3G Wireless3G Wireless3G Wireless3G Wireless

Tanuj GiljaTanuj GiljaKeith Keith DouglasDouglas

IntroductionIntroduction

Imagine the possibilities of Imagine the possibilities of connectivity!connectivity!

Scenarios:Scenarios:– Traveler from New York to TokyoTraveler from New York to Tokyo– Insurance appraiser at the scene of Insurance appraiser at the scene of

a natural disastera natural disaster– Paramedics capturing visuals of a Paramedics capturing visuals of a

victim’s injuriesvictim’s injuries

Evolution of Wireless Evolution of Wireless SystemsSystems Radio telephony during World Radio telephony during World

War IWar I Wireless telephones in late 1940’s Wireless telephones in late 1940’s

– Provided only basic half-duplex Provided only basic half-duplex voicevoice

– Used analog technologyUsed analog technology Evolved into full-duplex 1G Evolved into full-duplex 1G

systems in the 1960’ssystems in the 1960’s

From 1G to 3G…From 1G to 3G…- 1G -- 1G -

Started in the early to mid 1960’s Started in the early to mid 1960’s offering simple wireless voice offering simple wireless voice services based on analog technologyservices based on analog technology

Were very limited in capacity and did Were very limited in capacity and did not extend across geographic areasnot extend across geographic areas

Systems using 1G : Systems using 1G : AMPS, TACS, and NMTAMPS, TACS, and NMT

From 1G to 3G…From 1G to 3G…- 2G -- 2G -

Developed in Europe and the US to Developed in Europe and the US to provide better voice quality, higher provide better voice quality, higher capacity as well as lower power capacity as well as lower power consumptionconsumption

Offer support for simple non-voice services Offer support for simple non-voice services like SMS (simple messaging service)like SMS (simple messaging service)

2G technologies do not interoperate2G technologies do not interoperate Difficult roaming between countries using Difficult roaming between countries using

different systemsdifferent systems Cannot meet subscriber demands for new, Cannot meet subscriber demands for new,

faster non-voice services on the movefaster non-voice services on the move

What is 2.5G Wireless?What is 2.5G Wireless?

Also known as Interim GenerationAlso known as Interim Generation GPRS (General Packet Radio GPRS (General Packet Radio

service) & EDGE (Enhanced Data service) & EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution)rate for GSM Evolution)– Provides options for higher data rate Provides options for higher data rate

while building on existing 2G systemswhile building on existing 2G systems GPRS -> 171.2 kbps theoretical max bit GPRS -> 171.2 kbps theoretical max bit

raterate EDGE -> 384 kbps bit rateEDGE -> 384 kbps bit rate

3G Wireless Systems3G Wireless Systems

3G Wireless Systems are the new 3G Wireless Systems are the new generation of systems that offer high generation of systems that offer high bandwidth and support digital voice along bandwidth and support digital voice along with multimedia and global roaming.with multimedia and global roaming.

Globally, different systems are being Globally, different systems are being used, so, to migrate to globally acceptable used, so, to migrate to globally acceptable systems, numerous standardization systems, numerous standardization activities were carried out and three activities were carried out and three systems emerged: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, systems emerged: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMAand TD-SCDMA

3G System Capabilities3G System Capabilities

•Capabilities to support circuit and packet data at Capabilities to support circuit and packet data at high high

bit rates:bit rates:•144 kilobits/second or higher in mobility (vehicular) traffic144 kilobits/second or higher in mobility (vehicular) traffic•384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic•2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic

•Interoperability and roamingInteroperability and roaming•Common Billing/User ProfilesCommon Billing/User Profiles

•Sharing of usage/rate information between service Sharing of usage/rate information between service providersproviders•Standardized call detail recordingStandardized call detail recording•Standardized user profilesStandardized user profiles

•Capability to determine geographic position of Capability to determine geographic position of mobiles mobiles

and report it to both the network and the mobile and report it to both the network and the mobile terminalterminal •Support of Multimedia Services/CapabilitiesSupport of Multimedia Services/Capabilities

•Fixed and variable rate bit trafficFixed and variable rate bit traffic•Bandwidth on demandBandwidth on demand•Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse linksAsymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse links•Multimedia mail store and forwardMultimedia mail store and forward•Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/secondBroadband access up to 2 Megabits/second

3G System Capabilities ….3G System Capabilities ….

The Road to 3G

2G 2.5G 3G

1G 2G 3G

System Analogue Digital Digital

Major Systems AMPS,NMT,TACS GSM,CDMA,TDMAWCDMA,CDMA2000,

TD-SCDMA

Application VoiceVoice + little Circuit

switch-dataVoice + Packet-

switch-data

Local Subscriber Less than 500k About 5.9 MillionMore than 5Million

(estimated)

SpeedDepends on

Analogue Signal9.6kbps to 14.4kbps

144kbps for mobile to 2Mbps for stationary

Properties

Unstable, incomplete coverage

and poor sound quality

More secure data services available, broader coverage, more stable, allow more users, better

sound quality

Multimedia data, positioning capability,

connection to internet, always

connected

Comparison of Generations

What is W-CDMA?What is W-CDMA?

Insert Parameters of WCDMA Insert Parameters of WCDMA table heretable here

Carrier spacing 5 MHz (nominal)Downlink RF channel structure Direct spreadChip rate 3.84 McpsFrame length 10 msNumber of slots/frame 15

Spreading modulation Balanced QPSK (downlink), Dual channel QPSK (uplink)

Data modulation QPSK (downlink), BPSK (uplink)Coherent detection Pilot symbols/channel

Channel multiplexing in uplink

Control and pilot channel time multiplexed. For the data and control channels I and Q multiplexing

Multirate Variable spreading and multicodeSpreading factors 4 - 256Power control Open and fast closed loop (1.6 kHz)

Spreading (downlink)Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel

separation. Gold sequences 218 for cell and user separation (truncated cycle 10 ms)

Spreading (uplink)

Variable length orthogonal sequences for channel

separation, gold sequence 218 for cell and user separation (different time shifts in I and Q channel, truncated cycle 10

ms)

Handover Soft handover, Interfrequency handover

W-CDMA……..cont.W-CDMA……..cont.

More on 3G…More on 3G…

CDMA – Multi-Carrier (CDMA2000)CDMA – Multi-Carrier (CDMA2000)– Uses 3.6864 Mcps which is 3 x 1.2288 Uses 3.6864 Mcps which is 3 x 1.2288

Mcps that was used for the old CDMA Mcps that was used for the old CDMA one. They both use a 1.25 MHz one. They both use a 1.25 MHz channel and this effectively translates channel and this effectively translates into 5MHz bandwidth (3.6864 x 1.25).into 5MHz bandwidth (3.6864 x 1.25).

CDMA – TDD (Ultra TDD & TD-CDMA – TDD (Ultra TDD & TD-SCDMASCDMA– Used only in ChinaUsed only in China

CDMA2000 Evolution                                                                                                                                                                   

•Voice Data up to 14.4 Kbps

•Voice Data up to 115 Kbps

•2x increases in voice capacity upto 307 kbps* packet data on a single (1.25 MHz) carrier

•First 3G system for any technology worldwide

•Optimized, very high-speed data (Phase 1)

•Up to 2.4Mbps* packet data on a single (1.25 MHz) carrier.

•Integrated voice and data (Phase 2); up to 3.09 Mbps

                                              

Comparison of Transmission Times

Communication services

•Video telephony

•Video conference

•Personal location (GPS)

Education

•Virtual schools

•On-line science lab

•On-line library

•On-line language labs

•Training

Applications Using 3GApplications Using 3G

Finance services

•Virtual banking

•On-line billing

•Universal USIM and credit card

Business services

• Mobile office

•Narrowcast business TV

•Virtual workgroups

•Expertise on tap

Entertainment

•Audio on demand

•Games

•Video clips

•Virtual sightseeing

Applications Using 3G…Applications Using 3G…

3G / WLAN Integration3G / WLAN Integration

Why Integrate ?Why Integrate ?– To have access to high-bandwidth To have access to high-bandwidth

access where WLAN coverage is access where WLAN coverage is offered, while accessing wide area offered, while accessing wide area coverage of 3G at other places.coverage of 3G at other places.

Problems : -Problems : - Continuity of Sessions.Continuity of Sessions. Security.Security.

Implementing 3G and Implementing 3G and WLANWLAN ArchitectureArchitecture

- - Functionalities include reuse of Functionalities include reuse of 3G 3G subscription, network subscription, network selection, 3G selection, 3G system based system based authentication, authentication, authorization and authorization and security using security using SIM/USIM cardSIM/USIM card

- - WLAN access will rely on WLAN access will rely on existing existing 820.11 standards820.11 standards

Implementing 3G and Implementing 3G and WLANWLAN Security – Problem in WLANsSecurity – Problem in WLANs

– Not too much of a problem in 3G, as Not too much of a problem in 3G, as the 3G Wireless component of the the 3G Wireless component of the integration provides the necessary integration provides the necessary security features.security features.

Implementing 3G and Implementing 3G and WLANWLAN Tightly coupledTightly coupled

- uses a 3G core network to - uses a 3G core network to accessaccess

WLANWLAN Loosely coupled (preferred)Loosely coupled (preferred)

- uses a WLAN gateway to directly- uses a WLAN gateway to directly

access the internetaccess the internet

3G 4GFrequency

Band1.8 - 2.5 GHz 2 - 8 GHz

Bandwidth 5 - 20 MHz 5 - 20 MHz

Data RateUp to 2 Mbps (384

Kbps deployed)Up to 20 Mbps

AccessW - CDMA / CDMA 2000 / TD -SCDMA

MC - CDMA or OFDMA (TDMA)

Switching Circuit / Packet Packet

Mobile top speeds

200 Km/h 200 Km/h

Key Parameters of 3G and 4G SystemsKey Parameters of 3G and 4G Systems

ConclusionConclusion

3G technologies promise to deliver a lot 3G technologies promise to deliver a lot and are slowly being put into effect. and are slowly being put into effect.

We have already started seeing the early We have already started seeing the early features of 3G technologies being features of 3G technologies being implemented in our phones, i.e., the video implemented in our phones, i.e., the video phones in the market.phones in the market.

It remains to be seen how much of the It remains to be seen how much of the promised features and applications are promised features and applications are actually implemented in today’s economy. actually implemented in today’s economy.

However, they have been slow in coming However, they have been slow in coming in. Let’s see what the future holds…in. Let’s see what the future holds…

We are thankful to : -We are thankful to : -

Books / PeriodicalsBooks / Periodicals

– IEEE Communication Magazine – November 2003, A number of articles on IEEE Communication Magazine – November 2003, A number of articles on 3G/WLAN Integration. 3G/WLAN Integration.

– Alex Lightman with William Rojas, ‘Brave New Unwired World: The Digital Big Alex Lightman with William Rojas, ‘Brave New Unwired World: The Digital Big Bang and the Infinite Internet’, J. Wiley & Sons, c2002.Bang and the Infinite Internet’, J. Wiley & Sons, c2002.

– Clint Smith, Daniel Collins, ‘3G Wireless Networks’, McGraw-Hill, c2002.Clint Smith, Daniel Collins, ‘3G Wireless Networks’, McGraw-Hill, c2002.

– John R. Vacca, ‘Wireless Broadband Networks Handbook – 3G, LMDS & John R. Vacca, ‘Wireless Broadband Networks Handbook – 3G, LMDS & Wireless Internet’, McGraw-Hill, 2001. Wireless Internet’, McGraw-Hill, 2001.

– Jiangzhou Wang, Tung-Sang Ng, editors, ‘Advances in 3G Enhanced Jiangzhou Wang, Tung-Sang Ng, editors, ‘Advances in 3G Enhanced Technologies for Wireless Communications’ , Artech House Publishers, c2002.Technologies for Wireless Communications’ , Artech House Publishers, c2002.

– Vijay K. Garg, ‘Wireless Network Evolution – 2G to 3G’, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.Vijay K. Garg, ‘Wireless Network Evolution – 2G to 3G’, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.

– Ramjee Prasad, Werner Mohr, Walter Konhauser, ‘Third Generation Mobile Ramjee Prasad, Werner Mohr, Walter Konhauser, ‘Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems’, Artech House Publishers, 2000. Communication Systems’, Artech House Publishers, 2000.

– Morgan Stanley, Inc Report on Wireless Technology, June 10, 2002Morgan Stanley, Inc Report on Wireless Technology, June 10, 2002

– Andrew S. Tannenbaum, ‘Computer Networks’, Prentice Hall PTR, 2003.Andrew S. Tannenbaum, ‘Computer Networks’, Prentice Hall PTR, 2003.

REFERENCES

WebsitesWebsites

– About/Cellphones About/Cellphones <http://cellphones.about.com/library/glossary/bldef_3g_wireless.htm><http://cellphones.about.com/library/glossary/bldef_3g_wireless.htm>

– White Paper on ‘WCDMA’, InterDigital, Inc. White Paper on ‘WCDMA’, InterDigital, Inc. <http://www.interdigital.com/tech_products_wcdma.shtml><http://www.interdigital.com/tech_products_wcdma.shtml>

– www.3g-generation.comwww.3g-generation.com

– www.fcc.govwww.fcc.gov

– www.cdg.orgwww.cdg.org

– www.3gsm.orgwww.3gsm.org

– www.3g-newsroom.comwww.3g-newsroom.com

REFERENCES

Two Questions for Two Questions for ExamExam

1 – Name two 3G Wireless Systems?1 – Name two 3G Wireless Systems? 2 – What is the Data Rate for 3G 2 – What is the Data Rate for 3G

Wireless Wireless Systems Systems

The AnswersThe Answers

1 – Name two 3G Wireless Systems?1 – Name two 3G Wireless Systems?– WCDMAWCDMA– CDMA-2000CDMA-2000– TD-CDMATD-CDMA

2 – What is the Data Rate for 3G 2 – What is the Data Rate for 3G Wireless Wireless Systems? Systems?

– 2 Mbps2 Mbps

Thank You!Thank You!

Any questions ?