (IMS)

The IM susbsystem consists of all Core Network elements that use the services

provided by the PSCN to offer multimedia services. The IM susbsystem primarily

includes the Call Server

Control Function(CSCF), Media Gateway

Control Function (MGCF) and the Multimedia ResourceFunction (MRF).

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3GPP R5

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WCDMA

3G introduced the new radio access method, WCDMA. WCDMA andits variants are global; hence, all 3G networks should be able toaccept access by any 3G network subscriber. In addition to its globalnature, WCDMA has been thoroughly studied in the laboratory andit has been realised that it has better spectral efficiency than Time

Division Multiple Access (TDMA) (under certain conditions) and it ismore suitable for packet transfer than TDMA-based radio access.WCDMA and radio access equipment as such are not compatiblewith GSM equipment, and this is why, when adding the

WCDMA to the network, onemust add two new elements: theRadio Network Controller (RNC) and the Base Station (BS). The

network part that contains theseelements and maintains theWCDMA radio technology is called the UMTS Terrestrial RadioAccess Network (UTRAN).

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Service Evolution

3GPP specified important evolution steps ontop of WCDMA:

HSPA for downlink in Release 5 and for uplink

Release 6.

The downlink solution, High Speed DownlinkPacket Access (HSDPA) was commercially

deployed in 2005 and the uplink counterpart,High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA),during 2007.

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Service Evolution

3GPP is also working to specify a new radio

system called Long-Term Evolution (LTE),

Release-7 and -8

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Service Evolution

WCDMA Release 99 in theory enabled 2 Mbps,but in practice gave 384 kbps.

HSPA in Release 5 and Release 6 pushes the peak

rates to 14 Mbps in downlink and 5.7 Mbps inuplink.

HSPA evolution in Release 7 brings a maximum 28Mbps in downlink and 11 Mbps in uplink.

LTE will then further push the peak rates beyond100 Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in uplink byusing a 20 MHz bandwidth.

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Service Evolution

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3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership project):

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project isdeveloping technical specifications for IMT-2000,the International

Telecommunication Union's (ITU) framework forthird-generation standards.

3GPP is a global co-operation between sixOrganizational Partners (ARIB,, ETSI, T1, TTA and

TTC) who are recognized as being the world'smajor standardization bodies from Japan, China,Europe, USA and Korea.

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IMT2000

"IMT-2000" initiative, coveringhigh speed, broadband,andInternet Protocol (IP)-based mobile systems featuringnetwork-to-network interconnection, feature/servicetransparency, global roaming and seamless services

independent of location.IMT-2000 is intended to bring high-quality mobilemultimedia telecommunications to a worldwidemassmarket by achieving the goals of increasing the speed andease of wireless communications,responding to theproblems faced by the increased demand to pass data viatelecommunications, and providing "anytime, anywhere"services.

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3GPP2

The Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) is:

A collaborative third generation (3G) telecommunications specifications-setting project, Comprising North American and Asian interestsdeveloping global specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 Cellular Radiotelecommunication Intersystem Operations network evolution to 3G, and

Global specifications for the radio transmission technologies (RTTs)supported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41.

3GPP2 is a collaborativeeffort between five officially recognized SDOs.They are:

ARIB - Association ofRadio Industries and Businesses (Japan),

CCSA - China Communications Standards Association (China), TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association (North America),

TTA - Telecommunications Technology Association (Korea),

TTC - Telecommunications Technology Committee (Japan)

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BasicDesign Philosophy of3GPP2:

Leverageexisting globally-accepted IETF protocolswhenever possiblee.g., mobile IP (for mobility), IP Sec

(for e2e security), AAA (authentication, authorization

and accounting for network access). Some advantages are

Interoperability/roaming with existing IP networks.

Easy deployment of new services.

Well understood standards.