3gpp evolved packet system and femtocell...
TRANSCRIPT
Next-Generation Mobile Networks:
3GPP Evolved Packet System and
Femtocell Technologies
Next-Generation Mobile Networks:
3GPP Evolved Packet System and
Femtocell TechnologiesFemtocell TechnologiesFemtocell Technologies
Dr. Stefan Schmid
Manager, Next Generation Networking Group
NEC Laboratories Europe
Heidelberg, Germany
Keynote at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, Germany, June 2009
Outline
� A Historic Retrospect on the Evolved Packet System� How it all began� The big vision � Architecture study and battles� The reality of standards
� Overview and Status of Evolved Packet System � What could finally be achieved � Core Principles� Basic functionalities/capabilities� Basic functionalities/capabilities� Limitations
� Open Issues and Future Work� IP Flow Mobility� Localized Routing� …
� Prospects of Femtocell Technologies� Is it just a hype?
� Conclusions
2 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
A Historic Retrospect A Historic Retrospect
From the initial Vision to a Standard
How it all began …
� Once upon the time …
� Some researchers and standards folks had a VISION
� The mobile industry engaged into the endeavor to
study the “evolution” of the mobile network systemstudy the “evolution” of the mobile network system
� 3GPP System Architecture TSG started a Feasibility
Study in SA1 on “All IP Networks”
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
4 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Motivations and Drivers (1/2)
“There seems to be a common understanding in the mobile communications industry that the technical and commercial evolution of this industry sector points towards an AIPN.”
User related and social drivers:
� affordable high-speed mobile accessmobile access
� support of diverse mobile network services
� seamless serviceexperience across access technologies
� ability to obtain low-costlow-end services and high priced high-end services
5 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Motivations and Drivers (2/2)
� Drivers from a Business perspective:
� handle large volumes of IP traffic in a cost effective manner
� support user-to-user and user-to-multicast traffic
� incorporate non-3GPP access technologies with minimum impact
� interworking with other networks (considering � interworking with other networks (considering mobility, security, charging and QoS)
� account for fixed/mobile convergence issues
� Drivers from a Technology perspective
� significantly higher data rates to end-users
� multiple radio access systems
6 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
The All-IP Network Vision
Common IP-
based network
Support of a variety
of Different access
technologies
Advanced mobility
management
Session
management
Enhanced Services Enhanced network
performance
Network
extensibility
composition
Security and
Privacy
functionality
QoS Terminal and User
identification
PSTN
AIPN
External IP
Networks
e.g. Internet
End to End QoS Guaranteed Connection
I-WLANOther Accesses
Future Radio
Access Systems
Existing 3GPP
access
technologies
Session
mobilityTerminal-
mobility
7 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
The BIG Vision ...
Common IP-
based Network
Common IP-
based Network
Multi-AccessMulti-Access
Terminal MobilityTerminal Mobility
Security &
Privacy
Security &
Privacy
New and
enhanced Services
New and
enhanced Services
Session MobilitySession Mobility
QoS SupportQoS Support
Personal Area
Networks
Personal Area
Networks
Moving NetworksMoving Networks
Network
Composition
Network
Composition
Self-
Management
Self-
Management
Machine-to-
machine
Machine-to-
machine
8 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
From the Vision to a Standard
� Feasibility study (TR 22.978) concluded with the All-IP Networks
vision and recommended normative work
� SA1 continued and standardized the “Service Requirements for
the All-IP Network” (TS 22.258)
� Radio Access WGs in 3GPP started with a long-term
evolution of the 3GPP Radio Access Network
� LTE (Long-Term Evolution) == E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
� LTE (Long-Term Evolution) == E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN)
� System Architecture Evolution work for the 3GPP Evolved
Packet Core started (TR 23.882)
� SAE (System Architecture Evolution) == EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
Start of All IP
Networks Study
TR: Technical Report
TS: Technical Specification
9 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
System Architecture Study …
� Objectives:
� address architecture impacts stemming from All-IP
Network study (TR 22.978)
� define Evolved Packet Core (EPC) for LTE
� support mobility between heterogeneous
access networks, including service continuityaccess networks, including service continuity
� Architecture work was taken very seriously by the
industry
� number of people involved increased noticeably
(just in the meeting 100-150 people for SAE)
� politics of stakeholders’ interests came into play
10 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
The Reality of Standards
Interworking with
Legacy
Actual service
needs
Other
Standards
needs
Time
constraintsTime pressure
Vendor
Interests11 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
GERAN
UTRAN
GPRS Core
PCRF2 HSS
Gi+
Gb
Iu
Internet Gi
Architecture “Battles” – Example 1
GERAN
UTRAN
SGSN
PCRF1
Gn/Gp
Gb
Iu
May 2005
“Layer-2 like”“Layer-3 like”
Architecture A Architecture B
Based on IP-
based Mobility
Protocols (IETF-
based)
Evolved Packet Core
WLAN3GPP IP Access
AAA interface
Wi+ Internet
Gi
Evolved
Access
Evolved RANGi
Gi+
Wi
Gi
Op.IP
Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc…)
Inter-AS MM
Evolved RAN
WLAN3GPP IP Access
Evolved Packet Core
Op.IP
Serv. (IMS, PSS, etc…)
PCRF1
R1
Gx+
Gi
HSS
AAA interface
R2
Internet
Wi
Gi
“Layer-2 like”Inter
AS MM
Mobility between
access networks
based on 3GPP
protocols (e.g. GTP)
Evolved Packet Core
12 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Architecture “Battles” – Example 2
December
2006
S2a/b
SGi
hSAE GWMobility
Anchor
(PMIP)
GTP vs.
IP-based
S8b
S2a/b
SGi
MME UPE
non-3GPPlegacy
S2a/b
S8a
HPLMN
VPLMN
S5
(GTP or PMIP)
vSAE GW
(GTP) (PMIP)
PMIP: Proxy Mobile IP
GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol
(PMIP)IP-based
Mobility
13 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Architecture “Battles” – Example 2
December
2006
S2a/b
SGi
hSAE GW
“The Compromise
Proposal”
(PMIP)
S8b
S2a/b
SGi
MME UPE
non-3GPPlegacy
S2a/b
S8a
HPLMN
VPLMN
S5
(GTP or PMIP)
vSAE GW
(GTP) (PMIP)
PMIP: Proxy Mobile IP
GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol
(PMIP)
14 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
From the BIG vision to the
small reality
� From a Core Network perspective, the All IP Network
vision resulted primarily:
� “GPRS Enhancement for E-UTRAN” (TS 23.401)
� “Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
accesses” (TS 23.402)
� Conclusion of Architecture Study and start of
normative Standardisation work for EPC
Start of
Architecture Study
Start of All IP
Networks Study
15 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
First Release of Evolved Packet
System (EPS)
� First release of …
Evolved UTRAN + Evolved Packet Core
= Evolved Packet System
… was standardized in 3GPP Release 8
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
… was standardized in 3GPP Release 8
� Official freeze of architecture work for Rel-8 was in
June 2008
Start of
Normative Work
Start of
Architecture Study
Start of All IP
Networks Study
16 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Rel-8 EPC ~ Rel-9 EPC
� Not surprisingly, 1st release required a lot of “bug-fixing”
to make it finally work
�Until freezing date of Rel-9 (June 2009), many
essential corrections and enhancements had to be
done still for Rel-8
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
done still for Rel-8
�Rel-9 is with few exception identical to Rel-8
Official architecture
freeze for Rel-8
Start of
Normative Work
Start of
Architecture Study
Start of All IP
Networks Study
17 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Mission accomplished ?!?
� NEC’s target for the Evolved Packet System (from 2006)
CorporateCorporate
IMSIMS
PSTNPSTN VoIP NWVoIP NW
InternetInternet
SAE GWSAE GWEvolved Evolved
Packet Packet
CoreCore
SAE GWSAE GW
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 200918
WLANWLAN
DSL/Cable ModemDSL/Cable Modem
GPRSGPRS
GERANGERAN UTRANUTRANLTELTE
WiMAXWiMAX
MME/UPEMME/UPE ePDGePDG
xGSNxGSN
aGW/aGW/
ePDGePDGASNASN--GWGW
Mission accomplished ?!?
� Finally achieved solution …
CorporateCorporate
IMSIMS
PSTNPSTN VoIP NWVoIP NW
InternetInternet
PDN GWPDN GWEvolved Evolved
Packet Packet
CoreCore
(EPC)(EPC)
PDN GWPDN GW
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 200919
WLANWLAN
DSL/Cable ModemDSL/Cable Modem
GPRSGPRS
GERANGERAN UTRANUTRAN LTELTE
WiMAXWiMAX
ePDGePDGSS--GWGW
SGSNSGSN
aGW/ ePDGaGW/ ePDG
(EPC)(EPC)
aGWaGWMMEMME
NEC’s Objectives
� Objective 1: Evolve the 3GPP System towards a Common PS Core for any type of access system
� NEC’s vision is to target the EPC as the common core for WiMAX, CDMA2000, TISPAN, … i.e. any future NG(M)Ns
� With IMS (together with all its features) as the common service platform for both fixed and mobile networks �
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 200920
� Objective 2: Allow smooth and timely migration from existing GPRS Core Network – according to each operator’s needs
� Flexible architecture needed in order to account for diverse operator requirements (e.g. support a standalone PDN-GW)
� EPC should allow easy accommodation of current systems – the “burden” for interworking should be on the new system �
But at a high price!
NEC’s Architectural Principles
� Principle 1: Aim for common, access-independent protocols for authentication, mobility management, etc.
� Key for a common packet core for future NG(M)Ns
� Enables easy accommodation of any new (radio) accesssystems (� future proof)
� Principle 2: Offer seamless mobility among heterogeneous access systems, i.e., WCDMA, LTE, CDMA2000, W-LAN, WiMAX, etc.
�
�
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 200921
WiMAX, etc.
� Enable operators to deploy or integrate new/different access networks
� Allow operators to maximize their coverage and always offer best access speeds to their subscribers
� Principle 3: Define a new, access-independent roaming interface
� Convergence towards a common roaming interfaces for different SDOs (a single roaming interface)
� Harmonization achieves cost reduction and allows for new, “converged” services across domains
�
�
�
The Evolved Packet CoreThe Evolved Packet Core
Current Status and Business Prospects
Evolved Packet Core
�Basic Principles
�EPC Architecture
� for 3GPP accesses
� for non-3GPP accesses
�Current Limitations
�New Functionalities
�Expected Deployments of LTE/EPC
23 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Basic Principles
� EPS designed to be purely a packet switched system
� IMS targeted as voice service platform
� EPS for 3GPP accesses similar to GPRS Core,
but more “flat”
� Reduction of nodes in user plane path: 4 ���� 3 nodes
� GTP remains main protocol for 3GPP accesses� GTP remains main protocol for 3GPP accesses
� EPS enables interworking with non-3GPP accesses
(WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA2000, …)
� IP Mobility between 3GPP accesses and non-3GPP
accesses based on PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6) or
DSMIPv6 (Dual-Stack Mobile IPv6)
24 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
EPS for 3GPP Accesses
� PDN GW: IP address allocation, charging and enforces QoS
� Serving GW: Local mobility anchor for intra-3GPP HO
� MME: Mobility management entity for intra-3GPP mobility, paging, authentication, bearer management, etc.
� PCRF: QoS and charging rule provisioning
UTRAN
HPLMNVPLMN
3GPP
Access
SGi
S1-MME
Operator's IP
Services(e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
S10
PCRF
Gx Rx
UE
LTE-Uu
S11S5Serving
Gateway
PDN
GatewayS1-U
S12
S3
SGSN
S4
GERAN
GTP Interface
MME
S6a
HSS
GTP or PMIP Interface
E-UTRAN
PCC Interface
25 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
EPS for non-3GPP Accesses
SGi
PCRF
Gx
HSS
Operator's IP
Services
(e.g. IMS, Internet)
RxGxc
S6a
3GPP
Access
Serving
Gateway
PDN
Gateway
SWx
Gxa
� Serving GW: Bearer binding
� PDN GW: Inter-access
system mobility anchor
� ePDG: Security GW
for untrusted acesses
HPLMN
Non-3GPP
Networks
S5 Access
Gateway
(MAG, BBERF)
Gateway
(LMA, PCEF)
S2b
SWn
Untrusted
Non-3GPP
Access
UE
SWu
ePDG
(MAG)
PMIP Interface
PCC InterfaceAAA Interface
S6b
SWm
SWa
3GPP AAA
Server
STa
S2a
A-GW
(MAG,
BBERF)
Trusted Non-
3GPP Access
No GTP bearers!No GTP bearers!No GTP bearers,
only PMIPv6 tunnels
26 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Current Limitations
� No dynamic QoS control for un-trusted non-3GPP
accesses
� No optimized Handover between 3GPP and WiMAX
accesses
� For operators without IMS, voice calls handled in legacy
access networks access networks
� CS Fallback (UE “falls back” to 2G/3G to carry out
voice calls)
� For legacy access networks without IMS/PS voice support,
IMS voice calls need to be “translated” into CS voice during
HO from LTE to 2G/3G
� Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (IMS voice � CS
voice)
27 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Inter-Access System Handover
PDN
GWUENon-3GPP
Access GW
3GPP AAA
Server / HSS
Serving
GWIMS
1. UE discovers and
decides to attach to
non-3GPP Access
IP Connectivity
PCRF
PMIPv6
TunnelVoIP Access Bearer
Default Access Bearer
3GPP access
����2. Attach
8. Proxy Binding Ack
6. Proxy Binding Update
3. Access Authentication 3. Authentication and Authorization
4. QoS Setup
7. PCRF update due to
RAT change
9. L3 Attach
Completion
5. Preparation of
QoS Bearers
IP ConnectivityVoIP Bearer
Default BearerPMIPv6 Tunnel
����
non-3GPP access
28 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Access Network Discovery and
Selection Function (ANDSF)
`
� ANDSF provides to mobile terminals:
1. Access network discovery information: a list of access networks
available in the vicinity of the terminal
2. Inter-system mobility policies: rules that help the mobile terminal to …
(i) decide when inter-system mobility is allowed
(ii) select the most preferable access technology
S14
S14 H-ANDSF
UE V-ANDSF
3GPP IP Access or Trusted/Untrusted
Non-3GPP IP Access
VPLMN
HPLMN
(ii) select the most preferable access technology
or network
� Supports both information
pull and push modes
� Information/policies
provided are fully
operator configurable
29 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Service &
Applications
Internet
Evolved
Packet Core
Overall Evolved 3GPP System
Applications
PCRF
MME
S/P-GW
S/P-GW
Firewall
DNS
SDP IMS HSS
Example based
on NEC Products
Packet Core
Transport &
Backhaul
Evolved
Radio Access
User
Terminals Terminals
LTE FemtoeNB
Micro wave transport / Optical
Router
L2/L3 SW Aggregation SW
MMES/P-GW
Border
GWTo other networks
DNS
30 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
� Majority of mobile operators are strongly committed to
deploy LTE and EPC as their Next Generation Mobile
Network
� Incl. most 3GPP2 operators (e.g. Verizon, KDDI, …)
Expected Deployments
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 200931
Source: ZTE TECHNOLOGIES, vol. 11, no. 2, 2009
Open Issues and Future Work Open Issues and Future Work
Opportunities for further research
Open Issues and Future Work
�Ongoing Developments (to be completed in Rel-9)
�PDN access from multiple interfaces
�Emergency Communications
� Future Work
IP Flow mobility � IP Flow mobility
� Localized routing
�Seamless dual radio handover
� Local IP Access from Base Station (NB)
�…
33 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
IP Flow Mobility
Main Objectives:
� Enable dynamically routing of IP flows over specific access networks
� User and/or operator controlled
Proposed Solutions:
� Network based Mobility (PMIPv6)
� Enables operator control
� Requires out-of-band signalling between Mobile Terminal and NW
EPC/IWLAN Mob
3GPP
Non-3GPP
IP Flow 3 (e.g. VT2)
IP Flow 4 (e.g. p2p download)
IP Flow 1 (e.g. media sync)
IP Flow 2 (e.g. VT1) Access
Access
UE
UE
between Mobile Terminal and NW
� Client Mobile IP (DSMIPv6)
� Limited to user control
Benefits:
� Flexible flow distribution
� Load balancing / bandwidth aggregation
� Facilitates resilience
Current Status:
� Feasibility study started
� Target Release: Rel-10
IP Flow 4 (e.g. p2p download)
Flows from same application (e.g. V
IP Flow 5 (e.g. IPTV)
EPC/IWLAN Mob
3GPP
Non-3GPP Access
Access UE
UE
IP Flow 3 (e.g. VT2)
IP Flow 4 (e.g. p2p download)
IP Flow 1 (e.g. media sync)
IP Flow 2 (e.g. VT1)
Flows from same application (e.g. V
IP Flow 5 (e.g. IPTV)
34 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Localized RoutingProblem Statement:
� Current PMIPv6-based EPC architecture tunnels all user-plane through the PDN GW (Local Mobility Anchor)
� Highly inefficient use of core network resources
� Scalability issues at PDN GWs
Solution:
� PMIPv6 Localized Routing allowsuse of a direct routes between mobile terminals’ Serving GWs
PDN GW
(LMA)
PDN GW
(LMA)
AAA Server
User A’s Mobility
Anchor
User B’s Mobility
Anchor
Access Authentication
Mobility Session Authorization
Address Delegation
Sub-optimal path
Forwarding LoadForwarding LoadOffload traffic !!!
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 200935
mobile terminals’ Serving GWs
Benefits:
� Avoid unnecessary waste of core network resources (� efficient transport)
� Enables traffic offload at PDN GWs(� increase scalability)
� Reduce of end-to-end delay
Status:
� Ongoing work in IETF WG NetExt
� draft-liebsch-netext-pmipv6-ro-ps-00.txt
User A User B
Mobile A Mobile B
Serving GW
(MAG) Serving GW
(MAG)
Communication
Localized Routing
Path
Seamless Mobility for Dual-Radio
HandoverProblem Statement:
� Current PMIPv6 lacks support for seamless dual-radio handover
� Why? Downlink “path switch” is triggered before radio+access bearer setup is completed
� undesirable delay and jitter
Solution:
� PMIPv6 Transient Binding extension
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 200936
� PMIPv6 Transient Binding extension(allows completion of radio+accessbearer setup in target access before path switch)
Benefits:
� Low complexity (extension of PMIPv6)
� Enables seamless mobility for dual-radio handovers
� Enhances user experience
Status:
� Ongoing work in IETF WG MIPSHOP
� draft-ietf-mipshop-transient-bce-pmipv6-03.txt soon ready
Prospect of Femtocell TechnologiesProspect of Femtocell Technologies
– Is it just a hype? – Is it just a hype?
Introduction
� What are Femtocells?
� low power access points
� in licensed spectrum
� high speed access (HSPA/LTE)
� cost-efficient backhaul (via customers own DSL, cable, …)
� extension of mobile operator macro cell coveragemacro cell coverage
� with full operator management
� self-organising, self-managing, etc.
� … at low prices
� Where are they deployed?
� Residential
� Enterprise
� Hot spot
38
Residential Femto
Network Architecture
Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Source: S. Saunders, Chairman of Femto Forum
7 Reasons why Femtocell Technology expected to be successful
1. High spectrum efficiency
� Small cell size, less interference, few users
2. Seamless user experience
� Same terminal, same radio, same service as in macro network
3. Support for legacy terminals
� User benefits without need to buy new terminals
4. Cost-efficient solution for coverage inside buildings4. Cost-efficient solution for operators to provide coverage inside buildings
� Increase coverage depth in buildings through macro cell is very costly
5. WiFi-like solution for high-speed network access at home and in “hot-spots”
� Customer operates equipment, support for LIPA, little impact on MO NW
6. Opportunity for Mobile Operator to offer services in the customer's home
� A “portal” to home-based services and automation and also new
converged services possible
7. Allow for interesting new, location based services
� Great opportunity for new services based on mobile presence in the
home (e.g. child-tracking, mobile advertisement, …)
39 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Open Issues and Future Topics
� Open Issues (already under investigation):
� Seamless hand-in (handover from macro to femtocell)
� Still to be resolved as part of 3GPP Rel-9
� Local (IP|Internet) Access (LIPA)
� Currently be for 3GPP Rel-10
� IMS-based Femtocells
� Hot topic in Femto Forum and 3GPP Rel-10
� Femtozone Services � Femtozone Services
� Enabling new types of home services
� Hot topic in Femto Forum
� Future Topics (opportunity for further research):
� Femtocells based on LTE-Advanced
� Networks of Femtocell for Enterprises and public places (e.g. airport, mall, …)
� Outdoor Femtocells (e.g. stadium, city center, …)
� Mesh-based Femtocell Networks (wireless backhaul)
� Mobile Femtocells (e.g. on bus or trains)
40 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
Conclusions
� First release of Evolved Packet System standardized in 3GPP Rel-8
� 4+ years from the AIPN vision to the 1st release of the 3GPP Evolved Packet System standard
� only key aspects of original vision made it into final standard (� still scope for innovation)
� Mobile industry highly committed to deploy Evolved Packet System
� LTE is THE next-generation radio access for mobile operators� LTE is THE next-generation radio access for mobile operators
� Still a lot of scope for optimization and enhancements
� flow mobility
� localized routing
� handover optimization
� etc.
� Femtocell technology has a lot of potential
� Current “hot topic” across the industry
� Scope for innovation (networked femtos, mobile femtos, …)
41 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009
42 Keynote on "Next-Generation Mobile Networks" at IWCMC'09, Leipzig, June 2009