3rd edition. part 2 - basic design data people and space. (3 of 48)

8/9/2019 3rd Edition. Part 2 - Basic Design Data People and Space. (3 of 48)

1/20

METRICHANDBOOKLA 'NINI -

I >;I ,


2/20

2 Basic deszgn &a: People and spaceKEY POINTS:0 Certain dimensions are crucial to individual use and health0 Satisfying the average situation is unlikely to help'the majority0 Each case must be carefully considered with:all classes of users,

particularly people with direrent disabilities, in mindContents1 Introduction2 Anthropometrics3 Ergonomics4 Disabled people5 Circulation spaces6 References

1 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter will be found basic data which are needed for thedesign of most types of buildings. However, som e basic matters aredealt with in later chapters, principally the following:0 Sanitary provision and activity spaces in Chapter 50 Requirements for vehicles in Chapter 310 External and landscape design in Chapter 70 Eating and drinking in other than domestic situations in

Chapter 17.

2 ANTHROPOMETRICS2.01Anthropometrics is the science concerned with the measurement ofhuman kind. Inevitably it is bound up with statistics, as people varyconsiderably in most dimensions. Anthropometrics is of crucialimportance to architects as the ultimate basis of the design of mostI

I II t 6 5 1 IcI II""""""""""""""""""""I Iw-

buildings must be the size of the people using them. Averagedimensions for British adults are given in 2.1 and 2.2, but in mostcases the use of an average dimension w ill not produce satisfactionfor the majority of users.

2.02 Normal distributionWhen surveys are taken of adult males, for example, they show a'normal distribution' curve: th e traditional statistical bell shape,

I t 495+ III

2.1 Mean average (50th percen tile) dimensions of adult British males2-1


3/20

2-2 Basic design data: People and space

I

III

2.3. This shape is totally definable by the two parameters, meanand standard deviation (SD). The m ean (in this case) is the averagealready discussed. For the purposes of the architect, the standarddeviation can be taken as the difference from the mean withinwhich 84 per cent of the population are included. The percentageincluded is called the 'percentile', and it has become accepted(with certain exceptions) that designers generally seek to accom-modate those within the band betwe en the 5th and 95th percentile -that is, they do not attempt to satisfy the last 10 per cent of thepeople. In each case it is the jo b of the architect to decide whetherin fact this will be acceptable.

Table I1 gives the principal dimensions as shown in 2.4 for menand women, for the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles.When a survey of a non-cohesive group (such as of mixed-ageadolescents, or men and women together) is taken, a normal dis-tribution curve is not obtained. We cannot predict the percentiledimensions for these populations, and this is why the tables hereand elsewhere segregate populations into groups. Within thesegroups the dimensions are calculable given the mean and the SD ,using the formula:

X ( p , = mean + SD x z

2.2 Mean av erage (50th percentile) dimensions of adult B ritishfemales

'oool3E;nc / point correspondingto 84% of me nbelow this height

deviation1740 heightsmean

2.3 Normal distribution 'b ell' curve. The y-axis plots thenumbers of men (i n this example) in a group wh o are theheight given on the x-axis (within certain limits). In anormal distribution the average, the mean and the medianare all equal


4/20

Basic design data : P eople and space 2-3

where: X( , , , is the value of the dimension forthe pth percentilez is a factor from Table I

In the tables the standard deviation is not directly given, but mayitself be calculated from the values of the 50th (or mean) and 95thpercentiles: e.g.

X,,,, - mean = SD x 1.64 (the value of z fo r p = 95 )Example: A doorway is to be designed to accom modate 99.9 per centof British men. We see from Table II that the mean stature is 1740mmand the SD is (1855- 1740)t 1.64= 70. The he ight that will fulfilthe 99.9 per cent criterion is thus 1740+ (70 x 3.09) = 1956mm, aconsiderable increase on the value of 1855mm which accommodatesthe 95th percentile. In both cases the addition of a further 25mmwould be necessary to allow for footwear (see Table III).

2.03 ClothingThe tables are all consistent in giving the dimensions of theunclothed body. Increases due to clothing vary considerably butTable 111 gives the normally acceptable values.

2.04 Other nationalitiesDimensional surveys taken elsewhere show considerable variations.Table IV gives the range of stature found in various countries. Formost purposes other dimensions can be approximately derived byproportionality with Table 11, but more accurate figures can beobtained from the Referenc es at the end of this chapter.

2.05 Children and adolescentsStatures (or equivalents) for various ages in Britain are given inTable V. Here proportionality may not give sufficient accuracy,and reference should be made to one of the references for otherdimensions.T a b le I1 Dimensions of Br i t ish a du l ts

T a b le I Se le c t e d p a n d zvalues fo r the norma ld ist r ibu t ion curveP Z

0.001 -4.260.01 -3.720.1 -3.090.5 -2.58I -2.332 -2.052.5 -1.963 - .884 -1.755 -1.6410 - .2820 -0.8425 -0.6730 -0.5240 -0.2550 060 0.2570 0.5275 0.6780 0.8490 I .2895 I .6496 I .7597 I .8897.2 I .9698 2.0599 2.3399.5 2.5899.9 3.0999.99 3.7299.999 4.26

2.06 Elderly peoplePeople tend to shrink slightly with age. More significantly, thebody tends to be less flexible in regard to adapting to dimensionallyunfavourable situations. It is therefore more important that designallows for elderly people where that is appropriate, accepting thatyounger people may be slightly disadvantaged. Table VI givesdimensions for people between the ages of 65 and 80.

M e n W o m e nPercentiles Percentiles50 th 50 th 95 th 50 th 50 th 95 th

StandingI Stature2 Eye height3 Shoulder height4 Elbow height5 Hand (knuckle) height6 Reach upwards7 Height above seat level8 Eye height above s eat level9 Shoulder height above seat level

Si t t ing

10Length from elbow to fingertipI 1 Elbow above seal level12 Thigh clearance13Top of knees, height above floor14Popliteal height15 Front of abdomen to front of knees16Buttock - popliteal length17 Rear of buttocks to front of knees18Extended leg length19Seat widthSi t t ing and stand ing20 Forward grip reach21 Fingertip span22 Width over elbows skimbo23 Shoulder width24 Chest or bust depth25 Abdominal depth

I62515151315I005690

1925

850735540440I95I35490395253440540985310720

1655865420215220

I740I630I425I090755

2060

910790595475245160545440325495595

1070360780

1790945465250270

1855174515351180825

2190

965845645510295I85595490395550645

I I60405835

19251020510285320

1505 16101405 15051215 1310930 1005660 720

1790 1905

795 850685 740505 555400 430185 235125 155455 500355 400245 315435 480520 570875 965310 370650 705

1490 1605780 850-355 395210 250205 255

171016101405I085780

2020

910795610460280180540445385530620

I055. 435

7551725920435295305

95th: minimum floor to roof dearance; allow for shoes and headgear inappropriate situations50th: height of visual devices, notices, etc.5th: height for maximum forward reach con trols worktop height (see para. 302)controls worktop height (see para. 302)95th: maximum height of grasp points for lifting5th: maximum height of controls; subtract 40 mm to allow for full grasp95th: minimum seat to proof clearance; may need to allow for headgear50th: height of visual devices abo ve seat level50th: height above seat level for maximu m forward reach50th: easy reach forward at table height50th: height above seat of armrests or desk tops95th: space under tables95th: clearance under tables above floor or footrest50th: height of seat above floor o r footrest95th: minimum forward clearance at thigh level from front of body or fromobstnrction, e.g. desktop5th: length of seat surface from backrest to front edge95th: minimum forward clearance from seat back at height for highest seatingposture5th (less than): maximu m distance of foot controls, footrest, etc. from seat back95th: width of seats, minimum distance between armrests3th: maximum comfortable forward reach at shoulder level5th: limits of lateral fingertip reach, subtract 130m m to allow for full grasp95th: lateral clearance in workspace95th: minimum lateral clearance in workspace above waist


5/20

2-4 Basic design.data : People and spaceIl - 1f I

'L-17-1

2.4 Key dimensions listed in Table 11. These figures are basedon surveys of unclothed volunteers, and in using themallowances should be made for the wearing of clothes andshoes (see Table I l l ) . Dimension references marked are mostcommonly used

Table 111 Allowance for clothingMen Women

Shoe heightHat height

25 mm75 mm

45 mm100mm

Table IV Statures of the adults of various nationalitiesMen Percentiles Women Percentiles

5th 50th 95th 5th 50th 95th

British 1625us 1640French 1600German 1645Swedish 1630Swiss 1535Polish 1595Japanese 1560Hong Kong Chinese 1585Indian 1535

174017551715I745174016901695165516801640

1855I8701830I845185018451795175017751745

1505152015001520154014151480145014551415

1610 17101625 17301600 17001635 17501640 17401590 17651575 16701530 16101555 16551515 1615

Table V Statures (or equivalents) for Britons in various age groupsPercentiles

5th 50th 95th

New-born infants 465 500 535Infants less than 6 months old 510 600 690Infants 6 months to I year old 655 715 775Infants I year to 18 months 690 745 800Infants 18 months to 2 ears 780 840 900

Boydmen GirldwomenPercentiles Percentiles

5th 50th 95th 5th 50th 95th

Children, 2 ears oldChildren, 3 years oldChildren,4 years oldChildren, 5 years oldChildren, 6 years oldChildren, 7 ears oldChildren, 8 years oldChildren, 9 years oldChildren, 10 years oldChildren, I 1 years oldChildren, 12 years oldChildren, 13 years oldChildren, 14 years old15 years old16 years old17 years old18years oldAged 19-25Aged 19-45Aged 19-65Aged 45-65Aged 65-85Elderly people

8509109751025I0701I401180I225I29013251360140014801555162016401660I64016351625161015751515

930990I050Ill0I170I230I280I330I390I430I490I5501630I6901730I750I760I7601745I74017201685I640

1010 825 890 9551070 895 970 10451125 965 1050 11351195 1015 1100 11851270 1070 1160 12501320 1125 1220 13151380 1185 1280 13751435 1220 1330 14401490 1270 1390 15101535 1310 1440 15701620 1370 1500 16301700 1430 1550 16701780 1480 1590 17001825 1510 1610 17101840 1520 1620 17201860 1520 1620 17201860 1530 1620 17101880 1520 1620 17201860 1515 1615 17151855 1505 1610 17101830 1495 1595 16951790 1475 1570 16701765 1400 1515

3 ERGONOMICS3.01This is the discipline that deals with the dimensions of people atwork, including activities not directly connected with earning aliving. Such matters as the space required by people using motor-cars, flying aeroplanes and operating machinery co me under thisheading. Many of the dimensions required for this will be fo und inTable 11.


6/20

Basic design data: People and space 2-5

Table VI Dimensions for British people aged 65 to 80Men WomenPercentiles Percentiles

5th 50th 95th 5th 50th 95thStanding

I Stature2 Eye height3 Shoulder height4 Elbow height5 Hand (knuc kle) height6 Reach upwards7 Height above seat level8 Eye height above seat level9 Shoulder height above seat level

Sitting

10 Length from elbow to fingertipI I Elbow above seat level12Thigh clearance13To p of knees, height above floor14 Popliteal height15 Front of abdomen to front of knees16Buttock - popliteal length17 Rear of buttocks to front of knees18 Seat widthSitting and standing19 Forward grip reach20 Fingertip span21 Shoulder width

1575 1685 17901470 1575 16851280 1380 1480975 895 975670 730 795

1840 1965 2090

815 875 930705 760 815520 570 625425 460 490175 220 270125 150 175480 525 575385 425 470210 280 350430 485 535530 580 625305 350 395

700 755 8051605 1735 1860400 445 485

1475 1570 16701375 1475 15701190 1280 1375740 810 875645 705 760

1725 1835 1950

750 815 885645 710 770475 535 590390 420 450165 210 260115 145 170455 500 540355 395 440325 295 365430 480 525520 565 615310 370 430

640 685 7351460 1570 1685345 385 380

3.02 Worktop heightsThe most common ailment after the common cold is probably thebad back. Many believe that this can be caused by working on asurface that is too low, causing stooping. Both when standing andsitting to work, it is important that the worktop should be asfollows:0 For manipulative tasks involving moderate degrees of both

force and precision: between 50 and 100m m below elbowheight of the person concerned0 For delicate tasks: between 50 an d 100mm above elbow height0 For heavy tasks, particularly those involving downward pres-

sure on the workpiece: between 100 an d 300mm below elbowheight.

3.02 Standing worktopsWorktops at which people stand are found in factories and in thehome kitchen. Since women are generally shorter in stature thanmen, the heights of these respective surfaces have tended to rein-force the traditional roles of the sexes: factory worktops at1 0 5 0 m m being seen as too high for many women and kitchenworktops at 900mm (o r lower) being too low for men. It is possiblein factories to provide sm all moveable platforms to assist womenworkers, but this type of solution is not available where the work-top is too low for the user.

In 2.5 the percentage comfortable at each worktop height isplotted assuming that the users are wearing shoes and comfort isachieved with tops between 50mm above elbow height and100mm lower. It can be seen that the standard kitchen worktopheight of 900mm actually seems to suit no-one. 850 mm would bea good height where only elderly women are likely to use it. Thesurprising thing is that 900m m is uncomfortable for 84 per cent ofall wom en! IOOOmm is ideal for most wo men, but only for 4 0 percent of men. The traditional mens height of 1050mm appears tosatisfy both 76 per cent of men and 84 per cent of women.

3.03 Sink heightsOne of the most common domestic chores is washing up. It iscustoma ry for sinks to be set into worktops, or fitted with their rimslevel with them. Since the effective working surface in this case is thebase of the sink, usually about lO0mm lower than the rim, this

Q)-n2

908 80n

60

40

2010

>.-8m00,m4-

women aged6 5 - 8 0

I I I800 900 1000 1100

worktop heights2.5 Graphs of percentages comfortable at each worktop height.These assume that the worktop is between 50mm above and100rnm below elbow height, and that shoes are wornfurther worsens the situation. It is recomm ended that sink surroundsshould be fitted at least 75 mm above norm al worktop height.3.04 ServeriesA particular type of standing w orktop is a counter, 2.6. This can bein a shop, restaurant or public house, or be a reception counter in anoffice or a hotel. There is often no good reason why the sameheight is needed on each side, and it is common for the non-publicside to be higher than the other. D etails of such can be found in theappropriate specialist chapters.

3.04 Sitting worktopsTraditionally, writing desks are standard in height at 7 10m m, 2.7.Desks for typewriters and word processors (where the working

900 minif morethan onepersonserving500minif on epersononly

2.6 Serving counter

E I seatwidth400 I I 9

2.7 Sitting worktop


7/20


surface is the top of the keyboard) are available 30mm lower.Chairs for sitting workers are now by legislation required to pro-vide for vertical adjustment so that each individual can find theright relationship with the worktop. However, it is important thatthe feet remain in contact with the ground, and where this is notpossible, footrests should be provided.

3.05 Compu ter work stationsMany office workers now work with visual display units (VDUs),and these introduce further requirements for comfortable andhealthy working. People often find working at a screen tiring tothe eyes. 2.8 gives the recommended dimensions for minimisingfatigue; some people m ay need special spectacles. Most VDUs areplaced at or above eye level so that normal bifocals do not help.Opticians are now used to supplying 'intermediate' spectacles withthe normal bifocal facility for viewing the keyboard and materialon the desk, with the upper part allowing focus on the near dis-tance. This permits the VDU to be placed between 900 to 1000 mrndistant from the user.

viewing distancerefer [le221 2.8b

2.8 a Computer workstation5

4EEE 3&I

v

rnac.-4-z 2m0

1

normal-inimumdistancefrom screen

400 mmmin imum --Ldistancefrom touchscreen300mm

ItIIIIdIII>f / -J

between 20and 22 m inutes

200 400 600 800 1000 1200viewing.distance (mrn)

3.06 StorageTwo of the commonest operations at work and in the home is thestowage and retrieval of items into and from storage. 2.9 shows therecommended heights for various storage areas for general use;2.10 gives particular requirements where elderly people areconcerned.

3.07 MaintenanceBuildings and the services and plant therein need constant main-tenance. Something frequently forgotten is the need for easy accessto certain areas. It is reasonable to assume that p eople employed onmaintenance work will be sufficiently agile and not greatly aboveaverage size. The dimensions shown in 2.11 to 2.18 are thereforeless than would be required for use by the general public.

accessibility accessibility

inaccessiblenot easily accessibleaccessible0 asily accessible

a Zones of accessibility

H

1iLess frequently neededarticles higher2.9 Accessibility of storage

fixedshelves adjustable wallunit shelvespull-out baseuni t shelves

b Frequently neededarticles

7002

d Less frequently neededarticles lower

2.8 b Viewing distance


8/20


I 1730

a Maximum reach over worktop2.10 Accessibility of storage used by elderly people

1550122092 0600300

2.11 Body clearance: maintenance reach levels

(800 squarepreferable) min. 600 high x 400 mm wide

min 450 diaor square2.12 Service accesses

1 1 3 5 0 1

t - 9 o o - t

2.13 Body clearances

min 560t-o 6 0 0 1

c.-

2.14 Service access: catwalk

t - l l o o l

2.15 Service access: stairs


9/20


2150

Lopt range2.16 Service access: ramps

mm

Vertical Inclinedgenerally suitable for vertical mo vementsfrom 75" to 90" ladder frame shouldextend 900 mm above platformwidths: 380 mm min, 450 mm desirable

600 mm min between side walls150mm toe space

recommended for angles 50" o 75"handrails are required on both sid es if risers are notleft open o r if there ar e no side wallswidths: 500 mm to 600 mm with handrails600 mm min betw een si de walls

angle I W(mm) IQ(mm)50"- 55 "57"- 60"63"- 66"69"- 72"74"- 77"

1620"- 1570"1500"- 1450"1370"- 1320"1270"- 1200"1150"- 1050"

880900910920950

recommended riser 180mm to 250 mmtread 75 mm to 150mm45 mm diam max for handrail

2.17 Service access: step ladders

4 DISABLED PEOPLE4.01At any one time about 8 per cent of people in Britain are in on e wayor another disabled. The principal disabilities of concern to thearchitect are those that mean the person has to use a wheelchair formost or all of the time. That person is handicapped by this in twosignificant ways: first, the eyes and arms are permanently at sittingrather than standing level, and second, the wheelchair itself takesup to five times the space needed by an ambulant person. Whilepeople in wheelchairs constitute only about one quarter of one per

angle75.0"78.0"80.5"83.0"85.0"87.5"90.0"

330335

370 850300 min

provide back guard ov er 6000 mm high2.18 Service access: rung ladders

in the design of signs, raised letters being preferable to Braille,particularly in lifts. Lifts should ideally provide audible as well asvisual indication of floor level.

Chapter 44 of this Handbook described inclusion design ingreater detail.

4.02 People in wheelchairsWheelchairs are of three main types:0 Manually self-propelled0 Propelled by motor0 Propelled by attendant.It is the manually self-propelled chair that is used by most activedisabled people, and needs to be routinely catered for in buildings.2.19 gives the dimensions relevant to this type of chair, and 2.20and 2.21 has dimensions of men and women in such a chair.4.03 RampsThe most common provision made for wheelchairs is a ramp.However, most such ramps are difficult to use, both in mountingand in descending. Except for very short ramps (less than 0.5m)they should be no steeper than 8 per cent (preferably 6 per cent)and unbroken lengths of ramp no longer than 10 m . For a rise ofonly 650mm , therefore, a good ramp w ould take up a considerablearea, 2.22. The use of a chair l i f t or of ordinary lifts is thereforeoften preferable to a ramp, although these suffer from the need foradequate maintenance, and problems arise when they break down.Details of lifts designed for use by elderly and disabled p eople aregiven in Chapter 5 .

cent of the population, so ciety has rightly decided that the design ofmost buildings should take their needs into account.There are other forms of disability that are of importance to thebuilding designer. People on crutches can be disadvantaged byramps provided for wheelchairs, and all ramps should normallybe paralleled by steps. Provision for blind people needs to be made

4.04 Width of corridorsThe other necessity for wheelchair users is adequate width anddesign of comdors and doorways. The width of a corridor shouldnot be less than 900mm for a self-propelled wheelchair, or I .8 m iftwo wheelchairs are likely to w ant to pass each other, 2.23 to 2.26.


10/20


2.19 DSS model 8Gwheelchair, a common type

head heighteye level

2.20 Dimensions of different percentiles of adultmale wh eelchair users. These dimensions and those in2.21 relate to people who use standard wheelchairsand have no major impainnent of upper limbs.Figures are given for 95th, 50th and 5 th percentilesor two of these

vertical reach


11/20


reach over low table,+ 70_t maximumover IAw table,comfortableI

head height

2.23 Forward movement fo rself-propelled wheelchair

I

high reach

f 00-

2.21 Dimensions of adult fem ale wheelchair users. Figures aregiven fo r 95th, 50th and 5th percentiles or two of these

2.22 Wheelchair ramp of rise 650mm

2.24 Forward movement fo rwheelchair with attendant

2.25 Passing place fo r two wheelchairswith attendants


12/20

1800

2.26 Passing place fo r two selfpropelled wheelchairs

1 1700 -1

large chair

1 1500 -1

standard chair:front propellingwheels

k1245

indoor chair: model 1front propelling wheels2.21 Wheelcha ir turning circles

Basic design da ta: People and space 2-11

1 8 0 0 + 9 0 0 1

2.28 Wheelchair orward turn through 90"

11400 - 1250min

10

ii

2.29 Wheelcha ir turn through 180"

4.05 Turning spaceMost wheelchairs require a space 1.4 m square to turn around. Thisdetermines the minimum size of lift cars and circulation spaces inrooms.Turning circles for manceuvering in various ways are shown in2.21 to 2.29.4.06 DoorwaysSince the minimum clear opening required is 750 mm, the standard800 mm (coordinating size ) doorset is not w ide enough (clearopening 670mm); a minimum 900mm set should be used inmost buildings. External doors should preferably be 1000 mm,although the 900mm size has a clear opening just wide enoughfor most chairs. 2.30 illustrates wheelchairs using doorways.

Where a door opens off a corridor, i t may be difficult for awheelchair to turn sufficiently to go through a minimum widthdoorway unless the corridor is wide enough. 2.31 indicates pre-ferred widths of opening for various corridor widths.Where double or single swing doors are used these can bedifficult for wheelchair users to open. In certain circumstances,sliding doors can be easiest and are often fitted in housing con-verted or specially built for wheelchair users.

In blocks of flats, offices, etc. the entrance doors are frequentlyheavy with strong springs to combat the effects of wind. These arenot only difficult for wheelchair users, but often also for elderly,ambulant disabled and even people with prams. Considerationshould be given to fitting such doors with mechanical openingand closing systems.Other doors often give problems to people in wheelchairs andelderly people with limited strength. The doors to lavatoriesdesigned for disabled people can be particularly difficult. As a


13/20


tL7555L

I- 1200

775

+1200 I 1200 -

c- 0 0 0 42.30 Wheelchairs negotiating various doorways

doorway width 5(clear opening)

2L

corridor width clear doorw ay required760 93580 0 920900 88 51000 85 51200 78 5

2.31 Width of doorways opening off arrow corridors

rule, the force required to open such a door should not exceed 35N(based on a French standard).

4.07 People on crutches2.32 gives generally accepted dimensions for a person usingcrutches. However, such people vary greatly. Most people usethem for a short time following an accident, and will be inexpertin their use. Users fall into two broad groups: those who have so meuse of both legs and feet, and those who have use of only one leg.The former can usually negotiate most obstacles such as steps andstaircases. However, those who can use only one leg require ahandhold wherever there are steps, even a single step at a buildingthreshold. There is little need for this to be provided for them onboth sides as two good arms are needed to use crutches. However,elderly people may also need handholds, and many of these areonly able to use one of their hands.Crutch users often find ramps more of a problem than steps.Ideally, all wheelchair ramps should be adjacent to supplementarysteps as in 2.22.4.08 People with other mobility impairmentsDimensions of people using walking sticks and walking frames aregiven in 2.33 and 2.34.


14/20


I It- 4 0 42.32 Crutch user

I I

5 CIRCULATION SPACES5.01Many aspects .of internal circulation derive from regulations con-cerned with ifire safety. The se are covered in Chapter 42.Increasingly, others relate to the needs of disabled people.

For lifts and.escalators see Cha pterS .As a guide to


15/20


a Edging w idth: suitable fo r shortdistances or occasional use

1550- 6001IOne person width (750

clearance would give com fort fo rvarious postures)

I 900-I

c Normally used by one person, butoccasionul passing required

-t050-1200

d Two-person use in samedirection

2.35 Corridor widths

i1200-1400

e Two people passing

2.36 Space requirements between walls allowing I0 per cent fo r easy movement

2.37 Space requirements fo r closely spaced groups

c 7 5 0 & 7 5 0 4 7 5 0 4 c 75 875 I 8 7 54c 250A 2542.38 Pace measurements

2.39 Greatest density possible 6people per m2


16/20


2.40 Space fo r various body positions

kgoOd50I average2.41 Person with baggage

2.42 PersonPIith tray

I II 1100 __$2.43 Person with small child

2.44 Person with pram

rr55000

1 0Ini.45 Person w ith pushchair

V L I

RailwayBaggageairport, hotel, etc.) 125001 800

2.46 Person with trolley

2.41 Person with luggage trolley

2.48 Single queue no baggage


17/20


320-

1-250 -

accepted fire handappliances:45.720 reel (150 ft)

2 gallon (9.1 litres)extinguisher

60 litre milkdispenser

830

2.49

.Xo-iaccepted fire handappliances:30.500 reel (100 ft)

\\I

0 wideInIbaggage lockersObstructions in corridors

4" (101.6 mm)id.c.i.pipe

600 cup capacityhot and cold liquiddispenser

1 1-760 4

height 450 mmeach unit

pitch line

treadnosing ,,/'= angle of pitch

2.50 Definitions of staircase terms

1-2401accepted fire handappliances:22.860 reel (75 ft)

9remote control gear(wheel type):1

1-350-tfire bucketa

1 r00 urface switch

I . '--+-j -4765 I I c d u m n J 1 i4975 18cdumnd41250 24 cohmn---d400 portion hot andcold food dispenserheight 1750

1-920 -ending machines

00-.L

min 2 4 0max I65T Ltairs: ambulant drabled

2.51 Preferred form and dimensions of steps fo r elderly andambulant disabled peop le


18/20

Table X Regulations or internnl steps andstaircasesBasle design data:People and space 2-17

BllildiagRegulationK1.3 F'rivate stair 42"K1.3B3.15K1.3B3.15

Institutional orassembly building with 35.7"floor area less than 100m2Institutional and assembly stair 32.7"

M2.21 Buildings in w hich provision for 34.2"82.30 Commonstair 37.2"82.30 Common stair also a firefighting stair 37.2"K1.3 other 37.2"

disabled people is m andatory

155165135135

180I80

170150 190150 190150 190

Minimum Minimum Maximumdear Maximumrisesdog(mm) go@(-) width(=) Per W t220 260223 300250 340 800 for50 people 16 risers900 for 100 people

plus 5 mm per personmore than220280 340 1100 for220 people

250 loo0 1800mm250 320 looo'250 320 1100'250 320

Width in these cases may be encroached by stringers up to 30mm and handrails up to 100mm.

TabkKI Dulgnd-This able is constru cted on th e following bases: Rise r is between 75 mm minimum and 220 nun maximum. Going g is greater than 220 mm minimum. n each box thefigures represent: Twic e the rise plus the going (2r + g) between 600 nd 66Omm.The angle of pitch (tan-' r/g) less than 40" and monthan 30". Shaded boxes indicate pitch angles pa te r than 35" which are less suitable for elderly and disabled peopleThe design of staircases is under almost constant discussion.Refer o parts K and M fordetailed guidance. Many design ers believe that not exc ed in g 12 consecutiverimrepresentspod practice fornon-residen tial work

1415

178.6166.7

607 617 627 637 647 65735.5" 34.5" 33.5" 32.5" 3 1.6" 30.8"603 613 62331.7" 30.8" 29.9'

1516

173.3162.5

597 60734.70 33.7" 617 627 63760532.7" 31.8" 30.9030.1"

64730.0"

1617

168.8158.8

59833.0" 608 618 62859832.0" 31.1* 30.2"29.6'

16 175.0 600 610 620 630 64017 164.7 599 609 61935.0" 33.9" 32.9' 32.0" 31.1"32.4" 31.40 30.5"

65030.3"

1718

170.6161.1

601 611 621 63 133.3" 32.3" 31.40 30.5"60229.2"

17 176.5 603 613 623 633 643 65318 166.7 603 613 62335.2" 34.2" 33.2" 32.2" 31.3" 30.5"31.7" 30.8" 29.9"


19/20


0a,

Building Regulations allow that twice the rise plus the goingmay be between 550 and 700mm, and permits rises of up to220 mm and goings of minimum 22 0 mm in private stairs. OneContinental source recommends that twice the rise plus the goingshould be between 63 0 and 660mm.

Table X summarises the various statutory requirements forinternal staircases. Table XI covers the design of common typesof staircases. External stairs and steps should not be designed tointernal standards, as they will often appear to be precipitous. SeeChapter 6 for these.2.52 to 2.57 show examples of different types of staircases, and2.58 illustrates the moving of a wardrobe up a typical stair.

0(0m? - 71, I

L+/RDUI

f' I00c I. ,

1 4200 -

2.52 Straight flight staircase

-t----i I

+3000-* 1150 i

Hc9oo-I

2.53 Staircase with a short L at the top

r ri

t900 +-1320-/2 5 8 0 1

2.54 Staircase with 90" turn at hal fheight

5.03 Handrails and balustradesAll staircases and steps should have handrails. If the staircase isless than 1 m wide they are not mandatory on both sides, but shouldif possible be so provided to allow for arthritic hands. The top ofthe handrail should be between 900 and IOOOmm above the pitchline, and of a design to facilitate proper gripping. It is important,particularly for users of crutches, that they should extend at leastone tread depth beyond the last riser at both top and bottom of eachflight. In a multi-flight staircase, the handrails should be as

1 38701

2.55 Staircase with short Ls at top and bottom

rIc00Q)

iT

t 7 1 9 1

& 34042.56 Staircase around a square well

I I2.57 Dog-leg staircase


20/20


2.58 Moving a double wardrobe up a staircase, showingminimum headroom, clearance, handrail height. Going 21.5 mm,rise 190 mm

continuous as possible to assist blind people; they will deducethat a break in the rail indicates a doorway or other way offthe stairs.

Where there are likely to be small children, an additionalhandrail at about 425mm high may be provided. Care shouldbe taken to avoid designs that facilitate climbing over balus-trades. Open wells should be protected by walls or balustradesat least 900mm high.

6 REFERENCESOfficial publicationsThe Building Regulations 199 , approved document B, fire safety,HMSO, 1992The Building Regulations 1991, approved document K, stairs,ramps and guards, HMSO, 1992The Building Regulations 1991, approved documentM, access andfacilities for disabled people, HMSO, I992British StandardsBS 4467: 1991 Guide to dimensions in designing for elderlypeople, BSI, 1991BS 5459 Specification fo r performance requirements and tests fo rofi ce furniture:

Part I : 1977 Desks and tables, BSI, 1977Part 2: 1990 Office seating, BSI, 1990

BS 5619: 1978 Code of practice for design of housing for theconvenience of disabled people, BSI, 1978BS 58 10: 1979 Code of practice for access for the disabled tobuildings, BSI, 1979BS 6180: 1995 Code of practice for barriers in and about build-ings, BSI, 1995BS 7 179: Part 5: 1990Ergonomics ofdesign and use of visual displayterminals in oflces, speci3cations or VDT workstation,BSI, I990Other publicationsPD 6523: 1989 Informationon access to and movement within andaround buildings and on certain facilities for disabled people,London, BSI, 1989Jane Randolph Cary, How to Create Interiors for the Disabled,New York, Pantheon Books, 1978Niels Diffrient, Alvin R. Tilley and Joan C. Bardagjy, Humanscale1/2/3, a portfolio of information, Cambridge Massachusetts, MITPress, 1974Henry Dreyfuss, The Measure of Man, Human Factors in Design,2nd edn, New York, Whitney Library of Design, 1967

3rd edition. part 2 - basic design data people and space. (3 of 48)

Documents