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STR-HCTUtRAL. C^BOLDCtf
Lecture 7: Dynamic Analysis - Force and Stress in the Subsurface
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Lecture Topics: Force Stress Lithostatic stress
McMaster University
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McMaster University
Todays lecture: SGRR p. 98-119
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Structural Analysis University
Analysis of geologic structures involves three successive steps:
1 . Descriptive or geometric analysis - quantitatively describe geometry of structures
2. Kinematic analysis - determine movements, changes in shape or strain
3. Dynamic analysis - determine direction, magnitude of forces and stresses
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Dynamic Analysis - Stress McMaster University
Deformation (strain response) depends upon: magnitude and orientation of stresses imposed on rock time (strain rate) rock strength (next week)
e = (lfJ0)/lo
f t
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Basic Definitions McMaster University
Stress - intensity of forces acting on rock body Strain - change in size or shape of a rock body resulting from applied forces
Stress
Strain
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Force: Newton's First Law McMaster University
Force - 'push or pull' required to change the state of rest motion of a body object at rest is state of 'static equilibrium' all forces are balanced
Fi+F2+F3 = Fi + F2+F3
AF=o
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Force: Newton's Second Law University
Force = mass x acceleration
F = ma
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Units of Force Dimensions of force:
F = ma [M*LT-2]
McMaster University
Basic unit of force is the Newton (N): force required to impart acceleration of 1 ms-2 to a body of 1 kilogram mass
1 N = 1 kgms-2 (SI units)
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Types of Forces Body Forces - result from field acting on the entire mass
independent of surface forces gravity magnetic field
Surface Forces - forces produced by action of one body across surface of contact tectonic forces transmitted across a fault plane
McMaster University
F
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Forces in Geology McMaster University
Forces generated bJ plate tectonism - ridge spreading, subduction igneous intrusions meterorite impacts
Asihcnospfwre
Levin: Fig. 5-45 Ulhosphorc
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Force: Vector Quantity McMaster University
Force is a vector quantity having both magnitude and direction obeys laws of vector addition/subtraction vector algebra
F
DIRECTION
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Vector Addition/Subtraction University
Resultant vector can be found by adding and subtracting vector quantities
40 N 1 «
10 N
30 N
NET FORCE = F1 - F2 = 30 N
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Parallelogram Rule McMaster University
Forces conform to rules of vector algebra resultant of any two vectors can be found graphically draw vectors tail to tail and find diagonal
FR is resultant vector of forces acting on point P
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Vector Addition in 3-D McMaster University
Any force vector FR can be resolved into 3 principal components acting at right angles in a Cartesian co-ordinate system
FD = R Fx2+Fy
2+Fz2
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Stress is the concentration of force 'intensity' of the applied force also known as 'traction' also a vector quantity
a = F_
per unit area
McMaster University
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Units of Stress Stress in Earth Science is usually measured in Pascals
• 1 pascal (Pa) = force of 1N acting on an area of 1 m2
• 1 Pa = 1 Nnr2 = 1 kgms_2*m"2 = 1 kgs_2rrr1
McMaster University
F=1 N
1 m2
1 Pa= 1 N / m 2
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Units of Stress university
1 kilopascal (kPa) = 1000 Pa (103 Pa)
1 megapascal (MPa) = 106 Pa
1 gigapascal (GPa) = 109 Pa
1 bar= 105Pa
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Lithostatic Stress Vertical stress produced by mass of overlying crust
upper crust gradient is about 26.5 MPa/km mantle gradient is approx 35 MPa/km
McMaster University
1 kbar=10 8 Pa 10kbar= 1 GPa
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Lithostatic Stress Problem Calculate the lithostatic stress at base granite cube 1000 m on a
side with a density of 2700 kgm-3
McMaster University
1000 m < >
Density = 2700 kgnr3
1000 m
A
GRANITE 1000 m
Lithostatic stress?
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Mass of granite cube
m = p x V = 2700 kgrrr3x (1000 m)3
= 2.7x1012kg
Force at base of cube
F = m xa = 2.7x 1012 kg x 9.8 ms-2
= 2.65x1013kgms-2
= 2.65x1013N
000 m
1000 m
26.5 MPa
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Stress at base of cube: a = F / A
= 2.65 x 1013 HI (1000 m x 1000Tn) = 2.65x107 Pa(Nm-2) = 26.5 MPa
The granite block exerts a force of 26.5 MPa
000 m
1000 m
I 26.5 MPa
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ithostatic Stress Gradient McMaster University
Note that we can also write the lithostatic stress in terms of depth, z:
a F/A mg/A
Vpg/A Azpg/A PQZ
(m = Vp)
where p = density g = gravitational acceleration z = depth
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Example McMaster University
Calculate lithostatic stress at the base of the continental crust at depth of 40 km?
a = pgh 2700 kgnr3 x 9.8 ms"2 x 40,000 m 1.05 x10 9 Pa
= 1.0GPa
! c
Temperature in C 400 600
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Stress Components A stress acting on any surface (arbitrarily oriented plane) can be
resolved into two components normal stress, on (sigma) - stress acting normal to plane shear stress, x (tau) - stress acting tangential to plane a.k.a. traction
McMaster University
O" n
v. T = 0
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Stress Components McMaster University
In case of static equilibrium, all stresses balanced by equal opposite forces case for most structural problems
+ a + a n
- a n
n + T
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Stress Sign Convention compressive stress is positive tensile stress is negative
a n
v *
O" n
Compressive Stress - Positive
a n
Tensile Stress - Negative
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Stress Sign Conventions Sign of shear stresses indicated by 'sense' of motion
clockwise or 'right-handed' shear is negative counterclockwise or 'left-handed' shear positive
McMaster University
Clockwise Shear - Negative (Right-handed)
Counterclockwise Shear - Positive (Left-handed )
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What is Sign of Shear? McMaster University
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Coordinate System McMaster University
Orientation of stress referenced to 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system x, y in horizontal plane z is vertical by convention
Z(Up)
Y (North) X (East)
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Principle Stress Axes McMaster University
Principle axes are directions along which shear components are zero normal stress at a maximum, no shear
Z(Up)
Y (North) X (East)
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Stress Acting on a Plane Stress acting at an angle to 2-D plane will generate two sh
stress components and one normal component
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C7
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Stress Ellipsoid The total stress field acting on a point can be represented by the
McMaster University
stress ellipsoid:
<x
a.| - greatest principal stress
a 2 - intermediate principal stress direction
a 3 - least principal stress
triaxial stress is general case where <JA> <52> a3
Ellipsoid
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2-D Stress Ellipse McMaster University
Generally we simplify problems by dealing with stress within a single plane ♦ planes containing ♦ a1 and a3
♦ a1 and a2
♦ a2 and a3
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Calculation of Stress Components Calculate the normal (an) and shear stress (x) components for a stress of 50 MPa inclined at 60° to the XY plane
McMaster University
(Txz=50MPa
^^>- -x T=?
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McMaster University Calculation of Stress Components
Normal and shear stress components can be calculated by solving for the lengths of the vectors
an = sin 6 • GX2
= sin 60 ■ 50 Mpa
= 43.3 MPa
T = cos 9 ■ a xz
= cos 60 ■ 50 Mpa
= 25 MPa
n a =43.4 MPa
T =25 MPa