Chapter 9 LeadershipManagers versus leadersTrait theories of leadershipBehavioral theories of leadershipContingency theories of leadershipContemporary leadership issues

Leaders are people who are able to influence others and who possess managerial authority.

Trait Theories of Leadership

Trait theories of leadership search for traits or characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

Six Traits That Differentiate Leaders From nonleaders

DriveDesire to lead Honesty and integritySelf-confidenceIntelligenceJob-relevant knowledge

Behavioral Theories of Leadership

The styles of leadershipTwo independent dimensions of leader behaviorsManagerial grid

The Styles of Leadership

Autocratic style of leadershipDemocratic style of leadershipLaissez-faire style of leadership

Autocratic style of leadership : The term used to describe a leader who centralizes authority, dictates work method, makes unilateral decisions, and limits employee participation.

Democratic style of leadership: The term used to describe a leader

who involves employees in decision making delegates authority, encourages participation in deciding work methods and goals, and uses feedback to coach employees.

This style can be further classified in two ways: consultative and participative

Laissez-faire style of leadership:

The term used to describe a leader who gives employees complete freedom to make decisions and to decide on work method.

Two Dimensions of Leader Behaviors

Ohio state university’s research: Initiating structure: the extent to

which a leader defines and structures his or her role and the roles of employees to attain goals.

Consideration: the extent to which a leader has job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees’ ideas, and regard for their feelings.

University of Michigan’s research: Employee oriented: leaders emphasize

interpersonal relations, take a personal interest in the needs of employees, and accept individual difference.

Production oriented: leaders emphasize the technical or task aspects of a job, are concerned mainly with accomplishing tasks, and regards group members as a means to accomplishing goals.

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Concern for production

Conc

ern

for p

eopl

e

Exhibit 9-1 the Managerial Grid

1,9 country club management

1,1 impoverished management

9,1 task management

9,9 team management

5,5 middle of the road management

Contingency Theories of Leadership

Fiedler modelPath-goal theorySituational leadership

LPC(least-preferred coworker questionnaire)

This is a questionnaire that measures whether a person is task or relationship oriented. Three situational factors Matching the leader’s style with the situations

Leader-member relations: The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader.Task structure: The degree to which the job assignments of subordinates are structured or unstructured. Position power: The degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increase.

Exhibit 9-2 the Findings of Fiedler Model

Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Good Good Good Good Poor Poor Poor PoorHigh High Low Low High High Low LowStron

gWeak Stron

gWeak Stron

gWeak Stron

gWeak

Performance

Good

Poor Favorable Moderate Unfavorable

Task-orientedRelationship-oriented

Category Leader-member

relationsTask structure

Position power

Exhibit 9-3 Path-goal Theory

Leader behavior• Directive•Supportive•Participative•Achievement oriented

Outcomes•Performance•Satisfaction

Environmental contingency factors•Task structure•Formal authority system•Work group

Employee contingency factors•Locus of control •Experience•Perceived ability

Exhibit 9-4 Situational Leadership Model

High R

elat

ions

hip

beha

vior

Task behavior High Low

R4 R3 R2 R1Able and

willing Ableand

unwilling

Unable and

willing Unableand

unwillingHigh Low Moderate Follower readiness

S4 S1

S2S3

Telling

SellingParticipating

Delegating

S1: high task and low relationship

S2: high task and high relationship

S3: high relationship and low task

S4: low relationship and low task

Readiness refers to the extend which people have the ability

and the willingness to accomplish a specific task

Exhibit 9-5 Team Leadership

EffectiveTeam leadership

Roles

Coaches Liaisons with

External constituents

Conflict managers Troubleshooters