3m clean-trace system -...

13
3M Clean-Trace System More reliable ATP tests Why are sensitivity and repeatability important? When an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hygiene monitoring system has poor sensitivity or repeatability, there is a substantial risk that the result provided does NOT truly represent the hygienic status of the location tested and therefore provides false positives (leading to unnecessary chemical and labor costs and production delays) or false negatives (leading to releasing a contaminated piece of equipment). A system that is sensitive to low level contamination of a surface by microorganisms and/or food residues allows you to more accurately understand the status of a test point. A test that will detect low level of contaminants will help ensure that you can take the appropriate action i.e., positive release following a pass result, or a re-clean following a fail result. The ability of a system to repeat results gives you peace of mind that the result is reliable and the actions taken are appropriate. Greater sensitivity provides better information to help make the right decisions An independent study conducted by Cara Technology Limited, Protocol for assessing the sensitivity of hygiene test systems for live microorganisms and food residue 1 , compared the 3M Clean-Trace NG Luminometer and 3M Clean-Trace Surface ATP Test System (formerly Biotrace Uni-Lite NG/Clean-Trace System) and Hygiena System SURE II ATP System. The study tested each system’s ability to detect a variety of microbes and food substances over a range of concentrations. The study concluded, the Biotrace System has better sensitivity and repeatability for residues of food and live microorganisms, and goes on to say, compared to the Biotrace equipment, the “Hygiena System produced almost 60% false negatives” based on the samples tested. In the study, serial dilutions of microbial cultures, yeast extract, and yogurt were tested with both the 3M Clean-Trace System and the Hygiena System using the manufacturers’ recommended pass/caution/fail limits. The average RLU value and its interpretation, based on the manufacturers’ recommended pass/fail limits, for each dilution level is shown in the chart below. The 3M Clean-Trace System showed much greater sensitivity to low-level contamination. As the chart below indicates, in many of the dilutions, a FAIL result was obtained with the Clean-Trace System when a CAUTION or PASS result was obtained by the Hygiena System. Staphylococcus Citrobacter Zygosaccharomyces Yeast Yogurt aureus freundii bailii extract drink Sample Dilution 1 47282 197 51879 586 27556 467 1213 1 8162 17 Dilution 2 7969 22 8188 106 3401 41 272 2 3609 11 Dilution 3 880 4 999 21 448 8 69 2 596 19 Dilution 4 133 2 143 3 77 3 46 1 120 4 pass caution fail 3M 3M 3M 3M 3M Clean-TraceHygeniaClean-TraceHygeniaClean-TraceHygeniaClean-TraceHygeniaClean-TraceHygeniaSensitivity Results of 3M Clean-Trace System compared to Hygiena System Sure II * * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300 RLU for the 3M Clean-Trace System and Pass: 10 RLU/ Fail: 30 RLU for the Hygiena System as per the respective manufacturer’s recommended pass/fail limits. Note the 300 RLU for the Clean-Trace FAIL level. Not All Hygiene Monitoring Systems are Equal

Upload: volien

Post on 09-Mar-2018

404 views

Category:

Documents


20 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

3M™ Clean-Trace™ SystemMore reliable ATP tests

Why are sensitivity and repeatability important? When an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hygiene monitoring system has poor

sensitivity or repeatability, there is a substantial risk that the result provided does NOT truly represent the hygienic status of the

location tested and therefore provides false positives (leading to unnecessary chemical and labor costs and production delays) or

false negatives (leading to releasing a contaminated piece of equipment).

A system that is sensitive to low level contamination of a surface by microorganisms and/or food residues allows you to more

accurately understand the status of a test point. A test that will detect low level of contaminants will help ensure that you can

take the appropriate action i.e., positive release following a pass result, or a re-clean following a fail result. The ability of a

system to repeat results gives you peace of mind that the result is reliable and the actions taken are appropriate.

Greater sensitivity provides better information to help make the right decisions

An independent study conducted by Cara Technology Limited, Protocol for assessing the sensitivity of hygiene test systems for

live microorganisms and food residue1, compared the 3M™ Clean-Trace™ NG Luminometer and 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Surface ATP

Test System (formerly Biotrace™ Uni-Lite™ NG/Clean-Trace™ System) and Hygiena™ System SURE II™ ATP System. The study

tested each system’s ability to detect a variety of microbes and food substances over a range of concentrations.

The study concluded, the Biotrace System has better sensitivity and repeatability for residues of food and live microorganisms,

and goes on to say, compared to the Biotrace equipment, the “Hygiena System produced almost 60% false negatives” based on

the samples tested. In the study, serial dilutions of microbial cultures, yeast extract, and yogurt were tested with both the 3M

Clean-Trace System and the Hygiena System using the manufacturers’ recommended pass/caution/fail limits. The average RLU

value and its interpretation, based on the manufacturers’ recommended pass/fail limits, for each dilution level is shown in the

chart below. The 3M Clean-Trace System showed much greater sensitivity to low-level contamination. As the chart below

indicates, in many of the dilutions, a FAIL result was obtained with the Clean-Trace System when a CAUTION or PASS

result was obtained by the Hygiena System.

Staphylococcus Citrobacter Zygosaccharomyces Yeast Yogurt aureus freundii bailii extract drink

Sample

Dilution 1 47282 197 51879 586 27556 467 1213 1 8162 17

Dilution 2 7969 22 8188 106 3401 41 272 2 3609 11

Dilution 3 880 4 999 21 448 8 69 2 596 19

Dilution 4 133 2 143 3 77 3 46 1 120 4

■ pass ■ caution ■ fail

3M™ 3M™ 3M™ 3M™ 3M™

Clean-Trace™ Hygenia™ Clean-Trace™ Hygenia™ Clean-Trace™ Hygenia™ Clean-Trace™ Hygenia™ Clean-Trace™ Hygenia™

Sensitivity Results of 3M™ Clean-Trace™ System compared to Hygiena™ System Sure II™*

* Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300 RLU for the 3M Clean-Trace System and Pass: 10 RLU/Fail: 30 RLU for the Hygiena System as per the respective manufacturer’s recommended pass/fail limits.Note the 300 RLU for the Clean-Trace FAIL level.

Not All Hygiene Monitoring Systems are Equal

Page 2: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

03M™ Clean-Trace™ BioControl MVP™ NovaLUM™/PocketSwab™ AccuPoint™

System System System System

Repeatability Score (%CV = Coefficent of variation)A lower score means superior repeatability

7.4

38.1

58.7

89.4

Repeatability Score (%CV = Coefficient of variation)

A lower score means a higher degree of repeatability/less variation in test results.

The 3M ™ Clean-Trace™ NG Luminometer and 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Surface ATP Test

“was the most repeatable…”

References: 1. Protocol for assessing the sensitivity of hygiene test systems for live microorganisms and food residue. W.J. Simpson, J.L Archibald,C.J. Giles. Cara Technology Limited, Leatherhead Enterprise Centre, Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7Ry, UK Report 120906, 27 July 2006 2. The repeatability of hygiene test systems in measurement of low levels of ATP. W.J. Simpson, C.J. Giles, H.A. Flockhart. Cara Technology Limited, Leatherhead Enterprise Centre, Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7Ry, UK Report 30606, 27 July 2006

3M, Clean-Trace, Biotrace and Uni-Lite are trademarks of 3M. Hygiena and Hygiena System SURE II are trademarks of Hygiena Inc. BioControl MVP is a trademark of BioControl Systems Inc. NovaLum and PocketSwab are trademarks of Charm Sciences Inc. AccuPoint is a trademark of Neogen Corporation.

3M™ Clean-Trace™ Luminometer and 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Data Trending Software

Please recycle. Printed in USA. © 3M 2007. All rights reserved.MIC020 - 100770-2009-9345-2

3M Microbiology3M Center Bldg 275-5W-05St. Paul, MN 55144-1000USA1-800-328-6553

3M CanadaPost Office Box 5757London, Ontario N6A 4T1Canada1-800-563-2921

3M Europe & MEA3M Deutschland GmbHCarl-Shurz - Strasse 1D41453 Neuss/Germany+49-2131-14300

3M Latin America3M Center Bldg 275-5W-05St. Paul, MN 55144-10001-651-737-2239

3M AsiaPacific9 Tagore LaneSingapore 78747265-6458611

Superior repeatability over other commercially available systems tested

In another study conducted by Cara Technology Limited,

The repeatability of hygiene test systems in measurement

of low levels of ATP 2, four commercially available ATP

bioluminescence systems were tested for repeatability of test

results.

In the study, 30 tests were performed on the four commercially

available systems in accordance to the manufacturer’s directions.

To measure repeatability, the swabs were spiked with identical

amounts of ATP for each test reading. The study concluded the

3M™ Clean-Trace™ NG Luminometer and 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Surface

ATP Test “was the most repeatable…”. This means you can be

confident the 3M Clean-Trace System is providing you with

reliable information to help you make the correct decisions for

your plant, whereas other systems may leave you guessing.

Your ATP testing MaximizedBy using the highly sensitive and repeatable system from 3M

Microbiology, you can be confident that the results you obtain

provide a clear picture of cleaning performance and the actions

taken on the basis of the results are sound ones that can save

your company time & money.

3M Australia Pty Limited13 Rodborough RoadFrenchs Forest, NSW 2086Australia61-2-8977-3000

3M Japan31-1, Tamagaradai, 2-ChomeSetagaya-Ku, Tokyo158-8583, Japan81-3-3709-8289

Page 3: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

Gold’n Plump Poultry is the largest, fully integrated producer of chicken products in

the upper Midwest region of the United States. With distribution to grocery stores, delis

and restaurants as well as international exports, maintaining high quality standards is

essential to protecting their reputation and remaining successful in a competitive global

marketplace. Routine sanitation verification using an ATP testing system has been a

key component in Gold’n Plump’s quality assurance program over the last six years.

“Sanitation is a key part of our total system. It affects product shelf life and

performance,” says Renju Simon, Quality Services Manager at the Gold’n Plump

Poultry facility in Cold Spring, MN. “Approximately 500 pieces of manufacturing

equipment are utilized in our three plants. It is critical for us to have real-time data

about equipment cleanliness before we begin daily manufacturing. Previously,

when we sampled for microorganisms, we had to wait 24 to 48 hours for test results.

We need responses in real time so we switched to surface ATP testing to obtain

immediate feedback.”

Despite the satisfaction that Gold’n Plump had with ATP as a method for sanitation

verification, there were some drawbacks to the ATP testing system they were using.

“The first ATP luminometer we used required manual calibration. We wanted

a more convenient instrument that could perform a self-check and quickly

be ready for use,” said Simon. “Our original ATP system also

categorized results as pass, caution or fail. We needed

numerical values for surface cleanliness to improve

our sanitation effectiveness.”.

The Gold’n Plump Poultry team conducted background

research on three systems and viewed presentations and

demonstrations by each manufacturer.

“We focused on features that went beyond numerical results,”

said Simon. “After narrowing our search to one system, we

tested it in our facilities. We evaluated the system for repeatability of

measurements as well as software compatibility with other Gold’n Plump

Poultry systems. Ultimately, we chose the 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Surface ATP

System because it met the greatest number of our requirements and preferences.”

“The driving factor in our decision to choose the Clean-Trace system was the

3M™ Clean-Trace™ Data Trending Software,” explained Simon.” Our quality engineer

found it was easy to use and offered the most flexibility. He liked the open architecture

that enabled us to generate statistically sound sampling plans, randomly generate testing

sites and add extra sites on a daily basis that are not on the random schedule. It gave us

Not All Hygiene Monitoring Systems are Equal

Quality and Efficiency Improved Using the Powerful 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Hygiene Monitoring System

The Gold’n Plump Poultry team began searching for a new surface ATP testing system by establishing the following selection criteria:• Software with open architecture that allows

customization and add-on features

• Ruggedness

• User-friendliness of the unit and swabs

• Quantifiable results

• Sensitivity

• Repeatability of results

• Self-calibration

• Multiple security features

• Affordability

• Cost per test equivalent or less than traditional swabs

Page 4: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

Please recycle. Printed in USA. © 3M 2008. All rights reserved.MIC020 - 100770-2009-0000-0

Microbiology3M Center Bldg 275-5W-05St. Paul, MN 55144-1000USA1-800-328-6553

3M CanadaPost Office Box 5757London, Ontario N6A 4T1Canada1-800-563-2921

3M Europe & MEA3M Deutschland GmbHCarl-Shurz - Strasse 1D41453 Neuss/Germany+49-2131-14300

3M Latin America3M Center Bldg 275-5W-05St. Paul, MN 55144-10001-651-737-2239

3M AsiaPacific9 Tagore LaneSingapore 78747265-6458611

Quality and Efficiency Improved Using the Powerful 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Hygiene Monitoring System

3M Australia Pty Limited13 Rodborough RoadFrenchs Forest, NSW 2086Australia61-2-8977-3000

3M Japan31-1, Tamagaradai, 2-ChomeSetagaya-Ku, Tokyo158-8583, Japan81-3-3709-8289

the advantage of collecting fewer samples

while maintaining acceptable confidence

in our sanitation process. This flexibility

is also compatible with our Six Sigma

program. The software in the other ATP

systems we considered was more limited.”

In comparative laboratory studies with

other ATP surface testing systems,

the 3M™ Clean-Trace™ ATP System

demonstrated superior repeatability

and high sensitivity of results.1,2 The

repeatability of the Clean-Trace ATP

system was particularly important to

Gold’n Plump.

“We need accurate, repeatable results

from a surface ATP testing system to

make good decisions about proceeding

to manufacturing line or taking the time

to re-clean equipment. If the results we

obtain are unreliable, we could give false

information to departments, telling them

to make unneeded changes in sanitizers,

chemicals or labor. We could also lose

valuable time and spend additional money

doing unnecessary re-cleaning or fail to

clean equipment properly based upon a

false result, which could affect product

quality.” explained Simon.

Within Gold’n Plump Poultry, the results

from the Clean-Trace ATP testing system

are used for more than just immediate

clean vs. not clean decisions. The report

generated from the 3M Data Trending

Software is sent nightly to Kaiser

Sanitation, the contract cleaning company

used by Gold’n Plump. Kaiser managers

meet with their personnel to analyze any

failures and make adjustments to the

cleaning process, such as re-cleaning

certain areas or adding more cleaning

solution, etc.

The Clean-Trace ATP system also

allows Gold’n Plump to emphasize the

importance of quality in their operations.

Over time, the results of the testing are

compiled and used as part of a bonus

structure in what Gold’n Plump calls their

“Gold’n Reward Bonus Program”. Within

this program, employees are awarded

bonuses for their part in maintaining the

quality and safety standards that Gold’n

Plump has put in place. “It’s another

reason that having an ATP testing system

which provides accurate and repeatable

results is very important,” said Simon.

“Our employees are relying on the data

we provide and other measurements to

make sure they receive bonuses.”

Linking incentives to measurable results

are a clear, unmistakable message from

management about the importance

of sanitation and the participation of

employees and contractors in the cleaning

and testing program. The results of the

Clean-Trace ATP system are critical to

maintaining the high standards of safety

and product quality at Gold’n Plump.

Gold’n Plump also uses the data to

identify equipment that is becoming

difficult to clean. If a piece of Gold’n

Plump Poultry equipment fails five times,

it is tagged for investigation to determine

why the equipment is not able to be

cleaned effectively.

“We compare swabbing results from

multiple days and weeks with our process

limits,” explained Simon. “If we see

data approaching upper control limits,

we will investigate the situation, do

additional surface ATP testing or take

other preventive or corrective actions.

These activities correlate with our Six

Sigma initiatives. In addition, maintaining

records helps us comply with HACCP

requirements.”

Simon and his team also use the trended

data from the Clean-Trace ATP system to

track long-term equipment performance

and provide information for purchasing

new equipment. “We have identified

the material, such as plastic or stainless

steel, in every piece of equipment in our

three facilities. When we consistently see

failures in ATP results, we use that data to

convince our managers not to purchase a

particular material”

Gold’n Plump Poultry is a shining

example of ATP testing done right.

They have utilized both the reliability

of the Clean-Trace ATP testing

results as well as the power of the 3M

Clean-Trace Data Trending software to

impact both immediate and long-term

decision making. With these prerequisites,

Gold’n Plump Poultry has extracted great

value out of their ATP testing dollars.

References1. Simpson, WJ, Archibald, JL, Giles, C.J. Protocol for assessing the

sensitivity of hygiene test systems for live microorganisms and food residue. Cara Technology Limited, Report 120906, October 2006.

2. Simpson, WJ, Files CJ, Flockhart, HA. Repeatability of hygiene test systems in measurement of low levels of ATP, Cara Technology Limited, Report 30606, July 27, 2006

3M and Clean-Trace are trademarks of 3M or Biotrace Int’l Plc, a 3M company, and are used under license in Canada. Gold’n Plump is a trademark of Gold’n Plump Poultry.

Page 5: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

3M™ Clean-Trace™

Water - Total ATP Test

New & Improved

3M Food Safety

The new and improved 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Water – Total ATP test now has an innovative formulation providing improved temperature stability and test result accuracy. Now known as 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Water Plus – Total ATP (AQT200), the test is designed to rapidly assess equipment sanitation processes and the efficiency of Clean In Place (CIP) procedures by the improved more accurate detection of organic contamination from microbial or product residues.

The test gives an objective indication of cleanliness in water samples in seconds. Designed for use with the 3M™ Clean-Trace™ NG Luminometer, the new AQT200 formulation now provides the ability to gain more consistent and reliable results providing greater confidence in your hygiene monitoring procedures.

The new and improved formulation also provides the flexibility to store AQT200 at your own convenience - room temperature for up to 2 months or refrigerated for up to 12 months.

The new formulation, room temperature stability and ease of use makes 3M Clean-Trace Water Plus – Total ATP the water test of choice.

Key Features:• Flexible storage options - 12 months shelf life refrigerated (2°C – 8°C) - 2 months shelf life at room temperature (21°C - 25°C)

• Rapid results allowing for corrective action to be taken immediately

• Simple to use – Ideal for busy production environments

• Ability to track and trend results using 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Data Trending Software

Page 6: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

How it works 4 simple steps

Ordering Information:

To find out more about the new and improved 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Water Plus – Total ATP test, contact your local 3M Representative or call 1-800-328-6553.

3M Food Safety3M CenterBuilding 275-5W-05St. Paul, MN 55144-1000USA1-800-328-6553 3M and Clean-Trace are trademarks of 3M. www.3M.com/foodsafety Please recycle. © 3M 2012. All rights reserved.

3M™ Clean-Trace™ Water Plus – Total ATP

Product # Description

AQT200 100 / Case

3M™ Clean-Trace™ NG Luminometer*

Product # Description

NG3 1 / Each

*The 3M Clean-Trace NG Luminometer includes the 3M™ Clean-Trace™ Data Trending Software. Computer not included.

Page 7: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

Originating location

Title: An Overview of Rapid Hygiene Testing Using ATP

Bioluminescence Number: TB.083.00 Effective Date: September 2008 Supersedes: New Technology Platform: Hygiene Originating Location: Bridgend, UK Common sense dictates that after cleaning, equipment should be free of visible product residues and look clean. Visual assessment is one of the tools used to judge if a surface is clean. It is a real time test but it is subjective and relatively insensitive. Testing for microorganisms provides more information. However, this is related more to the effectiveness of disinfection than the cleaning. These microbiological tests require laboratory facilities and a relatively high skill level. Additionally, this information is not available in a time frame that allows for immediate re-cleaning of equipment prior to production if unacceptable results are obtained. For rapid hygiene testing, the needs are for a quick and sensitive test that can detect if cleaning is not to the expected standard and that is safe to use in the production environment. The bioluminescence test for adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) has been developed to meet these needs. It is relevant to the measurement of the effectiveness of cleaning as it measures ATP not only from microorganisms but also from product residues. Instruments and kits have been developed to provide an easy to use test that can be performed in the production environment by operatives with minimal training. What is ATP and how do we measure it? ATP is the basic energy currency molecule of all types of living organisms and as such, is present in all microorganisms, plant and animal cells. The technique of using the enzyme and substrate of the firefly (luciferase and luciferin) to detect and measure this key metabolite by measuring the light output was first described in 1947. Since then the detailed mechanisms have been comprehensively investigated and many diverse applications described. The assay can be set up to give a linear relationship between the light output and the ATP concentration. The result is obtained within seconds. Measurement is in a sensitive luminometer with results usually expressed as Relative Light Units (RLU). In early work, the reagents used required the use of fairly complex instruments where reagents were added via injection systems, as the light signal decayed too rapidly to allow the use of simple formats of testing. Even when this was resolved by optimizing the formulation, some of the chemical treatments to extract ATP from intact cells involved boiling solvents or strong acids which would cause the signal to decay rapidly and were not very user friendly.

TB.083.00 Page 1 of 3

© 3M 2008 All rights reserved.

Page 8: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

Originating location

The use of detergents or cationic agents as extractants are more user friendly but still cause the signal to decay and also require some further development in neutralizing after extraction or protecting the enzyme from the extractant. During the last few years, therefore, the reagent chemistry and the instrumentation have been developed to the point that simple to use and portable tests are now possible. What are the benefits of ATP? The range of applications for which ATP bioluminescence has been considered is wide and diverse, from detecting microorganisms in a wide variety of sample types to detecting life on the moon or Mars! There was a high level of interest in its use as a rapid method for the detection and enumeration of microorganisms in the 70’s and 80’s but with a few exceptions the applications have not been widely adopted. Generally they involved complex techniques to separate the microbial from the non-microbial ATP of the sample and the methods were not practical for routine use. The presence of ATP in both food and viable microorganisms is a disadvantage in using the technology to detect microorganisms in food. However, it is of great benefit when one considers checking for cleanliness. Food residues contain large amounts of ATP either in intact cells or as free ATP, originating from those cells. By the late 80’s this application was gaining acceptance and during the 90’s, with the advent of the simple to use and portable tests, it has become widely adopted by many major food and beverage manufacturers. How does it work? A range of products are available, but all work on similar principles. An ATP free swab is provided pre-moistened or is moistened by the user with an ATP free buffer, water or extractant. The extractant can help with sampling as it is effective at releasing ATP from the surface. Using portable instruments, testing of the swab is usually done immediately. However, with some products the swabs are stable for a number of hours allowing the user to return to the instrument at a ‘workstation’ if preferred. How the sample is then processed and measured varies depending on which product is used. With some products the freeze dried luciferin/luciferase reagent is provided within the swab device and no preparation is required. With other test formats there is a need to reconstitute a bottle of freeze dried enzyme and dispense this using a dropper bottle or pipette. The trend is for unit dosed ‘single shot’ tests with no requirement for any preparation steps for the user. Liquid stable luciferin/luciferase reagents are now available for some applications. In addition to surface testing, the technique can be applied to rinse water samples to assess closed CIP systems. Again various products are available - some with reagents which are pipetted, others with unit dose single shot formats. Nevertheless, whichever product is used, there is a need for some preliminary work to establish the relevant Pass/Fail limits for the test. This is usually done by collecting reference data after the normal cleaning procedures. The levels set will depend on the type and condition of the surface and the method of cleaning used.

TB.083.00 Page 2 of 3

© 3M 2008 All rights reserved.

Page 9: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

Originating location

TB.083.00 Page 3 of 3

© 3M 2008 All rights reserved.

Summary ATP bioluminescence can be a valuable tool in conjunction with visual assessment to ‘positively release’ the production line after cleaning. Its use allows corrective action to be taken before production starts and reduces the risk of poor cleaning resulting in a product quality problem. Other uses are to optimize cleaning regimes and so contribute to cost effective chemical use. However, ATP Bioluminescence is not a direct replacement for microbiological testing. Such testing should still be carried out for monitoring background flora or checking for the presence of specific spoilage or pathogenic organisms. If used in conjunction with other control measures, a proactive and effective hygiene management system can be developed, and with regular review of results, the system can evolve and improve. References Dr J. Holah, Dr H. Gibson, J.M. Hawronskyj: The use of ATP Bioluminescence to monitor surface hygiene, European Food & Drink Review, Summer 1995 Dr J Hawronskyj: Measurement of ATP using firefly luminescence, European Food & Drink Review, Summer 1999 C.J Griffith; C.A Davidson; A.C Peters & L.M Fielding: Towards a strategic cleaning assessment programme: hygiene monitoring and ATP luminometry, an options appraisal, Food Science and Technology Today 11 (1) 1997

Page 10: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

��������� � ��� �� ������ �������������������� �"!"#%$�& '(& )*��+�, -/.�0 �1 . �2 .�0�354�6 � . � ��� � 7 . � .86 �*� . , 9�0�683"0�: : 7 9 � 0�38;<-<.�0 �* . � .�0�38;>=�? � � . � , @BA � DC 9�E�;<FG@� .8:IH�J�J"K �BL*M/N8C� �O� � � �M/O ;QP 0<RSH�J�J"K ��L*M/N8C� �O� �M/T�U�U ;IVWVWVYX Z<0 � 0B[ � 6": � 6�.�X Z ��\

]_^a`b^dcfegcihkj�lmjQeonqpirkstnauvjw^ax_^yez^t{|e}{~na{|ez^a� {�jSx� ^dc�{����o^a� ^ax�e}pirkl�pi� l�^��i^il�{�pira���k�

���G��� �����<���"�����G��� � ���G�g G¡£¢8� ��¤�¥"¦�§�¨�©�Q§�¨*§Dª"��¤�¦Q����� ��«�¬5­�� ��� ©®��¯��8­���§8©I¦���¨®¦��8§�¯±°8�"©®�"¨®��¨²� �/�Y�Q����©>¨1�8�8³"§"��¯�§�� � �S³���§�¯��8­���§8©>¦"��¨®¦"��§�¯�����´�¨²¨*�8¬8�8µ�ª�¶�¶5·�³"¸��8¹Sµ³�������¨�©�º"»�¼"»�¼"��¶�·D�B´Q� ¬Y¶"»"»�¼

½w¾G¿À¿£Áw²ÃÄ�ÅYÆ8Ç�È�ÅWÇ�ÉIÉ®Å�ÉIÉ®Å�ÊÌ˲Æ�Å%Í Å8Î"Å�Ç�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2ÒWÓ8Ô�Ô2Ó�Õ"Í"Æ�Ò�ÖQÐ Å�×�Å�Ë1Å�ɲË�ɲÒ�É®Ë�Å�Ø(ÉGÙ Ú"Ð Ó�Ë²Í Ç�ÛBÅ%Üm×�Ð Ý Þ<ß à á�âWãmä�åQæ�Ñ Å�Ç8×8Ý ç"Í Ç�ÛBÅ�â�è�Ú�Ð Ó"æQÓ�×�Ë²Í Ó�ÑBéBÐ ÖQÆ8Ë*×�Ð ×�Ö5êÌëíì�îïåíé�Ð ÖQÆ8Ë*×�Ð ×�ÖêÌëíì�îðÉ/Õ"Í Ô Ç�ÛBÅDÉ®Ç�رÎ�Ñ Ð ×�ÖÌÊ�Å�È�Ð Û<Å�è�ñíÅ�Ó"Ö�Å�×%òwÛ<Û�Õ"ì�Ó�Ð ×8Ë2î~å�òwÛ<Û�Õ"ì�Ó�Ð ×8Ë î|ò�ç"ìDÉ/Õ"Í Ô Ç�ÛBÅWÉ®Ç8رÎ�Ñ Å8Í è<æíÆ8Ç8Í2Øó×8Ó8È�Ç8é�ÜGêÌîïåíì�Ó"Û�ô<Å�Ë1õ�öYÇ8Ï"âYì�Ñ Õ8É®÷�öøР˲Æ5Í Å�É/Î�Å�Û<Ë�Ë1ÓØ(Å�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å�Ø(Å8×8Ë�Ó8Ô8ÇDÑ Ó8öÀÇ8Ø(Ó�Õ"×8ËQÙ ùBú�Ô1Ø(Ó�Ñ ÷�Ó8Ô8Ç�Ê�Å�×�Ó"É/Ð ×�ÅDû�ü Ý Ë²Í2Ð Î�Æ�Ó"É>Î�Æ8Ç�Ë1ÅYÙ ò�ç"ì�÷ ý®ç"Æ8ÅYÚ�Ð Ó�Ë²Í Ç�Û<ÅDɲÒ�É®Ë�Å�ØþöYÇ�É�˲Æ�Å%Ø(Ó"É®Ë�Í Å�Î�Å�Ç�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ñ ÅYÙ ÛBÓ"Å�Ô Ô�Ð Û�Ð Å8×8Ë�Ó8ÔÈ�Ç8Í�Ð Ç�˲РÓ�×øÿ ����������ý �ø÷ �/Ô2Ó�Ñ Ñ Ó8öÌÅ�Ê�Ï�Ò�˲Æ�ÅYÚ�Ð Ó"æQÓ�×8Ë*Í Ó�ÑBÙ ������ ��8ý ù�ø÷ �BæíÆ8Ç8Í�ØóÙ ����� û��8ý ��ø÷�Ç8×�Ê(ñíÅ�Ó"Ö�Å�×5Ù ���������8ý �ø÷�ɲÒ�É®Ë1Å�Ø(É>ý

����� Â����S¾�� �� � �òwÉIÉIÅ�É®É/Ø�Å�×8Ë�Ó8Ô8É/Õ"Í Ô Ç�ÛBÅ%Æ�Ò�ÖQÐ Å�×�Å%Ï�Ò%Ø(Å�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å8Ø(Å8×8Ë�Ó8Ô8Ç�Ê�Å�×�Ó"É>Ð ×8Å%û�ü Ý Ë²Í�Ð Î�Æ�Ó"É/Î�Æ8Ç�Ë1ÅYÙ ò�ç"ì�÷�Ð ÉQö5Ð Ê�Å�É/Î�Í Å�Ç�Ê�ý/ê5Ç8×�Ò�Ë1Å�É®Ë�ɲÒ�ɲË1Å�Ø�É�Ç8Í ÅWÇ�È�Ç8Ð Ñ Ç8Ï�Ñ ÅYÏ�Õ�Ë�Ó�Ï"!2Å�Û<˲РÈ�Åɮ˲Õ8ÊQÐ Å�ÉíÓ8Ô8Ë*Æ�Å8Ð Í"Î�Å�Í Ô2Ó�Í�Ø�Ç8×8ÛBÅWÇ�Í ÅSÔ2Å�ö5ý�#�Å�Î�Å�Ç�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2Ò�Ç8×�ÊøÍ Å�Î�Í Ó"ÊQÕ8Û�Ð Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2Ò�Ç8Í Å%Ð Ø Î"Ó�Í Ë�Ç8×�Ë"Ç�É/Î�Å�Û<Ë1É�Ó8Ô8˲Æ8Å�Ð Í�Î"Å8Í Ô2Ó�Í2Ø�Ç8×�Û<Å8ý�$8á�%�á�&"à &('�ß ) ß à *YÍ Å�Ô2Å�Í ÉQË1Ó%È�Ç8Í�Ð Ç�Ë*Ð Ó�×Ð ×%˲Æ8ÅYØ�Å�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å�Ø(Å8×8Ë1É�Ç�Ë2˲Í2Ð Ï�Õ�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ñ ÅWË1ÓY˲Æ8ÅDɲÒ�É®Ë�Å�ØóÙ Å�+QÕ"Ð Î�Ø(Å8×8Ë"Ç8×�ÊÌÊ�Å�È�Ð ÛBÅ�É®÷ ý�$8á�%-,�.�/(0��/ß '�ß ) ß à *YÍ Å�Ô2Å�Í É�Ë1ÓDÈ�Ç8Í�Ð Ç�˲РÓ�×ÌÐ ×D˲Æ�Å%Ø(Å�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å8Ø(Å�×�Ë1É�Ç�Ë�˲Í�Ð Ï�Õ�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ñ Å�Ë1Ó˲Æ�ÅYÕ8ÉIÅ8Í2ý/ì�Ó"Ó�Í"Í Å�Î"Å�Ç�Ë�Ç�Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2ÒWÛ<Ç�×%Ç�Í�Ð É®ÅDÊQÕ8ÅWË1ÓøØ�Ç8×�ÒSÔ Ç�Û<Ë1Ó�Í É1��Ð ×�Û�Ñ Õ8ÊQÐ ×�ÖYÈ�Ç8Í�Ð Ç8Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2Ò%Ï"Å�Ë2öÌÅ�Å8×YÊ�Å�È�Ð ÛBÅ�ÉíÊ�Õ8ÅWË1ÓøØ�Ç8×�Õ�Ô Ç�Û<˲Õ"Í2Ð ×�Ö5Ó�Í8É®Ë1Ó�Í Ç�Ö"ÅYÐ ÉIÉ/Õ8Å�É2�/Ç8×�ÊÐ ×�ÛBÓ�×8É/РɲË1Å�×8Û/Ò�Ç8Í�Ð É/Ð ×8ÖYÔ1Í Ó�Øï˲Æ8ÅYÐ ×8ɮ˲Í�Õ"Ø(Å8×8Ë�Ç�Ë*Ð Ó�×"ýIòíÉ�Ç%Í Å�É/Õ"Ñ Ë �/Ô Ç8Ñ É®Å%Î"Ó"É/Ð Ë*Ð È�Å�ÉwØ�Ç�Ò�Ç8Í�Ð É®ÅYÐ ×%Ë1Å�ɮ˲Р×�Ö5Ó8Ô8Û�Í�Ð Ë*Ð Û<Ç�Ñ/ÛBÓ�×�Ë²Í Ó�Ñ<Î"Ó�Ð ×8Ë�É2��Í Å�É/Õ"Ñ Ë²Ð ×�Ö�Ð ×5Õ"×�×�Å�ÛBÅ�ɮɮÇ8Í Ò%Í Å�ÝÛ�Ñ Å�Ç8×"Ð ×�Ö5Ó8Ô8Å�+QÕ"Ð Î�Ø(Å�×�Ë*ý43BÇ8Ñ É®ÅY×8Å�Ö"Ç�˲РÈ�ÅYÍ Å�É/Õ"Ñ Ë�ÉGØ�Ç�Ò%Î�Õ�Ë�Î�Í Ó"ÊQÕ8Û<Ë"Ç�×�Ê5Û�Õ8É®Ë1Ó�Ø(Å8Í É�Ç�Ë�Í�Ð É/ôBýíò Æ�Ð Ö�Æ5Ñ Å�È�Å8Ñ/Ó8Ô�Í Å8Î"Å�Ç�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2Ò%Ð Éw×�Å�Å�Ê�Å�Ê�Ð Ô"Í Å�É>Õ"Ñ Ë1É�Ç8Í Å�Ë1ÓøÏ"Å%Î�Õ�ËË1ÓøÕ8ÉIÅYÐ ×%õ�Ë�Ç�˲Рɲ˲РÛ<Ç8ÑBì�Í Ó�ÛBÅ�É®ÉíæQÓ�×8Ë*Í Ó�Ñ �/Ô2Ó�Í8Å"5�Ç8رÎ�Ñ Å%Ð ×%Ë*Æ�ÅDÛBÓ�×�É®Ë*Í�Õ8Û<˲РÓ�×YÓ8Ô6#�Õ"×YæíÆ8Ç8Í Ë�É�Ç8×�Ê5æQÓ�×8Ë²Í Ó�Ñ/æíÆ�Ç8Í Ë1É>ý�7wÅ�Í Å�öÌÅ%Í Å8Î"Ó�Í Ë�Ó�×D˲Æ�Å%Í Å8Î"Å�Ç�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2ÒWÓ8Ô�Ñ Ó8öYÝÑ Å�È�Å8Ñ>ò�ç"ìYØ�Å�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å8Ø(Å8×8Ë1ÉwØ�Ç�Ê�ÅYÕ8É/Ð ×�ÖYÔ2Ó�Õ"Í�ÛBÓ�Ø Ø(Å�Í Û�Ð Ç�Ñ Ñ Ò�Ý Ç�È�Ç8Ð Ñ Ç8Ï�Ñ Å�ò�ç"ìYÆ�Ò�ÖQÐ Å�×8ÅWË�Å�É®Ë�ɲÒ�ɲË1Å�Ø�É>ý8:9�9�;<9�9 ¿ ;����>= Â�� � �����@?3�Ó�Õ"Í�Ë2Ò8Î"Å�É�Ó8Ô�Ñ Õ"Ø Ð ×�Ó�Ø�Å�Ë1Å8Í É�Ç8×�ÊYË1Å�É®Ë�Ê�Å�È8Ð ÛBÅ�ÉQöÌÅ8Í ÅDÓ�Ï�Ë�Ç�Ð ×8Å�ÊA�/ß &YÊQÐ Ô Ô2Å�Í Å�×8Ë�Ð ×�ÊQÕ8ɮ˲Í2Ð Ç8Ñ�B êÌÒ�É®Ë1Å�Í ÒWõ�Æ�Ó�Î�Î�Å�Í É®ü ý�ç8Å�É®Ë�Ê�Å�È8Ð ÛBÅ�ÉQÔ1Í Ó�Øï˲Æ8ÅDÉ®Ç8Ø�Å%Ø�Ç8×�Õ�Ô Ç�Û<˲Õ"Í Å8ÍöÌÅ�Í Å�Ô�Í Ó�ØïË*Æ�ÅWÉ®Ç8Ø(Å%Ï�Ç�Ë1Û�Æ�ý�CwÅ�È�Ð ÛBÅ�ÉQöÌÅ8Í ÅWÉ®Ë1Ó�Í Å�ÊÌÇ�Ë(EDE��F æøÇ�×�Ê�Ï�Í Ó�Õ8ÖQÆ8Ë"Ë1ÓøÍ Ó"Ó�ØïË�Å�رÎ�Å�Í Ç�˲Õ"Í ÅYÙ ÛBÓ�×�Ë²Í Ó�Ñ Ñ Å�ÊÌÇ�Ë6G�ú�F æ�÷�Ô2Ó�Í�ù�Æ�Ó�Õ"Í"Ï�Å�Ô2Ó�Í Å%Õ8ÉIÅ8ýwõ�Ò�É®Ë�Å�Ø(ÉöÌÅ�Í ÅYÕ8É®Å�Ê5ɮ˲Í2Ð Û<Ë*Ñ Ò%Ð ×DÇ�ÛBÛBÓ�Í Ê"Ç8×8ÛBÅSöøР˲Æ%˲Æ8ÅYØ�Ç�×�Õ�Ô Ç�Û<˲Õ"Í Å8Í É®üBÐ ×�É®Ë*Í�Õ8Û<˲РÓ�×�É>ý�3�Ð Ô Ë2ÒWÊ�Å�È8Ð ÛBÅ�ÉíÓ8Ô�Å�Ç�Û�Æ%Ë2Ò8Î�Å�öYÅ�Í Å�Ë1Å�É®Ë�Å�ÊYöøÐ Ë*Æ5Ï"Ó�˲ÆÌÎ�Õ"Í ÅWò�ç"ì�Ý Ô�Í Å�Å�öYÇ�Ë1Å8Í"Ù G�úÉ®Ç8رÎ�Ñ Å�É�Å�Ç�Û�ÆYÊ�Å�È8Ð Û<Å�÷�Ç8×�ÊYöøР˲Æ%ÇYù�×"ê~ÉIÓ�Ñ Õ�˲РÓ�×YÓ8Ô8ò�ç"ìYÙ �úDÉ®Ç8رÎ�Ñ Å�ÉíÅ�Ç�Û�Æ%Ê�Å�È�Ð Û<Å�÷ ý�CwÅ�È�Ð Û<Å�ÉQöÌÅ8Í Å�Ë1Å�É®Ë�Å�Ê�Ð ×YÉ®Å�+QÕ8Å�×8ÛBÅ�öøÐ Ë*Æ%˲Æ8ÅDÉ®Ç�Ø(ÅDÉ®Ç�رÎ�Ñ Å�ÉíÓ8Ô�öYÇ�Ë1Å8ÍÇ8×�ÊÌò�ç"ìWË1ÓÌÅ�Ñ Ð Ø±Ð ×8Ç�Ë1ÅWÇ8×�Ò�Ë*Ð Ø�Å�Ý2Ê�Å�Î"Å8×�Ê�Å�×8Ë"Å�Ô Ô2Å�Û<Ë1ÉwÐ ×%Ë*Æ�ÅWÛBÓ�رÎ�Ç�Í�Ð ÉIÓ�×YÓ8Ô8˲Æ8ÅDɲÒ�É®Ë�Å�Ø(ÉIýwõ�Ç8Ø Î�Ñ Å�ÉGÙ ùBúIH"Ñ ÷�öÌÅ�Í ÅWÇ�Ê�Ê�Å�ÊÌË1ÓY˲Æ8ÅYØ Ð Ê5ÉIÅ�Û<˲РÓ�×YÓ8Ô8˲Æ�ÅɲöYÇ8Ï8å²É/Î"Ó�×�Ö"ÅYÏ�Õ8Ê5Ó8Ô�Å�Ç�Û�ÆYÊ�Å�È�Ð Û<Å8ý�CGÅ�È8Ð Û<Å�ÉQöÌÅ8Í Å%×�Ó�ËQÍ Ó�Ë�Ç�Ë�Å�Ê5ÊQÕ"Í�Ð ×�ÖÌ˲Æ8ÅWÇ8Î�Î�Ñ Ð Û<Ç�Ë*Ð Ó�×YÓ8Ô8Ë*Æ�ÅWÉ®Ç8رÎ�Ñ Å�ý�ç"Æ�Å�É®ÅWË�Å�É®Ë1ÉwÍ Å8Î�Í Å�ÉIÅ8×8ËQ×8Å�Ç8Í�Ð Ê�Å�Ç�Ñ/ÛBÓ�×�ÊQÐ Ë*Ð Ó�×�ÉwÐ ×˲Æ8Ç�Ë�È�Ç8Í�Ð Ç�Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2ÒWÊQÕ8ÅWË1ÓÌÉ®Ç8Ø Î�Ñ ÅYÎ�Ð Û�ô/Ý1Õ"Î%Ô1Í Ó�Ø|É/Õ"Í Ô Ç�ÛBÅ�É�Ç�×�Ê5Å�5�Ë*Í Ç�Û<Ë*Ð Ó�×YÓ8Ô8ò�ç"ì�Ô1Í Ó�ØðÑ Ð È�ÅDÛ<Å�Ñ Ñ É�Ç8Í ÅDÅ8Ñ Ð Ø±Ð ×8Ç�Ë1Å�Ê�ýJK;<9 ¾�? ��9ç"Æ�ÅYØ(Å�Ç�×DÈ�Ç8Ñ Õ8Å�É1�<Ë1Ó"Ö�Å�˲Æ�Å8Í�öøÐ Ë*ÆD˲Æ�ÅDÛBÓ�Å�Ô Ô1Ð Û�Ð Å�×8Ë1É�Ó8Ô�È�Ç8Í�Ð Ç�Ë*Ð Ó�×5Ù ø÷ �/Ç8×�ÊL�8û�ïÛBÓ�×�Ô1Ð Ê�Å�×�ÛBÅ%Ñ Ð Ø±Ð Ë�ÉQÔ2Ó�Í�Ø�Å�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å8Ø(Å�×�Ë1ÉíÓ8ÔQùBú�Ô1Ø(Ó�Ñ/Ó8Ô8ò�ç"ìYÙ M:�� �ú�÷�Ç8Í ÅDÉ/Æ�Ó8öø×Ð ×Dç�Ç8Ï�Ñ Å5ù�ý®ç"Æ�Å%Í Å�É/Î"Ó�×8ÉIÅ�ÉíÊQÐ Ô Ô2Å8Í�Ô1Í Ó�Ø|ɲÒ�É®Ë1Å8ØïË1ÓÌɲÒ�É®Ë�Å�ØïÉ/Ð ×8ÛBÅ%Ñ Ð Ö�Æ8Ë�Ð ÉGØ�Å�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å�ÊøÐ ×EB #�Å�Ñ Ç�Ë*Ð È�ÅYé�Ð Ö�Æ8ËQÜG×"Ð Ë1ÉIüBÙ #�é�Üí÷ ýIòíÉ�˲Æ8ÅDÛ�Æ�Ó�Ð Û<ÅDÓ8Ô�ÉIÛ<Ç�Ñ Å%Ð É�Ç8Í�Ï�Ð Ë²Í Ç8Í Ò���×�ÓÇ�Ê�È�Ç8×8Ë�Ç�Ö�ÅYÐ É�ÛBÓ�×�Ô2Å8Í�Í Å�Ê�Ï8ÒWɲÒ�É®Ë1Å8Ø(ÉGÆ8Ç�È�Ð ×�Ö�Æ"Ð ÖQÆYÓ�Í"Ñ Ó8ö~Í Å�É/Î"Ó�×�ÉIÅSÈ�Ç8Ñ Õ8Å�É>ý43�Ð ÖQÕ"Í Å5ù É/Æ�Ó8öÌÉ�Ë*Æ�ÅDÊQРɮ˲Í2Ð Ï�Õ�˲РÓ�×YÓ8Ô8˲Æ8ÅYÍ Å�É/Õ"Ñ Ë�É2��Î�Í Å�ÉIÅ8×8Ë1Å�ÊøÐ ×%˲Æ�ÅSÔ2Ó�Í�Ø|Ó8ÔÔ1Í Å�+QÕ8Å�×8Û/Ò%Æ�Ð É®Ë1Ó"ÖQÍ Ç8Ø�É�Ç8×�Ê�Í�Õ"×%Û�Æ8Ç8Í Ë1ÉIý�N ×%Ë*Æ�ÅWÛ<Ç�ÉIÅDÓ8Ô�˲Æ�ÅSÔ1Í Å�+QÕ8Å�×�Û>Ò%Æ�Ð É®Ë1Ó"ÖQÍ Ç�Ø(É�Ë*Æ�Å%Í Å�É/Õ�Ñ Ë1ÉQöÌÅ8Í Å�Ô�Ð Í É²Ë�É®Ë�Ç8×�Ê"Ç8Í ÊQÐ O<Å�ÊÌË1Ó5Î�Í Ó8È�Ð Ê�Å�ÇWÛBÓ�Ø Ø(Ó�×5Ï�Ç�É>Ð ÉQÔ2Ó�ÍÛBÓ�رÎ�Ç8Í2Ð ÉIÓ�×�ý�ç"Æ�Å�ÉIÅ%Í Å�É/Õ�Ñ Ë1ÉwÍ Å�È�Å�Ç�Ñ/ÊQÐ Ô Ô2Å8Í Å8×�ÛBÅ�ÉGÐ ×%˲Æ8ÅYÎ�Å�Í Ô2Ó�Í2Ø�Ç8×�Û<ÅWÓ8Ô8˲Æ�ÅDÊQÐ Ô Ô Å�Í Å�×8Ë"ɲÒ�É®Ë1Å8Ø(É>ý²ç"Æ�Å%Ú"Ð Ó�Ë*Í Ç�ÛBÅ%Üm×"Ð Ý Þ<ß à á�âWãmä ɲÒ�É®Ë1Å�ØA��Õ8É®Å�Ê%öøР˲ÆYæ�Ñ Å�Ç8×8Ý ç�Í Ç�ÛBÅ�âË1Å�É®Ë�Ê�Å�È8Ð ÛBÅ�ÉíÖ"Ç�È�ÅWÇDÆ�Ð ÖQÆ%Ê�Å�ÖQÍ Å�ÅWÓ8Ô�Í Å�Î�Å�Ç�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2ÒDÍ Å8Ñ Ç�˲РÈ�Å�Ë1ÓY˲Æ�ÅWÓ�Ë*Æ�Å�Í�ɲÒ�É®Ë1Å8Ø(É>ý4N ×%Ç8Ñ Ñ/Ó�˲Æ8Å�Í�Û<Ç�ÉIÅ�É2��Í Å�É/Õ"Ñ Ë1ÉQöÌÅ8Í Å%Ñ Å�É®ÉGÍ Å�Î"Å�Ç�Ë�Ç�Ï�Ñ Å�ý

ª�§6P�� ��Q�ý�#�Å�Î�Å�Ç�Ë�Ç8Ï�Ð Ñ Ð Ë2ÒWÓ8Ô�Ô2Ó�Õ"Í�Æ�Ò�ÖQÐ Å�×8ÅWË1Å�É®Ë�ɲÒ�É®Ë�Å�Ø�ÉGÙ #�é�ÜR�R#�Å�Ñ Ç�Ë*Ð È�ÅYé�Ð ÖQÆ8Ë�Üm×"Ð Ë�÷ ýêøÅ�Ç�É/Õ"Í Å�Ø�Å�×8Ë�Ó8ÔQùBú�Ô1Ø(Ó�ÑIò�ç"ì

êøÅ�Ç8×5Ù #�é�Üí÷ æQÓ"Å�Ô Ô1Ð Û�Ð Å�×8Ë�Ó8ÔÈ�Ç8Í�Ð Ç�˲РÓ�×5Ù ø÷ �8û�ïÛBÓ�×�Ô1Ð Ê�Å�×�ÛBÅÐ ×8Ë1Å8Í È�Ç8ÑBÙ #�é�Üí÷Ú"Ð Ó�Ë²Í Ç�ÛBÅ%Üm×�Ð Ý Þ<ß à á�âWãmä�åQæ�Ñ Å�Ç8×8Ý ç"Í Ç�ÛBÅ�âWÝ�Ú�Ð Ó�Ë²Í Ç�Û<ÅIN ×8Ë�Å�Í2×8Ç�˲РÓ�×8Ç�ÑBÎ�Ñ Û4�Ú"Í�Ð Ê�Ö�Å8×�Ê�Ü�SWÝ ö%ö%ö5ý Ï�Ð Ó�Ë*Í Ç�ÛBÅ�ý ÛBÓ�Ø ���8ý ù ��ý ��T�ý GUDøùBú�ù�ý �

Ú"Ð Ó"æQÓ�×8Ë*Í Ó�ÑBé�Ð Ö�Æ8˲×"Ð ×�ÖøêÌëíì�î~åíé�Ð ÖQÆ8˲×�Ð ×�ÖøêÌëíì�îðÉ/Õ"Í Ô Ç�ÛBÅDÉ®Ç�رÎ�Ñ Ð ×�ÖÌÊ�Å�È�Ð ÛBÅÝ�Ú"Ð Ó"æQÓ�×�Ë²Í Ó�Ñ/õ�Ò�ɲË1Å�Ø�É�N ×8Û4��Ú8Å�Ñ Ñ Å�È�Õ�Å���Üwõ�ò Ý ö%ö%ö5ý Ï�Ð Ó�ÛBÓ�×8Ë²Í Ó�Ñ É²Ò�É>ý ÛBÓ�Ø �ù�TV� ��8ý ù ��ú�EDYû8û�G��

æíÆ8Ç8Í2Øó×�Ó8È�Ç8é�ÜGêÌî åíì�Ó"Û�ô<Å�Ë1õ�öYÇ8Ï"âYì�Ñ Õ8É�Ý�æ�Æ8Ç8Í�Øïõ�Û�Ð Å�×8ÛBÅ�ÉKN ×�Û���é/Ç�öøÍ Å�×�Û<Å��Üwõ�ò Ý ö%ö%ö5ý Û�Æ8Ç�Í�Ø(ý ÛBÓ�Ø ù� ���ù û��8ý � úUDEG�����ù

ñíÅ�Ó"Ö�Å�×%òwÛ<Û�Õ"ì�Ó�Ð ×8Ë2î~å�òwÛ<Û�Õ"Î"Ó�Ð ×�Ë2î|ò�ç"ìDõ8Õ"Í Ô Ç�ÛBÅDÉ®Ç�رÎ�Ñ Å�Í É�Ý�ñíÅ�Ó"Ö"Å�×æQÓ�Í�Î"Ó�Í Ç�Ë*Ð Ó�×���é/Ç8×�É/Ð ×�Ö(��Üwõ�ò Ý ö%öDö5ý ×�Å�Ó"Ö�Å8×"ý ÛBÓ�Ø û"ù�ý � ���8ý úUDøù4(G8ý �

W X>Y�Z"[]\ Y�^`_�a b ^(c�\ d�efb Y�^gb ^Vd"c�h�_�\ Y�i(j�k�l c�\ Y�YKm@Z�b Y�\4m�Y�\ Y�Z�b(a Y�Z�^gb�n�l c d�a oUa d"m�Y�\4bgp�Z"[Kbgp"d�^gYKc�\ d�eqeUY�Z�^�_�\ Y�e>Y�[�b�d"c�r`sKc�etd�a1i(j�k�u [�Z"a a2v`Z�^gY�^VZ"["o]Z"\ Y]["d"b�^`p"d"mU["w

Page 11: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

x�ytzty@{�|"{>}I~�� ~ |4���t�E���@�L~ yt�>y�|"y]��|:���]��|"yU����>���-� � � �@�]�@�

��������� � ��� �� ������ �������������������� �"!"#%$�& '(& )*��+�, -/.�0 �1 . �2 .�0�354�6 � . � ��� � 7 . � .86 �*� . , 9�0�683"0�: : 7 9 � 0�38;<-<.�0 �* . � .�0�38;>=�? � � . � , @BA � DC 9�E ;<FG@� .8:IH�J�J"K �BL*M/N8C� �O� � � �M/O ;QP 0<RSH�J�J"K ��L*M/N8C� �O� �M/T�U�U ;IVWVWVYX Z<0 � 0B[ � 6": � 6�.�X Z ��\

�"� �����(�4��� ������� �(�4�g�"� ���t���6 �¡�¢��� ��������� ���U�@�V �¡q£`¤�� ¥ ¦4§�¨�£g¦"©Iª�� � ���]«�¨�¬"� §�¨

­® ­ ­ ­¯ ­ ­ ­° ­ ­ ­± ­ ­ ­² ­ ­ ­³ ­ ­ ­

®L¯�°A±�²�³�´�µ�¶>® ­6® ®�® ¯-® °6® ±-® ²6® ³6® ´-® µ6® ¶(¯ ­(¯ ®�¯ ¯V¯ °(¯ ±(¯ ²�¯ ³�¯ ´(¯ µ�¯ ¶�° ­· ¸ ¹�º�» ¼

½¾¿

À6Á�Â�à ÄÆÅ"Ç�È�Â"É�Ê-Ë>ÌqÍ�Î�Ç�Ï4Ð�Ñ�Ò�Ó�Ô>Â"Õ�ÖUÎ"× Ø�Ù

ÚÛ Ú ÚÜ Ú Ú ÚÜ Û Ú ÚÝ Ú Ú ÚÝ Û Ú ÚÞ Ú Ú Ú

ÜLÝßÞAàßÛ�áRâäãäåtÜ Ú<Ü Ü�Ü Ý�Ü Þ6Ü à<Ü Û-Ü á-Ü â<Ü ã-Ü å�Ý ÚVÝ�Ü�Ý Ý6Ý Þ�Ý àVÝ Û(Ý á(Ý âVÝ ã(Ý å�Þ Úæ ç è�égê ë

ìíî

ï�ð�ñ"ò"ð�óKô(õ`õ�ö�÷�ñ�ø ó�ù úüû(ô�õ`õ�ö�ý�ñ�ø ó�ù ú�ô�þ�÷�ÿ�ö�� � �4õ`ð������Eý ð��

� �� �� �� �� � �� �� � �� � �� � � � �

�� ���������������� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� �� �� �� �� � �� �� �� �� ��� �� !"�# $

%&'

()*+,- (- )- *- +- ,

. / 0 .�1 0 /2 .43 0 / 5 .�6 0 /7 .98 0 / : . 0 . 0 / 0 0.01 0 / 0 2.03 0 / 0 5.06 0 / 0 7.08 0 / 0 :. 1 . 0 /1 0 . 1 1 0 /

1 2 . 1 3 0 /1 5 . 1 6 0 /

1 7 . 1 8 0 /1 : . 2 . 0 / 2 0

.21 0 / 2 2.23 0 / 2 5.26 0 / 2 7.

; < = >@?@=BA ?DC E F ?�G C HD>@= I J K�F =B>MLB=BI N�FMO�P QBQBR

S TUV WXYZ XW[T\ ] [

^�_ `�a�`�bdcfe `�gihi_ j�kdcfb_ bjmlonqpdrtshi_ j�k�cDb�_ bjmlonqpdrvuxw�e y zM{i|�u}z�~���g _ bj���|��_ {i|

������ �� �� �� �� �

� � � �q� � � � ��� � � � ��� � �� ��� � � � � � � � � � ���� � � � ���� � � � ���� � � � ���� � � � �� � � � �� � � � � � �

� � � � � � �� � � � � � �

� � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �

��� � � � ���� � � � ���� � � � ��

� � �B�B�D� � �D� � � �d� �  D��� ¡ ¢ £��B� �i¤�� ¡ ¥B��¦�§ ¨B¨ ©

ª «¬­ ®¯°± ¯®²«³ ´ ²

µ·¶�¸¹¶º�»·¼½¼M¾¿d¸�À ºMÁ ÂtÃ�»Ä¼½¼�¾�Å�¸�À ºdÁ ÂÆ»�Ç�¿ÉÈ�¾Ê Ë ÌM¼½¶ÉÍfÌ�Î�Å�Ï ¶Ê

ÐÑÒÓÔÕ ÐÕ ÑÕ ÒÕ ÓÕ Ô

Ö × Ø Ö�Ù Ø ×Ú Ö�Û Ø × Ü Ö�Ý Ø ×Þ ÖÉß Ø × à Ö Ø Ö Ø × Ø ØÖØÙ Ø × Ø Ú Ö Ø

Û Ø × Ø Ü Ö ØÝ Ø × Ø Þ Ö Ø

ß Ø × Ø à Ö Ù Ö Ø ×Ù Ø Ö Ù Ù Ø ×

Ù Ú Ö Ù Û Ø ×Ù Ü Ö Ù Ý Ø ×

Ù Þ Ö Ù ß Ø ×Ù à Ö Ú Ö Ø ×Ú Ø

ÖÚÙ Ø × Ú Ú Ö Ú

Û Ø ×Ú Ü Ö ÚÝ Ø × Ú Þ Öá â ãBäBåDã æ åDç è é ådê ç ëDä�ã ì í î�éBã äiï�ã ì ðBé�ñ�ò óBó ô

õ ö÷ø ùúûü úùýöþ ÿ ý

������� �������� ���������������������! ���"#��$ %�&

'()*+, ', (, ), *, +

- . / -10 / .2 -43 / . 5 -76 / .8 -19 / . : - / - / . / /-/0 / . / 2-/3 / . / 5-/6 / . / 8-/9 / . / :- 0 - / .0 / - 0 0 / .

0 2 - 0 3 / .0 5 - 0 6 / .

0 8 - 0 9 / .0 : - 2 - / .2 /

-20 / .2 2-23 / .2 5-26 / . 2 8-

; < = >@? = A ?�B C D@?�E B FG> = H I J�D = >�K = H L D!M�N O O P

Q RST UVWX VUYRZ [ Y

\�] ^�_G` a�b�cedgf�] h i�j k l�mongp qsrut c�a�f�h v�` a!b�c�w x�y z�{�| }�~�������y � ��� � ���7�g� ���u� ��}���� �| }�~����

�� �� �� �� �� � �� � �

�����o�����������e� �s� ��� ��� �s� ��� �u� �s� ��� �s� �s� �� ��� ��� �� ��� �� ��� ��� �� ��� �  ¡ ¢�£G¤ ¥

¦§¨

©sª «1¬g­¯®�°�±�²�³ ´�µ�¶s´�·s¸!¹�º�» ¼¾½G¿uÀ�³ ÁsÂ�¼�Ás·�Ã�¸�ºsÁs³ ½�¿sÄu» ·�Ã�» Ås» Ã�¶�ÁsÆ�³ ´¼!¶uÆ ½G¼�Ä@¿�³Ä@¿g¶u³uº�¹À�» ´�·s´�½G´¼¾½�¼Ç¹¼¾½�´�ÂȼgÉ�» ½ÇºËÊÍÌuÎ˼¾ÁsÂÐÏgÆ ´�¼ÒÑ Ó�Ô�ÄGÂÈ¿gÆ�Ï�´�³sÃ�´�Ås» ¸�´�Õ ±�Ö7» ¼¾½G¿uÀg³ ÁsÂȼ¼!º�¿sÉ×Ã�» ¼¾½Ç³@» Øg¶�½¯» ¿g·o¿sÄ�³ ´�¼!¶uÆ ½�¼�É�» ½¯º�³ ´�¼�Ïu´�¸!½u½G¿�¼¾½�Ás·�ÃuÁs³ Ãg» Ù�´�Ã�³ ´�¼!¶uÆ ½G¼�±!Ú�Ás³s¸�ºsÁs³ ½G¼Í¼!º�¿sÉ�½Çºs´Ë¼�Ïg³ ´ÁÃ�¿sÄu» ·sÃ�» Å�» Ã�¶�ÁsÆ�³ ´�¼!¶�Æ ½G¼Û» ·�³ ´�Ï�Æ » ¸�Á�½G´ËÃ�´½�´�³@Âл ·sÁ�½¯» ¿g·�¼�±

ÜsÝÞ@ÝÒß�à�á!âsã�äuå äsæ�ç�è�é�ê ë�ì�íGè�éÛî4ïsð ê ñò ìgó�ð é�î�ô õ�ö4÷�ï�øoë�ù�õ�ô é�ì�ìÇï�ê ú�é4ë�ð ïsó�ê éø�ì�û ù!ìGí éð ü�ý�ù�ì¯é�ñËõ�é�ù�ð�þ�ïsõ�ñïsõeô õÛíGè�é4ÿ����¯îeéÒìGéð ú�ô ÷Çé7÷���ìGí@ïsø�éð ìgô õ4ø�ïsð éÛíGè�ù�õ����Ò÷�ï�õ�íGð ô é�ìÇü��éï�û û éð ��é�ù�ìGí�ø�ù�õ�ù�ö�éø�éõ�íìGéð ú�ô ÷¾é�ì��!ó�é�éð�����ù�ê ô í �eø�ù�õ�ù�ö�éø�éõ�íìGéð ú�ô ÷¾é�ì��!ë�ð ï�ó�ê éø ìÇï�ê ú�ô õ�ö7í@ïï�ê ì��¾ù�õ�ñeíGð ù�ô õ�ô õ�ö7ì¯éð ú�ô ÷¾é�ì���� ����������� � ����� ����� ��� � �"!�#Èè�ô ê ìGíé�ú!éð �Ò÷¾ù�ð é4è�ù�ì�ó�é�éõÛí ù"$Çéõeô õÛí�è�é4ë�ð éë�ù�ð ù�í@ô ïsõ7ï�û�íGè�ô ì�ð éë�ïsð í �&%�ù�ð ù '�é�÷!èõ�ïsê ïö��Ò÷¾ù�õõ�ï�í�ó�é4è�éê ñËð é�ì�ë�ïsõ�ì¾ô óê é7ïsð�ê ô ù�ó�ê éeô õ4ð é�ì�ë�é�÷Çí�ï�û�íGè�é(��ì¯éÛí ï7î�è�ô ÷!èÛíGè�éeô õ!û ïsð ø�ù�í�ô ïsõ÷�ïsõ�í ù�ô õ�é�ñËè�éð éeô ì�ë)��í@ü�Èè�éð éÒì¯ù�øoë�ê é�ì�è�ù�ú�é4ó�é�éõÒù�õ�ù�ê ��ìGé�ñ��ÇíGè�é4ð é�ì&��ê í ì�ð éê ù�í é7ïsõê �1í@ïeì¯ù�øoë�ê é�ì�í é�ìGí é�ñ4ù�õ�ñeî7é7ñï�õ�ï�í�ö��ù�ð ù�õ�í é�éÒì¾ô ø�ô ê ù�ð�ø�ù�í éð ô ù�ê ì�í@ï�ó�é7ï�û�é"���ù�ê����ù�ê ô í ��ü* éð ø�ô ì¯ìÇô ïsõÛí@ï+��ìGéÛíGè�ô ìuñ�ï÷���ø�éõ�í�ô õÒù�õ(�õøËïñ�ô û ô é�ñeû ï�ð ø�ô ì�ösð ù�õ�í é�ñ"�!ë�ð ï�ú�ô ñé�ñeíGè�ù�í�íGè�éÛí@ô íGê é7ï�û�íGè�é7ñ�ï�÷��ø�éõ�í ��ô í ì�ñù�í éÒù�õ�ñ�÷¾ïsë���ð ô ösè�í�õ�ï�í�ô ÷ÇéÒù�ë�ë�é�ù�ð�ô õÒù�ê êÇ÷�ïsëô é�ìÇü

Page 12: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

��������� � ��� �� ������ �������������������� �"!"#%$�& '(& )*��+�, -/.�0 �1 . �2 .�0�354�6 � . � ��� � 7 . � .86 �*� . , 9�0�683"0�: : 7 9 � 0�38;<-<.�0 �* . � .�0�38;>=�? � � . � , @BA � DC 9�E�;<FG@� .8:IH�J�J"K �BL*M/N8C� �O� � � �M/O ;QP 0<RSH�J�J"K ��L*M/N8C� �O� �M/T�U�U ;IVWVWVYX Z<0 � 0B[ � 6": � 6�.�X Z ��\

]<^ _>`2a b/c1d

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

e f e gih e f j glk e fm g�n e f e g g e o e f e h g e p e f e k g e q e f en g o e e f o o g o j e fo p gr s t u v t w v x y z v*{ x | u t } ~ ��z t u2� t } � z2�>� � � �

� ��� ���� ����� � �

���/�<^ dI�<b

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

� ������ ������ ��� �� ���� �¡� ���� �¢� ���� �£� ����¡�� �¡¡�¡�� �¡¢�

r s t u v t w v x y z v*{ x | u t } ~ ��z t u2� t } � z2�>� � � �

� ��� ���� ����� � �

¤¦¥D§©¨5§«ª¬§ ­¯®D§�¥±°³²´²´µ¶²´²¬·"¸¦¹º¨¼»©µ½²´µ¾¸¿²¬·�¨(·BÀ«·�¨DÁ§©®Ã»³Á±¹ ·8µ¾¸¦µÄ¨5µ¶²¼¨²(Á±²¼¨5µ¾ÅƲǮD§�¥È­�·BÀ¦µÉÅÊ·�ªË¥D§«§�¥D¹«°±¸Ã·�²¬ÅƲ̰±¸¦ÍήD§«§«ÍÏ¥Dµ³²¬·�Í�Щµ¶²

ÑÓÒGÔ�Õ Ö´×�Ø<ÙÛÚ"Ü�Ò�ÝßÞ�à*á�â�Õ ã�ä�å æ�çÓè�Òié�Õ å ê�ØèQä�à*äDë"ê�á�âQÚ�ÙÛå Ù�ì�í5Ý�Õ Ö´Õ îïê�æ�Ü8Ý�ê�ä8îIâ�ê�àïâ�ê8ä�æñð8Ú"îïê"àï×Ûà�Õ Ø/êYèQê�Ú�î>à1ê8Ü8ò"ä"Ú�æÛä�å å ØSò�Ù�ä�æ�Ü8Ý�ê�ä8î>â"ê�àïâ"ê�ä�æ�Ü�Ô�ó�à�à*ê8í8Ü8ô�ë�õ�õ5ö�ò"÷ÛÜ8øSôò�ê�×�ÙÛà�îßù�õ"ú"û�ú�ü�Ü"ù�ýÿþWá/îïÙÛã�ê�à�õ�ú"ú�ü

������������ ������������������� ������������ �"!#��$%���'& �� �$%��()�"�� +* ,"-.��/0-1* �","�2!#��3!�3/034!+��(536��,"�.7�3'���.* !�!#���03'34��3'31!�"������ & �� +(.��,"$8����&�!:9���3/034!+�"(53�; <�* �"! ��$8��=>,�* ? @8A B C�DFE>GH1I � �0��,�? J� �0$8��DF��,"��!����K6/0-1* ��,��23/034!#�"(5L�=>M"NFO O PRQ6J�S�K6/0-1* ��,"��TU��,�* !#�� :* ,"-U3/03!#�"( H =�� ! ��3V,�����PRQ1J�S�L�9���W"X Y4J��"���� �"!#��$%���Z���0��� 7���!#�036!�"�F3/034!#��(534[��W�* � * !:/2!#�����0!#�0$8!�!\�� �0�F!:/��"��3]��&�(^* $� ���� -���,�* 3Z(536��,"��!:9���!:/�����3]��&�& �����. ��3V* �17���YV=�3Z* ,"-�!\�"�F$� :* !#�� +* �_&:�� �[ & ��* � ` a%[ $8��7�!* ��,�`Z��,"�U[ �"�03'3'`8 �0$%��(^(5�","�����.W�/�0�0$���3V7������ * �� ��036!����W"�03Z* 31&:�� ����0��� 7���!* ��,�aV!�"��<�* �"!\ �0$%�F3/034!#��(b& ��* � �0��c0d�Y e0fg��&���� �V34��()��� ��31!#��3!#���.; h�ijd"k�k0X0��,"��!�"��K6/0-1* �",��F3/034!+�"(b& ��* � ������W���7�!��l 7��� !#�" ���&�!\�"��34��()��� ��3�; m0c"Y e�fjX Y4J��"��K6/0-1* �",��F3/034!+�"(n�"�03'34������(.�Zo:�� +* !:/�; c�m�Y p0fjX���&�!�"��34��()��� ��3aZ9j��* � �F!\�"��<"* �"! ��$%��3/03!#�"(n�"�03'34����� l 7��� !#�" ���&!�"�"(n; m0c"Y e�fjX Y4J��"�� ��3V7�� !+3�* ,"��* $8��!+�F!����!�!\�"�F!+��34!��� �"!#��$%���%�� ���"* ����31��,���W�o:��$8!\* ����W"��3V* 3�&:�� �3/034!+�"(g$%��()�"�� :* 3'��,0a8!����<�* �"!\ �0$8��3/034!+�"(qW"�"* ,"-�&:��7�,"��!#���������W���!+!#�� �3'��,"3Z* !* ��* !:/2��,"�. �����0��!+��W�* � * !:/_&:�� " ��3Z* �17���3]��&�&:��������,"�.� * ����(^* $� ���� -���,�* 3V(.3ZY

r:s6t �'u�v_�]w t%x u sQ�3'3'��343V(.�",�!���&�3V7� & �0$%����/0-1* �","��W�/�(5�0�03V7� ��(5��,�!���&��0���","��3Z* ,���e0` ? ! +* ���"��3V������!#��; Q6J�S0X"* 319U* ����3V�� �0����YVTU��,�/2!#��34!�3/03!#�"(.36�� �F���0��* � ��W�� ��W�7�!���W�o:�0$8!* �0�34!7��1* ��3]��&�!\�"��* ��"�" &:�� +(.��,�$%�F�� �_&:��9UY4�y��* � �F!+��34!+319j* !��3'��� 7�!* ��,"3]��&�Q6J�SF�� ���0��3/2!#��$8�� : /F��7�!:a8!����/��� ���"* ������,�� /��"�� !���&�!\�"����* $V!7� ��Y� �F��* (5����!#��������"� ������ ��W�7�34!1(.�0!�"����&:�� �$%��()�"�� :* ,"-�!\�"��34�",�3V* !\* �"* !:/F��&���/0-�* ��,"�F!#�034!�3/03!#�"(.319j��* $���(.��z8��3�7�34����&"$%��(^(5��,�� /�?:��,"$%��7�,�!+�" ���.()* $� ���� -���,�* 3V(.36��,"�&:������34!70& &:3ZY>K��� �29��� ������ !���,�!���� �03V7�� !#3]��W"!+��* ,����.7�3V* ,"-�!��* 3�(.�0!\�"����9j* !��!:9���$%��(^(5�� $�* ��� � /�? ���0��* � ��W�� ����/0-1* ��,"�F!+��34!�3/034!#��(53ZY

{�|�|�}1|�| � }]s6t2~ �'u t u�w0u��O ,�����3V* -�,�* ,"-�!������ �"!#��$%���'9��F��* (5����!#��$������ � �","-��F!����3/034!+�"(5319U* !���� ��,"-�����&�9j* ����� /�? ���0��* � ��W�� ��34��()��� �F!:/����03a� �"�� �03'�",�!* ,"-��� ��(.?+����3V* !\* ���F��,"�U�� ��(.?,"��-���!* �0��W"�0$V!#�" :* ��a8�_&:������?:3V����* � �0-��2/0�0�034!:aV��� * �0������* /��� ���17�$8!:a8��,"���_/0�0�034!+?:���" +* �0����&:�����.�� ���17�$8!�����* & &:�� �",�!* ��!#���j* ,�!+�" :(53]��&"$�7"� !* �0��!\* ��,���,"�U34!#�� �0-��!* (5�03ZYZL�7�$���34��()��� ��3]3Z�"��,�!\�"�� ��,"-�����&� ��3Z* �17���3�� * z8�"� /2!#�UW��F�","$%��7�,�!#�" ���.* ,�(.��,�/2!#�034!* ,"-U3Z* !7���!* ��,"3ZY4J������� �"!#��$%���8* 3]3Z* (^��� �2!#�j7�3'��aV��,"�. � l 7�* ��3]��,�� /��W"�03V* $2z%,"��9j� ����-�����&�34!+��!* 34!* $%3ZY4Q^���0!+��* � ����9��� +z_* ,"3! +7�$8!\* ��,�&:�� �!������ �"!#��$%���8* 36���0��* � ��W�� �2&+ ��(q7�3]��,� � l 7���34!#YJ09���!:/�����3]��&�� 7�()* ,"��(.�0!#�� �; <�* �"!\ �0$%��=�,�* ? @8A B C�DFE>G � <�* �"! �0$8��O ,�!+�" :,���!* ��,����%��� $Za�=��0����,"�.K6/0-1* ��,��F3/034!+�"(5L�=>M"NFO O PRQ6J�S�K6/0-�* �",���Tj��,�* !+�� +* ,"-.�����"* $%�� K6/0-1* �",�����* (^* !#���"a�=>�0� X0��,"��!#�034!������"* $%�03�; I � �0��,�? J� �0$8��D2&# ��(q<�* �"!\ �0$%�F��,"�.=�� ! ��3V,�����PRQ6J�S�L�9���W�31&+ ��(qK6/0-1* �",���X�9��" ����W"!+��* ,"���j�VA ���1* & &:�" �",�!* ,"�17�34! :* ���V[ T�/034!+�" /FL��"�������� 34` Y6J"�"��34��3/034!#��(53� ���� �03'��,�!�!:9����1* & &:�� �",�!"!:/�����36��&�� * -1��!����0!+��$8!\* ��,�!+��$���,"��� ��-1* �03a��VA �2���"�"!#��()7�� !\* ��� * �� ���,��.���"�"!#���1* ������YJ���34!������"* $%��3�&# ��(b!�"�F34��(5��(.��,�70& �0$8!7� �" 09��" �_&# ��(b!�"�F34��(.��W"��!#$��U* ,��0��$���$8�03'��Y8�����"* $%�0319��" ��34!+�� ������!"d������ I ��,"�.W� ��7�-1��!"!#�j �"��(g!#�"(^���� ��!7� �; $%��,�! ��� � ������!�m�k�� I X�&:�� ��2�"��7� "W���&:�� ��7�3'��Y�L�/034!+�"(5319��" ��7�3'���U34!\ +* $8!� /�* ,��0$%$%�� ����,"$%�29U* !��!�"��(.��,�70& �0$8!7� �" 3'`8* ,"34!\ +7�$8!\* ��,"3'Y�L���()��� �03]$%��,"3Z* 34!+���U��&3'�" :* ���V�1* � 7�!* ��,"3�* ,�34!#�� +* � �29���!#�� ���&���B �������0� ���V���V�8�0���"���:C��0�6Q6J I1I c"e0p���; ���0��* � I 7�� !* ?#�8������D�$�7�� !7� ��a8-1 ��9j,�&:�� ��>?�d�����/036��!�p��0� I * ,�J� /��"!+��,"��L0��/���W� �"!��X a� A B �:�"�����%B C%��� �:C���h���A A8Q6J I1I ��k���k�; ���0��* � I 7�� !\* ?#�8������D�$�7�� !7� ��-1 ��9U,�&:�� ��>?�d�����/036��!�p��0� I * ,�J� /��"!#��,"��L0��/���W� �"!\��X aZ 0��¡"���4���V�V�"���:�"¢����VC8�1����A � A A0£ I�¤�I �0p�k; -1 ��9j,�&:�� ��>?�d�����/036��!�m�e0� I * , ¤ TRW� �"!��X a8�2$%��()(.�" $�* ��� � /2���0��* � ��W�� �2/0�0�034!�����!\ �0$8!1; ¥���-���()* !+��a��� ��& !�¦�������3a�=�����34!#�� ����&:�� ��>?�d�����/036��!�m�k�� I �� +* �� �!#��1* 3'3'��� �"* ,"-Um�-.* ,.�%k�()�%�"�"!"9���!#�� 0��,"�U$%����� * ,�-.�� :* �� �!#���1* � 7�!* ,"-"a� ��& �" + ����!#���03][ ,"�0��!+`%W"�"� ��9�X a8��,"���F$8��()(5�� $�* ��� � /2���0��* � ��W�� ���� ��W�* �"!* $�/0��-1��7� !��1 +* ,�z; Q�$8!* (.�"� a�����,"��,���a�=>�F��34!#�� ����&:�� ��>?�d�����/036��!�m�k�� I �� +* �� 0!#���1* � 7�!* ��,�X YZL���()��� ��319��" ���� �"�"�� ���.W�/F$8�",�! :* &#7�-1* ,"-je�()�V��&�W� �"!\��$�7�� !7� ��; d"k�k�k2¡�a�e�()* ,�ad"� I X"* ,��F$8�",�!\ +* &#7�-��F!7�W���Y4J��"�F3V7"���" :,���!+��,�!"9��03� �"(5���0������,"��!�"�����"� � �0!"9��03Z�"������,"�. ��$%��,�34!* !7�!+����9j* !����7�!#��$�� ���0���U���0?#* ��,�* §8����9���!#�" �; e�()� X Y4Q�1* � 7�!* ��,�34�" :* �03]����9j,�!#�5�%k0¨ ©0; �� ��%k0¨ ª�* ,�!����$8�034����&0 0��¡"���4���V�V�"���:�"¢��0�VC8�1����A � A A8X�9��03��� �"�"�� ���.* ,���7�!#�"$�� �������U���0?#* ��,�* §8����9���!#�� :YV¦������U34��()��� ��319��� ��� ���"�� ���.W�/F�1* �0$8!��1* � 7�!\* ��,�* ,�!#��3V7�$���9���!#�� :YZL���(^��� ��3�; �%k�«�� X�9��" �2�0��������!#��!�"��(^* �U3'�0$8!* ��,���&�!�"�239���W���&"�0�0$��������"* $8��Y8�����"* $%��319��� ��,"�"!� �"!+��!#����17� +* ,"-�������� * $8��!* ��,���&�!�"�F34��()��� ��Y8¦0* �0�� �"��� * $8��!+��(.�0�03V7� �"(5��,�!#3]��&��0�0$���34��()��� �F!:/��"��W�/F�1* � 7�!* ��,���,���!* (5������* ,�!"9��" ��(.�0����Y4J���34!+319��" �F��� !#�� +,���!+���W��0!:9��0�",�!+��34!�3/034!#��(536!#����� * ()* ,���!#�F!* (5�0?:�������","���",�!���& &:�0$8!#3'Y8������* $8������ &:�� :(.��,"$8�29��03]$��"��$�zV����9j* !\�U��7� �2Q6J�S0? &# �0�29���!#�� ���,"�U3'��� 7�!\* ��,"3]��&�Q6J�S�YM��"���0��!+��W�* � * !:/_9��036!#��34!+���.W�/�(.��z�* ,"-���� !#�� +,���!+�� �"��� * $8��!+��(.�0�03V7� ��(.�",�!#3]��,��F�1* � 7�!\* ��,���& � A B �:�"�����%B C%��� �:C���h"��A A8��!��,"�F!* (5������* ,�!�; m�����/034X Y

¬�}1| ��� t8|J��"��34��(^��� �03�7�3'���. �"�� ��34�",�!"!�"�"3'��� * z8�"� /2!#�UW��2&:��7�,"�.* ,U* ,"�17�34! /�a8���0$8�"�"!�* ,"3'��& �� 0!����!"�0�� :* ��W�* � * !:/F�17��F!#��34��(^��� ���* $�zV?#7���&+ ��(R3V7� & �0$%�03����03�W�����,��"� * ()* ,���!#���.W�/2!���"* ��1* ��$V!�������� * $V��!* ��,�!#��!���F!+��34!�������* $%�03ZY8O ,U(.��,0/_9���/036!�"��/ �"�� ��34�",�!���W���3!�$8�034��$%��,�$%�� +,�* ,�-.�"��9�!�"�F3/034!#��(53�(^* -1��!1���� &:�� :(q* ,��� ��$8!* $%��Y1J��"�� ��3Z����,"34��3]�1* & & �" 0&+ ��(R3/034!+�"(!#��3/034!#�"(g3V* ,"$%��� * -1��!�* 3�(.�0�03V7� �0�.* ,�[ M���� ��!* �0����* -1��!�=>,�* !#34`%; M"��=]X Y'Q�36!�"�F$��"��* $%�F��&"3'$8��� ��* 36�� :W�* !\ �� /%a�,"���0�"�0��,�!+�0-���* 3$%��,�&:�� + ���jW�/F3/034!#��(53�������* ,"-j��* -����� �� ��9­ ��3Z����,"3'�_�0��� 7���3'Y8¦�* -17� ����3V�"��9�36!�"����* 34! :* W�7�!\* ��,���&"p�k� ����� * $8��!#�(5�0�03V7� �"(5��,�!#3]��,�$8�"� � 3�; �V�FcF���%k�®0���" �39���W"X���& � A B �:�"�����%B C%��� �:C���h"��A A ¯ZJ��"�� ��3V7�� !+3a��� �03'��,�!#���.* ,�!���2&:�� :(R��&&# � l 7��",�$V/���* 34!#��-1 ��(.3aV9��� �F34!+��,����� �1* §8����!#�j�� ���"* ���2�F$%��(^(5��,�W"�03V* 31&:�� �$%��(^�"�� :* 3'��,"Y6J��"��/� ��������� ���U�1* & &:�� ��,"$%�03* ,�3/034!+�"(n���� &:�� +(.��,"$%��°'!\�"��<"* �"! �0$%��3/034!+�"(b9��03�(5�� �� �����0��!+��W�� ��; �%�>i^��Y �0fb��!���(5�0��,��0��� 7�����&"�0c"�0��M���=]X0!����,!�"��K6/0-1* �",��F3/03!#�"(n; �%�>i^e0��Y �0fb��!���(5�0��,��0��� 7�����&�c���Y e�M"��=]X�&:�� �* ���",�!* $8���V34��()��� ��3ZY¦0* -17� ��m�3V�"��9�36!\�"�� ��3V7�� !#3]��&�d"k�kF!#��34!#36��,��0��$���3/034!+�"(5Y8=]3V* ,�-�!���F$� +* !+�" :* �_&:�� �[ & ��* � ` a%[ $8��7�!* ��,"`Z��,"�U[ �"��3'3'` ��$%��()(5��,"�����.W�/F�0�0$���3V7������ * �" 0�036!�"��W"�03V* 31&:�� �!\�"�F���0��� 7���!* ��,0a8!\�"��<"* �"! �0$8��3/034!+�"(b& ��* � ����c0d�Y e�fR��&���� �V34��(^��� ��3�; hijd"k�k0X�9j* !��!�"��K6/0-1* ��,��F3/034!+�"(b& ��* � * ,"-.� ��3'36!\����,������ &�!\����!1,�7�(^W��" �; m0c"Y e0fjX YZL�* ��!:/�? !:9��F��C%���VC%h�B���&"34��()��� ��319��� ��"�03'3'���.W�/2!\�"��K6/0-1* �",��F3/03!#��(jaZ9j��* � �2!����<�* �"!\ �0$8��3/034!+�"(q�"��3'3'�0�2o#7�34!������" �� l 7��� !#�" �; m0c"Y e�fjX Y4J��"�� �"(.��* ,�* ,"-34��()��� ��319��� �F��!�[ $8��7�!\* ��,"`8� ���0�"� 3'Y'L�* ,"$8�F��� �Z!����34��(^��� �03]$%��,�!+��* ,����.� �����"� 3]��&��"* ��W�� ���� ","��,�? �"* ��W�� ��$%��,�!+��()* ,���,�!#36��!��� ,"�0�� �!\�"��� ���0�"�'9j��* $����_&:�����U�� �W������" �0-����� ���17�$%�� �(^* -1��!�* ,�* !* ��!+�� �0?:$�� �0��,�* ,"-"aV!�"�� �03V7�� !#363V7�-�-���34!"!\����!�!�"��<�* �"!\ �0$8�3/034!#�"(n���03�W"�0!+!+�" �34�",�3V* !\* �"* !:/_&:�� 0!\�"�F!:/����03]��&� ��3Z* �17���3]��,"$%��7�,�!#�� �0�.* ,�&:��������,"�.W������� �0-����� ��$8��3'3Z* ,"-U������ ��!* ��,�3ZYI ��()�"�� ����!#��!����<"* �"! �0$8��� l 7�* ��(5�",�! a8!\�"��K6/0-1* �",��F3/03!#�"(n�� ���17�$%������� (5��3!�c�k0f­& ��� 3'��,���-���!* ���� �03V7�� !#3ZY

±8² ³�´�µ:¶F· ¸¹�º�»�¼�½�¾ ¿ Àº�Á>º%Â%Ã#Ä%ž Å0¼�Å%½Zà ½�Æ�¿ Ç ¿ à È�º%Â%Ã#Ä%Å_É�¿ º�Ã#¾ ½8Ê4Å�½�Á�ËÌ"È%Í�¿ Å0Á%½6à Å8À#Ã0À+È8À#à Å0»2À" º�¾%Ë�Å8à Å�ÊÃ:¿ º�Á>º%ÂÇ ¿ Î8Å>ÊÅ0Ç Ç À�º�Â�Ï�Ð Ñ Ò Ó�Ô%Õ�Ö4Ñ ×'Ò%Ø Ò ×ZÙ%Ú�Û�Ð Ð ¸

Page 13: 3M Clean-Trace System - jornades.uab.catjornades.uab.cat/workshopmrama/sites/jornades.uab.cat.workshopmr... · * Criteria for pass/fail limits were set at Pass: 150 RLU/Fail: 300

Ü�Ý�ÞFß�à á0à âFà áVã ä�å æ>ã�çUà Ý�Þ2Ýèá�Ý�ß0á�ß�ã_ß�á�ÝFéêßë6ìîíîï á%ä.ð�ÝFñ_ò�ó_ó�ô

��������� � ��� �� �� ��� �������������������� �"!"#%$�& '(& )*��+�, -/.�0 �1 . �2 .�0�354�6 � . � ��� � 7 . � .86 �*� . , 9�0�683"0�: : 7 9 � 0�38;<-<.�0 �* . � .�0�38;>=�? � � . � , @BA � DC 9�E ;<FG@� .8:IH�J�J"K �BL*M/N8C� �O� � � �M/O ;QP 0<RSH�J�J"K ��L*M/N8C� �O� �M/T�U�U ;IVWVWVYX Z<0 � 0B[ � 6": � 6�.�X Z ��\

õ ö:÷0ø\ù úZû ü:ø#ú:ý þ ÿ � ��� � � � � � � � � ��� � � � �� �� ö û � � ��� � ��� � û � � ��� ý � � � � � ��� ��� � �� !#"%$�& ' ()� ÷0ú�* �,+.- � ù � û � � �/10 ! � � / 2�/ 2 & $3& 4 2 4 53$ / 6 $ $74�& 8 9 27: : 5 9 4 / 9 $ / 9 9 : $ / $�&;8 9/ 9 < / / 8 2 5 9 / & : $ 2=/ $ 8 : 5 / 5 9 5 8 / : 4 9 :>/ $ / : 5 5 / $/ 9 < 2 / : 6 8 / 6 9�& / 5 $ 5 / / 6 $ / 6 : $ 2 2 $ 2 2/ 9 < $ / 6 4 2�/ $ / 6 9 2/ 2?2 9�$ $ $ 2 / /

2@0 ! � � 8 / 9�$ 63: $ 5 6 :3: : 9�$ &A4�& 6 8 8 : 4�5 / 2 4 4 2 8 9 6 8 : 9 : 9�$ 2 5 8/ 9 < / : $ 6�2B: : $ 6C: 6�: 5 : $ $ /D: & / : $ 4E$ 4F4& / : $ 6/ 9 < 2 8�5�&G8 2 5 : & /G: 5 2 8 $ 6 $ 8 8 8 :/ 9 < $ / 9 4 / 9 2H/ / 9 / / / 5 : $ $ 2 $ 2

$ 0 ! � � 4�$ 6 $ 83$ 4 : 2 53$ $ & 5 4I$ : $ 8 : $ $ 2 : 9 / 2 4 / : &;8 9 6 $ / $ 9/ 9 < / $ 2 2 5B$ 6 6 &J$ $ 8 $B$ / / &J$ 2 8& 2 6 / 5 / 8 2 2F2 6/ 9 < 2 4�5 / 4 6 9?4& 4?4 9�5K4�& & : 4 : 4 4/ 9 < $ / 2 $ / 2/?/ 9 8 / 2 9 / $ 6 2 2 4 4 4

4 0 ! � � $ 2 8�$ / $ 8 2 5 &7$ 9 $ / &7$ 4 2 & /L2 & 8 4 : & 2F6 2H/ / $ : 9 / 2 4/ 9 < / 8 : $ 4M& 9 :/D: 5 4 4B8 6 8�5J8�$ / & 2 8 / 6N/ 8 2 :>/ 2/ 9 < 2 & 4 2 8 : 8O& 4 $ 6 $ 4O& 5 9 $ : 4 $ 4/ 9 < $ / 9�5 / / :H/ 9 8 / / $F5 $ / 9 / 9 2

õ ö:÷0ø\ù úZû ü:ø#ú:ý P�Q ÿ � ��R � � ÿ � S � ��T U�Q Q � �� �� ö û � � ��� � ��� � û � � ��� ý � � � � � ��� ��� � �� !#"%$�& ' ()� ÷0ú�* �,+.- � ù � û � � �/10 ! � � 5 / / $ : & 5 9 6 $I& 6�/ / 938 2 8 $ 9 6 5 2 : & / 8 8 6 $ : 4 / 9 8 4V$ & 8V& & &/ 9 < / / 2 : 2 8 / 4 2 2 $ / 2 $ $ 8 / 2 8 8�$ / 9 6 6 9E& 5 2 6 : 8 :H/ 8 9 / / 9/ 9 < 2 / 6 $ 4 / & 5 /D2�/ : 2B2 8 8 2B2 $ 8& / 4>& &W$ 8 2 :F2 2/ 9 < $ 2 6 4?$ 2/ $ / $ 2 6 9V$ : 8 $ 6 $ : 4

2@0 ! � � 8 9�& 6,/ & : 6 6�/ & 2 : 4 $ 6 $�& 9&7& 2 : 2 : 4 9 5 / : : & / 4?8 4 9?$ 6 8/ 9 < / 6 4 : 9C5 9& : 5 2 $ 9C5 9 $ 8C5 $ 4& 2 2X: &F& 9 / : 5 4/ 9 < 2 : 5 2 8 : $V& 9 5K8 / 8 : 8 8 4 4 $ $ $/ 9 < $ 4 2F: 9 : $W4 6X: 2 2 2 2 2 2

$ 0 ! � � $ : 9 8�5 2 5 6 8 : $ / 4�$ & 2 : 9 : 43$ / 9 6�: $�& $ :�/ 6 $ $ 4 / $ & 8 : 5 6/ 9 < / & 5 & :J6 6 9 8M& 5 4 8 6 5 / 8M& 6 6 9 2 9 8 / 9 $ / 9& / 6 $ / 4 // 9 < 2 8 8 9 6 9 $ 6 $ 2K6 8�5?5 8 6X2 & 2 6 4 9F4 2 $ :/ 9 < $ / : 6H/ 8�& / : 4 / 4�5 / / 2 5 : 2 $ 2

4 0 ! � � / 6 5 : 632 & $ $ /Y2 6 9 8 :32 2 $ 9 8 2 2 & : :O/ 8 8O& / $ : 2�/G2 : 2 $ 2 $/ 9 < / 2 & $ :B2 & 4 4 2 6 $ & 2 5 8&J$ / & 5F5 / 5 2F: :F: 2O/ $ 4/ 9 < 2 $�& $K$ 8 6 $ 5 4V$ 5 $?$ & 4 4 5 6X2 6N/ // 9 < $ 8&;8 / 8�&;8 : 8& / 2 2 2 $

õ ö:÷0ø\ù úZû ü:ø#ú:ý Z � [ � � � � � � � � \#� � �R ��Q � Q Q � �� �� ö û � � ��� � ��� � û � � ��� ý � � � � � ��� ��� � �� !#" 2 : ' ()� ÷0ú�* �,+.- � ù � û � � �/]/ 9 < / / : : 4 8 / 2 2�/ / 5�& 9 6^/ 4�$ 6 $ / / 2 9 9 : $?$ : 4 2/ 2?: & $ 6 4/ 9 < 2 5 : :_/ 4& 8 / / : :_/ 4 9 6`/ 4 :�/ 8 2 $ 9F4 8 & 6�2/ 9 < $ / : & 2�/ 9 / 8 4 / 8 4 / 6 $ :N/ : 2 5 :/ 9 < 4 8&;4 6 & 9 : $W4 9 2 4 2 $ 2

2a/ 9 < / 2 4 4 / $ / 5 / 2 5B5 6 5 2=/ : :/ :b/ 2 8 6 & : $ / / 8 / : 4F8 :a6 6�// 9 < 2 $ 2 8 8 2 :�/ 2B2 $�& 6`/ / : 6 4 / 8 2 $ 8X8 $ 2 9 6 &/ 9 < $ $ / / $ 8 2?2 9�&a4 9�5K4�& 2 $ 8 $ $ $/ 9 < 4 4 :F: 8>& &;4 2F: $ 4 $ : $ $

$ / 9 < / 2 2 & $ 874�5 / 9 $ : $ : $ 4I$ $ 8 5 6 4 / 8 4 6 4 6�/G2 4 4 / 6,/ $ 9�5F5 $/ 9 < 2 : & 6 8 2 2 9 8B8 2�/ 5 : & 2 8B8 / 4 6N/ /X/ / 2 $ / $/ 9 < $ & 2 8K8 6 6 5�& :?: $ 8O& 9�5 2 6N/ : 2F2 &/ 9 < 4 6 & 6 & 2 2 2H/ 2 $ / 9& 2 / : / /

4 / 9 < / 4�5 $ / &Y4�$ / :/ 4 4 / 5 / 4 4 8 4�$ 2 4 4 2�/B/ 9 2 9 2/ 5 4 : :B2 9 : & / : 8/ 9 < 2 $ / / 2 4 $ 9 8C$�& : 2 4 : & / 8 2 & $ / $ 5 / 4 2 $ 2 $ / 5/ 9 < $ 8 4 8K4 : 4 : 6 &a4 / 6V: 6 5 2/X/ / :>/ 4 / 9/ 9 < 4 4 4F8 : 5 8E& 5X& 9 2 2 / 2 4

õ ö:÷0ø\ù úZû ü:ø#ú:ý c � ÿ d:ÿ � � � ÿ � �� �� ö û � � ��� � ��� � û � � ��� ý � � e ! fg" 2 9 ' ()� ÷0ú�* �,+.- � ù � û � � �/10 ! � � / 2 9& / / 9 :_/ $ 2 6`/ 2 9 /B/ 2 4 / 9 9 9 9 9/ 9 < / 2 8 2K2 8 $?$ 2 5 2 4�5 2 $ $ 9 9 9 9 9/ 9 < 2 : 6X: 8X8 / 8 8E& 5 9 9 9 9 9/ 9 < $ & /h: 4X4 6 4 9X$ 6 9 9 9 9 9

2@0 ! � � / 9 6 9 / 2 8 :_/ 2 5 8 / $ 8 2_/ 2 8 6 / 2 2 2 2/ 9 < / 2 5 9 2 :/G2 6 :?2 6 & 2 6,/ 2 2 2 2 2/ 9 < 2 8&F& 4>& & : 6 8�$ 2 2 2 2 $/ 9 < $ 4�5F$ 2X2 &W$ : $ 2 / / / / /

$ 0 ! � � / / / 5 / / 6 6`/ 2 4 $ / $ / /B/ 2 8 9 2 2 2 2 2/ 9 < / 2 6 & 2 5 /G2 5 2?2 & :?2 5 / $ $ $ $ $/ 9 < 2 8�$W8�&X& 8E& : 8& $ $ $ 4 4/ 9 < $ : 8 :/ 4 :F: 8 : & 2 2 2 2 2

4 0 ! � � / 2 $ 8 / / 8 /B/ / $ :_/ / 8 :_/ 9 6 4 / 2 2 2 2/ 9 < / 2 8�$ 2 : 4 2 8 4 2/ :?2 & & 2 $ $ $ $/ 9 < 2 & 6F6�/ & /h: 6 & 5 $ $ $ $ $/ 9 < $ 4 6 $ &F$ & : 2 4 : 2 2 2 2 2

õ ö:÷0ø\ù úZû ü:ø#ú:ý c � [� � � ÿ U � Q T i � �� �� ö û � � ��� � ��� � û � � ��� ý � � e ! fg" 2 9 ' ()� ÷0ú�* �,+.- � ù � û � � �/10 ! � � / / 9 6 & 2 2 9 / /Y2 : & : 8 / 6�2 $ 8 / 6�: 9�$F$ 6 $ 6X: $F$ 8F4�5/ 9 < / 8 9 4�$J8�& 8 5 : 5 8�&j8 2 5 : 8 : :�/h2 :N/ 5F$ $F$ 2F2 $/ 9 < 2 6 6 5?& $ 9 6 6�/@6 8 / & / 9F4 5 : 4 : 6X2 6 4 2/ 9 < $ 6�2 8 : & 8 6 $X& $ 4 4 4 $ 4

2@0 ! � � $ 8 / 5B$ & 5 5 2 8 9 : 4 4 8 9B4 / 9�$ / / 5 6N/ 9 &/ 9 < / 2 2 6 4 2 2 $ & 2 $ 5 8 / 5 $�& 2 4�& 5 : 4 : : :/ 9 < 2 $ 8 : $�& $?$ 8 : $ 4 4V$ & 4 2 $ 4 : 4/ 9 < $ & 5W8 5E& 9E& 8 6 & $ 2 $ $ $

$ 0 ! � � $ : & 6 4 5�& 8B4 6 6 &j4& : 9B4 8 5 5 8 8 & & 6/ 9 < / 2 8 / 8 2 5 5 8C$ / 9 6C2 5 : 8 2 2 :�/ : : & & 8/ 9 < 2 4�$ : 4 : 9 : 9 6 4 2 6V: 2 : & & : & 4/ 9 < $ & &F& $E& 9 6 4 6 9 $ 4 $ 4 $

4 0 ! � � & / 6 5J4 4 4 2 4�$ $ 6C: $ :�/ 4 6 : 9 & & 6 5 5/ 9 < / 2 6 2 8 2 6 8�&J$ / 4 :B2 6 6�2 $ : & 5 & & 6 5 5/ 9 < 2 & 5 8V& 2 2 & 8 $V& 2 9?8 6�2>/ & 2 9 2 8 2 $ 2 9/ 9 < $ 6 4 / 9 9E5 5 / 9& 6�: : : : 8 :

k� �:û l ö � ú#m#ù ú ö �n )�l ö � ú o p\ü�q�� ú � ö�r4ù û l ö � � ö:øs t

k� �:û l ö � ú#m#ù ú ö �n )�l ö � ú o p\ü�q�� ú � ö�r4ù û l ö � � ö:øs t

k� �:û l ö � ú#m#ù ú ö �n )�l ö � ú o p\ü�q�� ú � ö�r4ù û l ö � � ö:øs t

k� �:û l ö � ú#m#ù ú ö �n )�l ö � ú o p\ü�q�� ú � ö�r4ù û l ö � � ö:øs t

k� �:û l ö � ú#m#ù ú ö �n )�l ö � ú o p\ü�q�� ú � ö�r4ù û l ö � � ö:øs t

u�v�wyx{z |~} � � � � � � �j� � � � � � ��} � � � � � � �J� � � � � � ��} � � � � � � �D� � � � � � ��} � � � � � � �j� � � � � � �V} � � � � � � �j� � � � � � �

��� � � � � ����� ��� � �� � ��W��� ��� � ��� �N��� ��� � ���� � ��� � � �,� �� � �

��� � � � � ���#� � ����� ��� �,� ��� � � � � ��,� �,� ����� � ��� ��� ���

��� � � � � ���#� ����� � � ��� �� ���� � ��� � � ��� � �

��� � � � � ���¡  � ��� � � �� � ��� � �� � � � � �

¢,£�¤�¥¦§ ¨©,§ ª «¬­�® ¯° ± ² ³ ³ ´�² µ ° ¶g® ³ · ±¸ ² ¹ º ¹ ¹»�¼ ² ½´ ® º °�³ ³ ¾ ±,²�¾�µ · ¾ ±B¿ ¹ ¼ µ ° ¸ ²�³ ¼ · µ�À µ · ¾ Á ¹ ¹ ¢{à Ä�Å ¨,Ã Æ ¨ § Ä Ç ¨

ÈÊÉÌËÎÍ#Ï#ÐÒÑ¡Ó#Ô Õ¡ËÎÖ�× ÏÒÔgÓ ÑgÉ#Ø¡ÙÚÖ#ÑÌÔ�Û Ü Û Ý�ÏÞÍ¡ß.àÒÛ ÑÌÜ Ð Õ{á,ÏâÔ ß�Ô�Ü Ï#Ë ã�äÒåæÚÛ Ø#Û ËÎÉÌËçØÌÉ#ËèÍ#Ï#ÐÒÑ¡ÓÌÖ#ÑÌÔÛ Ü Û ÝÒÏâÔ�ÕÒËèÖÌ× Ï¡Ôêé Õ{Ô�Ô�É#ËÎÛ Ø¡ëìØ¡Ñ.Ó Õ¡× Ô�Ï.Ö#ÑÌÔ�Û Ü Û Ý�Ï¡ÔgíÞÛ Ü îïàÒÛ ÑÌÜ Ð Õ�á�ÏÒð ã�äÒåÈÊÉÌËÎÍ#Ï#ÐÒÑ¡Ó#Ô Õ¡ËÎÖ�× ÏÒÔgÓ ÑgÉ#Ø¡ÙÚÖ#ÑÌÔ�Û Ü Û Ý�ÏÞÍ¡ß.ñgß�ë�Û Ï#Ø¡Õ%Ô ß�Ô�Ü Ï#Ë ò�óÒôÈÊÉÌËÎÍ#Ï#ÐÒÑ¡Ó#Ô Õ¡ËÎÖ�× ÏÒÔêÖ#Õ{Ô�Ô�ÏÒÙÚÍ¡ß.ñgßÒëÌÛ ÏÌØÒÕ%Ô ß�Ô�Ü Ï#ËõÜ î¡Ñ�É¡ëgîâÓ Õ�Û × ÏÒÙÚÍ¡ß.àÒÛ ÑÌÜ Ð Õ{á,ÏâÔ ßÒÔ Ü Ï#Ë ò�ä¡ãö�Ï#ÐÒá�Ï#Ø¡Ü Õ{ëÌÏâÑ#ÓÒÓ ÕÒ× Ô�Ï.Ø¡ÏÒëÌÕ{Ü Û Ý�ÏÒÔgÓ ÑgÐÌñgß�ë�Û Ï#Ø¡ÕyÔ ß�Ô�Ü Ï#Ëõá�ÑgËÎÖ#ÕÒÐ ÏÒÙïÜ ÑÚàÒÛ ÑÌÜ Ð Õ{á,ÏâÔ ßÒÔ Ü Ï#Ë ÷#øÌù ú#û

ü8Õ ì ó�à*êYõ�Y I ��(^�"�� +* 3'��,���&�!\�"��34�",�3V* !* ��* !:/F��&�!����<"* �"! �0$8�F��,"�.K6/0-1* ��,��2!#��34!�3/034!#��(53'Y4J���W�� �F��,U� ��& !�3Z�"��9�3�(5�0��,��0��� 7���31&:�� ��0�0$���34��(^��� ��; * ,"$�� 7��1* ,"-���� �!* (5������* ,�!#34X"W�/F�1* � 7�!* ��,�&:�� ��0�0$���!#��34!�3/03!#�"(5Y4J���W�� ��3]��,�!�"�� :* -1��!�3Z�"��9�!�"�� ��3V7�� !#31&:�� 0��� �'d"k�k�34��()��� ��31&:�� ��0�0$���3/034!#��(q; &#* ���� ����� * $8��!+�03����� �34��(^��� �0X Y

S"* ��$����� !+3]3V7�(^(.�� +* §V�F!���F��W�* � * !:/F��&"�0�0$���3/03!#�"(b!#�����0!#�0$8!�$%��,�!+��(^* ,���!* ��,�* ,�!�"�_d"k�k�34��()��� ��3��� ��3'��,�!#����Y

ýÿþ�� ������� ���� � �� � ��� ���� ����� ����� ���! #" �� ���$ %&�& '�("")+*�,-� �/./� �-��" ����$ %& '/("

0+1 µ 132 ¶�4�5+6�798 7�³�:FÄ%Å�Ç ¼�À"Ã#Ä8Å<;_º�¾ Ç Ë-= À�Æ�¾ Å>;2¿ Á�Í_Ê'º�»�¼�½�Á�¿ Å%À"Àº�Ç Î8Å_¼�¾ º�Æ�Ç Å0»2À" ½VÀ#à Å0¾ ¸'É8½ZÀ\Å%Ë�Á%Å%½�¾�?'º�Á�Ë0º�Á�¿ Á�Ã#Ä%ÅA@CB�D�;�Å�À#Å0¾ Î�¿ ÊÅ>Ê�E8À#Ã:º�»2Å0¾ À�¿ Á_»Fº�¾ Å�Ã#Ä%½�ÁGF/H�Ê'º+E0Á8Ã#¾ ¿ Å%À¸�IUź�  Å0¾ZÈ8Å%½ZÀ#Ã"»F½�Á%½8Í�Å0»2Å0Á8Ã0À#Å0¾ Î%¿ Ê4Å8À�DVÆ%Å8Å0¾/JKE%½%Ç ¿ à È�»F½�Á%½8Í�Å0»2Å0Á8Ã0À#Å0¾ Î�¿ Ê4Å8À�DV¼�¾ º�Æ�Ç Å0» Àº�Ç Î�¿ Á�Í>Ã:º0º�Ç À�D4½�Á�Ë�Ã#¾ ½%¿ Á�¿ Á�Í>À\Å0¾ Î%¿ Ê4Å%ÀKL�Ð Ú�Ú�Ó-MÕ�Ñ Ð Ó%Ú�Ð Ú>Ô%Ò ×�N6Ð Ú�O�PI5Ä�¿ Ç À#Ã0Å8ÎVÅ0¾ È�Ê4½�¾ Å_Ä%½ZÀ1Æ�Å8Å0Á�à ½�QÅ0Á�¿ Á�Ã+Ä%Å_¼�¾ Å0¼�½�¾ ½ZÃ:¿ º�Á>º%Â%Ã#Ä�¿ À1¾ Å0¼�º�¾ à D'¹�½�¾ ½SR8Å%ÊVÄ0Á�º�Ç º0Í%È�Ê4½�Á0Á�º�Ã"Æ�Å_Ä8Å0Ç Ë�¾ Å8À'¼�º�Á8À4¿ Æ0Ç Å>º�¾�Ç ¿ ½�Æ�Ç Å�¿ Á_¾ Å%À'¼%Å�ÊÃ�º%Â%Ã#Ä%ÅAE8À\Å�à ºG;FÄ�¿ ÊVÄ�Ã#Ä%Å�¿ ÁV º�¾ »F½ZÃ+¿ º�ÁÊ'º�Á8à ½%¿ Á%Å%Ë�Ä%Å0¾ Å�¿ À1¼�E8Ã:¸�I5Ä%Å0¾ Å�À\½%»�¼�Ç Å8À1Ä%½ZÎ8Å_Æ�Å8Å0Á�½�Á%½�Ç È8À#Å�Ë�DÃ#Ä8Å_¾ Å8À#E�Ç Ã À1¾ Å0Ç ½Zà Å>º�Á0Ç È]Ã:º�À\½%»�¼�Ç Å%À"à Å%À#à Å�Ë_½�Á�ËT;>Å>Ë0ºFÁ�º�Ã�Í+E%½�¾ ½�Á8à Å8Å�À4¿ »�¿ Ç ½�¾�»F½Zà Å0¾ ¿ ½�Ç À"Ã:º2Æ�Å>º�Â%Å�J+E%½�Ç!J+E%½�Ç ¿ à È%¸U8Å0¾ »�¿ À\À¿ º�Á�Ã:ºVE8À#Å�Ã#Ä�¿ À�Ë�º0Ê�E�»FÅ0Á8Ã�¿ Á�½�ÁAE0Á0»�º0Ë�¿  ¿ Å%Ë� º�¾ »è¿ À�Í�¾ ½�Á8à Å�Ë�DV¼�¾ º�Î%¿ Ë0Å�Ë�Ã#Ä%½ZÃ�Ã#Ä%Å�Ã:¿ Ã#Ç Å>º�Â%Ã#Ä8Å>Ë�º�Ê�E0»2Å0Á8à DZ¿ à À�Ë0½Zà Å�½�Á�Ë2Ê4º�¼%È�¾ ¿ Í�Ä8Ã"Á�º�Ã+¿ ÊÅ�½�¼�¼�Å%½%¾�¿ Á�½�Ç ÇÊ'º�¼0¿ Å8À¸

R%Å%À#à ÀK;2¿ Ã#Ä3WKR-U]Àº�Ç E8Ã+¿ º�Á8À"À'Ä�º�;�Å%Ë�Ã#Ä%½ZÃX  ½%¿ Ç =ZÇ Å8ÎVÅ0Ç À" º�¾�Æ�º�Ã#Ä�À#ÈVÀ#à Å�»FÀ�¾ Å�Ç ½Zà Å�Ã:º½�¼�¼�¾ º�Y%¿ »F½Zà Å0Ç È3Z>[�Â:»Fº�Ç�WKR-U8¸

\C7�]#¶ ¸!^V½�»�¼0Ç Å8ÀK;�Å0¾ Å>Ë�¿ Ç E8à Å�Ë2¿ Á _�[ `  º�Ç Ë¿ Á�ÊV¾ Å�»FÅ0Á8à À¸�R0Ä-E8À�D'Ë�¿   Å0¾ Å0Á�ÊÅ%À�¿ ÁË0Å8à Å�ÊÃ+¿ º�Á_Æ8È�Ë�¿ Ç E8Ã:¿ º�Á� º�¾8Å%½8ÊVÄ�À\½�»�¼0Ç Åà È�¼�Å�½�¾ Å_Ä�¿ Í�Ä0Ç È�À¿ Í�Á�¿  ¿ Ê4½�Á8Ã�Â:¾ º�»y½¼�¾ ½8ÊÃ+¿ Ê4½�Ç'¼%Å0¾ À'¼%Å�ÊÃ+¿ ÎVÅ�¸

acb#dfehgKikjmlonpirq>qVshirtvuwq!lxs

ySzS{|}{

~��C{

���9� � ���9�9�#� �3� ���+�>�

���c� b#lf��i�npirq�q�shirtvuwq�lxs

~��C{

�S� {y�~}{

���9� � �S�9���#� �G� ���+���