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7th Grade Social Studies Canada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to Reconstruction

Class 140— John Brown & Harper’s Ferry April 18, 2017

Focus: Turn to page 494 in your textbook. Read John Brown’s last Speech at the top of the page and then answer the question in the box entitled “Analysis Skill.”

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Objectives:1. I will analyze John Brown’s raid and its impact on increasing sectional tension between the North and the South.

Homework: -Read and outline Chapter 15, Section 4 pgs. 493-497; complete 15.4 Reading Check (due 4/18)-Chapter 15 Test Thursday 4/20

Handouts:“John Brown’s Body”

I. John Brown’s Raid

Key terms/ideas/ people/places:John Brown Harper’s Ferry Robert E. Lee J.E.B. Stuart Thomas JacksonHenry A Wise Edmund Ruffin fire-eater Honor System

By the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:What future Confederate Generals captured John Brown?What is a fire-eater?What was the reaction to John Brown’s raid?

John Brown’s Body lies a mold’ring in the grave

Old John Brown’s body lies moldering in the grave,While weep the sons of bondage whom he ventured all to save;

But tho he lost his life while struggling for the slave,His soul is marching on.

John Brown was a hero, undaunted, true and brave,And Kansas knows his valor when he fought her rights to save;

Now, tho the grass grows green above his grave,His soul is marching on.

He captured Harper’s Ferry, with his nineteen men so few,And frightened "Old Virginny" till she trembled thru and thru;

They hung him for a traitor, themselves the traitor crew,But his soul is marching on.

John Brown was John the Baptist of the Christ we are to see,Christ who of the bondmen shall the Liberator be,

And soon thruout the Sunny South the slaves shall all be free,For his soul is marching on.

The conflict that he heralded he looks from heaven to view,On the army of the Union with its flag red, white and blue.

And heaven shall ring with anthems o’er the deed they mean to do,For his soul is marching on.

Ye soldiers of Freedom, then strike, while strike ye may,The death blow of oppression in a better time and way,

For the dawn of old John Brown has brightened into day,And his soul is marching on.

NotesClass 140— John Brown & Harper’s Ferry

April 18, 2017

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry: An abolitionist, violent (Pottawatomie Massacre) Attacks the federal arsenal (gun warehouse) at Harper’s Ferry, VA

o Would use the weapons to lead a slave revolto Takes the arsenal and was waiting around for the slaves to rise upo Robert E. Lee and J.E.B. Stuart show up. Stuart, the parley, walks and sees it is John Brown for the first

time. Brown refuses to surrender and Stuart waves in a detachment of 12 marineso The marines charged with fix bayonets. All over in a few minutes. One marine and 2 of Brown’s men

were killed in the assaulto When he was captured, John Brown received several slashes from a ceremonial sword. He could barely

sit up in court during his trialo Tried to start a slave revolt without telling the slaveso Two of his sons dieo John Brown will be hanged

Reaction to Brown’s Raid: Northerners

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson John Brown would “make the gallows as glorious as the cross.”

2. Henry David Thoreau “an angel of light.”

3. Abraham Lincoln Brown “agreed with us in thinking slavery wrong, that cannot excuse violence, bloodshed and

treason.” Slave holders/Southerner

1. Edmund Ruffin-Southern Nationalist and fire eater-push for separation “Villainn of unmitigated turpitude” but also a “very brave & able man….it is impossible…not to

respect his thorough devotion to his bad cause, & the undaunted courage through which he has sustained it….”

2. Gov. of VA Henry A Wise “He is a bundle of the best nerves I ever saw cut and thrust and bleeding in bonds….He is a man

of clear head, of courage, fortitude, and simple ingenuousness. He is cool, collected, and indomitable….and he inspired me with great trust in his integrity as a man of truth. He is a fanatic, vain and garrulous but firm, truthful, and intelligent.

After the Civil War Wise stated, “John Brown was a great man, sir. John Brown was a great man.”

“Plainly, some of the leading intellectuals in the North had subsidized Brown to lead a slave insurrection, and when he paid the penalty for his act, he had been mourned more than any American since Washington. The South, realizing this fact, questioned whether the American Union was a reality or merely the shell of what had once been real.”

VA Enquirer-“The Harpers Ferry invasion has advanced the cause of disunion more than any other event that has happened since the formation of its government.”

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7th Grade Social Studies Canada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to Reconstruction

Class 141— Election of 1860 April 19, 2017

Focus: Turn to page 495 in your textbook. Look at the map and answer the question in the box entitled “Geography Skills.”

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Objectives:1. I will analyze the election of 1860.2. I will recognize Lincoln’s election as the last the straw that broke the camel’s back.

Homework:-Chapter 15 Test Thursday 5/5-Current Events Due 5/9

Handouts:None

I. Candidates in the Election of 1860II. Reaction to the WinnerIII. Creation of the Confederate States of America

Key terms/ideas/ people/places:Abe Lincoln John Crittenden John C. Breckinridge John BellConfederate States of America Jefferson Davis Alexander StephensStephen Douglas Constitutional Union Southern Democrat Northern DemocratRepublican

By the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:What was the reaction to Lincoln’s Election?Who was the President of the Confederacy? Vice President? What state was the first to secede? What other states followed its lead?Who were the four candidates in the Election of 1860, what was the name of their party, and what was their platform?

NotesClass 141— Election of 1860

April 19, 2017

Abe Lincoln (R)-stop westward expansion of slavery-WINNER Stephen Douglas (ND)-Popular Sovereignty John C. Breckinridge (SD) Kentucky-believed in the right of secession but hoped to compromise John Bell-slave owner (CU)-keep union together and to stand on the Constitution

“The tea has been thrown overboard, the revolution of 1860 has been initiated.” December 20, 1860 SC secedes-followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, LA, and TX (deep/lower

South)o Name of the new nation (Confederate States of America)o What states belong to it (Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, LA, and TX,SC)o Capital city (Montgomery move to Richmond when VA secedes)o President (Jefferson Davis)o Vice President (Alexander Stephens)o Flags (Stars and Bars)o Constitution: Just like the Union’s except cannot pass tariffs to protect industry and protects slaveryo “To a much greater degree than the slaveholders desired, secession had become a slaveholder’s

movement, toward which people of the counties with few slaves showed a predominantly negative attitude.”

Upper South waits (TN, VA, NC, MA, KY, AR, MO, and DE)-John Crittenden’s attempted compromise

Lincoln proceeds to set out for Washington DC. Lincoln said goodbye to his friends in Springfield, Illinois, and took a train to Washington, D.C. He told them he

wasn’t’ sure he’d see them again. He arrived secretly, by night and was privately ushered into the White House by soldiers. Why the need to enter D.C. secretly?

o English actress overheard an attempt to shoot him at his inaugurationo Handbags full of grenades were discussed around the city

1st presidential inauguration attended by “secret service”o Soldiers on roofs/plain clotheso Passage way covered w/ wooden planks to protect him while exiting the carriage

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7th Grade Social Studies Canada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to Reconstruction

Class 142— Test April 20, 2017

Homework:-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 1 pgs. 510-512 stop @ Northern Resources (due 5/1)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 1 pgs. 512-515 start @ Northern Resources; complete Reading Check 16.1 (due 5/2)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 516-518 (due 5/4)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 519 (due 5/5)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 520-521; complete Reading Check 16.2 (due 5/8)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 3 pgs. 522-525; complete Reading Check 16.3 (due 5/9)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 4 pgs. 528-531 (due 5/10)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 4 pgs. 532-534; complete Reading Check 16.4 (due 5/11)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 536-537 stop @ Battle of Gettysburg (due 5/17)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 537-540 start @ Battle of Gettysburg/stop @Union Campaigns Cripple the Confederacy (due 5/19)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 540-543; complete Reading Check 16.5 (due 5/26)-Civil War Map Quiz Thursday 6/1-Chapter 16 Test Friday 6/2

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7th Grade Social Studies Canada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to Reconstruction

Class 142— Test April 20, 2017

Homework:-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 1 pgs. 510-512 stop @ Northern Resources (due 5/1)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 1 pgs. 512-515 start @ Northern Resources; complete Reading Check 16.1 (due 5/2)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 516-518 (due 5/4)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 519 (due 5/5)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 520-521; complete Reading Check 16.2 (due 5/8)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 3 pgs. 522-525; complete Reading Check 16.3 (due 5/9)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 4 pgs. 528-531 (due 5/10)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 4 pgs. 532-534; complete Reading Check 16.4 (due 5/11)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 536-537 stop @ Battle of Gettysburg (due 5/17)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 537-540 start @ Battle of Gettysburg/stop @Union Campaigns Cripple the Confederacy (due 5/19)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 540-543; complete Reading Check 16.5 (due 5/26)-Civil War Map Quiz Thursday 6/1-Chapter 16 Test Friday 6/2

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7th Grade Social Studies Canada, Mexico, & U.S. History from the Revolution to Reconstruction

Class 143— George Parkman Murdered! April 21, 2017

Focus: Through our study of medicine this school year, what can you tell me about the medical practices of the 18th and 19th centuries? What kind of treatments did they use? Do you think doctors and medical schools were respected? Why or why not?

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Student Objectives:1. I will analyze the ambiguous death of Dr. George Parkman.

Homework:-Opening Statement due Monday 5/1-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 1 pgs. 510-512 stop @ Northern Resources (due 5/1)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 1 pgs. 512-515 start @ Northern Resources; complete Reading Check 16.1 (due 5/2)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 516-518 (due 5/4)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 519 (due 5/5)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 2 pgs. 520-521; complete Reading Check 16.2 (due 5/8)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 3 pgs. 522-525; complete Reading Check 16.3 (due 5/9)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 4 pgs. 528-531 (due 510)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 4 pgs. 532-534; complete Reading Check 16.4 (due 5/11)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 536-537 stop @ Battle of Gettysburg (due 5/17)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 537-540 start @ Battle of Gettysburg/stop @Union Campaigns Cripple the Confederacy (due 5/19)-Read and Outline Chapter 16, Section 5 pgs. 540-543; complete Reading Check 16.5 (due 5/26)-Civil War Map Quiz Thursday 6/1-Chapter 16 Test Friday 6/2

Handouts:Parkman Primary Sources

I. Set the stageII. Briefly review sources

Key terms/ideas/ people/places:Harvard Medical School George Parkman Boston Ephraim LittlefieldJohn White Webster

By the end of class today, I will be able to answer the following:Who murdered George Parkman? Why do you think so?

The Murder of Dr. George ParkmanWriting AssignmentOpening Statement

Directions: The murder of George Parkman captivated the nation around the year 1850. Your task is the following:

First, decide if you will defend Professor Webster (if you think he did not murder George Parkman) or prosecute Professor Webster (if you think he murdered George Parkman)

Second, read the primary sources to gather evidence about the case and to use in your opening statement to the jury

Third, review the witness list and the information each can provide to the jury on the witness stand Fourth, become familiar with some of the basics that make an effective opening statement (see the handout) Once you have done steps 1 through 4, compose an opening statement between 250-500 words (about 1-2 pages,

double-spaced, 12 point, Times New Roman font) that you would present to the jury as either the prosecution or defense attorney in the Parkman case. Your opening statement should include the following:

o A themeo A brief overview of documents you will present to the juryo A brief overview of the witnesses you will examine o If you are defending Webster (you think he did not murder Parkman):

Think about what you intend to prove, and/or what the other side can’t proveo If you are prosecuting Webster (you think he did murder Parkman):

Think about how you might prove… Parkman is dead Parkman was killed by Webster Webster planned on killing Parkman

Effective Opening Statements

The opening statement is one of the most important components of any trial. It is your first opportunity to present the case to the jury, and to shape the jury’s perspective of the entire trial. The opening statement also is your first opportunity to present yourself to the jury, and to establish the kind of credibility that will persuade jurors to trust the testimony, documents, and other evidence that you eventually will submit for their consideration. A superb opening can set you on a path toward winning the case, but a disastrous opening may be difficult to overcome. Thus, the content and the presentation of your opening statement must be developed with care. As a general rule, counsel may not argue during opening. Rather, the opening statement should serve as a preview of the anticipated testimony, exhibits, and other evidence.

Think of the opening statement as a forecast, designed to provide a general understanding and provokefurther interest, like the kind of preview you might see on the inside jacket of a novel. The jacket text that introduces a novel typically does not confuse the prospective reader with an overly detailed chronology of events; it does not bore the reader with a recitation of the characters’ names in the order they will appear in the book; and it does not command the reader to feel a certain way about the story contained in its pages. Instead, the jacket text captures the essence of the book in a way that gives the reader a general sense of the book’s theme, entices the reader to proceed further, and leaves the reader to make his own judgment regarding the final meaning of the story. That is the way jurors should be left at the end of the opening statement – with an understanding of the case’s theme, an eagerness to learn more, and an appreciation forthe ultimate judgment they will be asked to make.

Part 1: Theme of the CaseIn the opening statement, a lawyer should provide the jury with a theme that will serve as a framework for every

piece of evidence the jury hears during the case. The theme should communicate how the evidence will fit together, and why your client’s position in the case is the right one. Obviously, expressing a theme is difficult to do without bordering on argument – which is improper in the opening statement – but courts generally allow a lawyer to state a theme at thebeginning and end of the opening statement, as long as the rest of the opening is not argumentative.

A good way to develop a theme is to try to describe your case in one summary sentence, as you might do if you were explaining your case to a non-lawyer family member. Get to the heart of the issue – think about the parties’ motivations, and the reasons events unfolded the way they did. Answer the question: What really happened here?

Before all of the witnesses and documents are presented to the jury, make sure the jury knows exactly what they should be listening for – from your point of view. (While you can’t argue your position, you can arrange the facts in such a way that only one conclusion is inevitable.)

Part 2: Set the SceneAfter introducing your theme, you must set the scene of the case, building upon the framework you have

presented. Narrate the scene and introduce people and documents as they naturally fit into the theme of the case. Present the people and evidence in the context of a story, and the jury will look forward to hearing the story unfold as the trial progresses.

Let the facts themselves argue your case. Assemble the facts, and present them in a manner that leaves only one conclusion – the one you are advancing.

The Evening HeraldThird EditionBoston, Saturday, November 30, [1849] 12M.

Startling Intelligence!The Body of Dr. George Parkman Found, Murdered and Cut Up in the Medical College -- Arrest of Professor Webster, charged with the Diabolical Deed -- Tremendous Excitement -- A Riot Anticipated

A rumor has been in circulation for several days past, that there were strong grounds for believing that Dr. Parkman (about whom there has recently been so much agitation in the public mind) had been murdered by a person with whom he was seen in the company on the day of his disappearance, and that his body was then in a pit in one of the hospitals in the city. We endeavored to trace this report to some foundation, but our efforts proved futile, and we were compelled to think of this as of the thousand and one other rumors started since the Doctor's mysterious absence, utterly unworthy of belief.

It seems, however, that there was at least sufficient credence placed upon the rumor by the head of the police, to have a watch established about the suspected place, with instructions to proceed cautiously to take such steps as might tend to unravel the almost impenetrable mystery.

This watch were unable to discover anything unusual about the premises, and were on the point of relinquishing their observations, when a person named Littlefield (who we learn is attached to the college) having his suspicions fully aroused, went to work and began to cut through a brick wall into a vault where he found the lower portion of a human body. This was examined, and pronounced to be a part of the body of Dr. Parkman. The room over this was then broken into, and the legs and abdomen of the Doctor discovered in a water closet. All this took place in the private room of Dr. Webster, or in its immediate vicinity. The flesh from a part of the bones had apparently been cut off, and it is supposed consumed. In the furnace of the laboratory were found a jaw bone, teeth, and other human bones, calcined by the heat. One of the teeth corresponds with that of one of Dr. Parkman's, as it was filled with gold in a peculiar manner around the edges.

Dr. Webster is a Professor of Anatomy in the College, and as far as the examination has at present progressed, there is no way been found by which the remains could have been placed in the position in which it was discovered, except by raising the flooring in the Professor's room.

The facts which appear to implicate Professor Webster as the murderer of Dr. Parkman, are first, that on the Friday of the Dr.'s disappearance, he was seen by several persons to enter the Medical College. 2dly, Professor Webster told the Rev. Dr. Parkman, brother of the deceased, that he (Webster) had paid the defunct the sum of $470 on a mortgage of personal property, on the very day, and about the time he was last seen. But when asked to exhibit the receipt for the money paid, he said that he had taken none. Yesterday the Professor called on Mr. Waterman, tinman, in Court street, and ordered a lead or tin box to be manufactured for him, the top of which he was to sodder on himself. The box was to be sent to Cambridge when it was finished.

It is said also that when Professor Webster was arrested yesterday, he manifested the utmost trepidation, then called for a glass of water, and having by great exertion swallowed a small quantity immediately vomited it up again. His conduct at the jail was that of a maniac.

Dr. Webster is about fifty years of age, has a wife and five children, and has hitherto borne an unblemished character. His family, of course, are in a state of deepest agony.

It has been ascertained that Dr. Parkman, just before going into the college had purchased some articles of food at a provision store, near the college, saying that he would call for them shortly which he did not do.

Suspicion was first directed to the Professor's room on account of the fact that a fire had been kept constantly burning there for the past week, and even, ever since the excitement. Such a circumstance was, in this case unusual, as there had been no fire in that room for a long time previous.

Since the excitement attendant upon the disappearance of Dr. Parkman, Professor Webster has kept his room carefully locked, which occasioned some suspicion on the part of those who have succeeded in partially unraveling this dreadful mystery.

An examination is now going on at the College to ferret out the whole affair. The greatest excitement pervadrs [sic]the public mind on the subject, and it is supposed that the building will be torn down.

The proofs implicating Professor Webster increase with almost every hour. Robert G. Shaw, Esq., and Mr. Dexter, and the friends and relatives of the deceased generally, are using every exertion to the end that the person guilty of this foul and atrocious deed shall be brought to punishment.

Boston Evening HeraldFourth EditionSaturday, December 1 [1849]

The Dreadful Murder Of Dr. ParkmanLater and Fuller ParticularsPROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF INVESTIGATIONReported Suicide of Webster Untrue!The Military Ordered to be in Readiness to Repel any Attack on the College.

On Friday last, between one and two o'clock, Dr. Parkman stopped at a grocery store owned by him in Cambridge street. He there left a small bag of lettuce seed, and ordered sugar and other articles for his family. When he left, he stated to the grocer that he should return in five minutes for the bag, as he was only going to the hospital in Grove Street.

The Dr. was seen to enter the Hospital by several individuals, but no person can be found who saw him come out. His person is well known in that vicinity, and it would have been almost an impossibility for him to leave the Hospital at that time of day, without being seen and recognized by some person.

Attempts have been made to trace the Dr. to Cambridge, immediately after leaving the College, but those who know Dr. Parkman's correct habits, were persuaded that he would not have uudertaken [sic] to go there, so near to his dinner hour and when in the immediate vicinity of his house.

Prof. Webster came into town on Sunday last and visited the college, a circumstance very unusual with him. He stated to parties with whom he conversed, that seeing a notice in the evening papers of Dr. Parkman's disappearance, he came into town for the purpose of notifying the family, where, when, and how he last saw him.

Prof. Webster said that he owed Dr. Parkman a personal mortgage, and that, between the hours of one and two o'clock on Friday he (Professor Webster) paid Dr. Parkman the sum of $483,62, for which he took a receipt. Mr. Webster said that Dr. Parkman appeared as usual, and he noticed nothing particular or singular in his behavior different from his ordinary habits.

From other sources we learn that the mortgage was over due, and had been over due some considerable time; that Dr. Parkman had pressed the Professor for payment, which had been promised several times, but it was not forthcoming.

In this state of facts, it is not unreasonable to suppose that -- as rumor has already asserted -- an altercation took place. What passed within the walls of that private room, no man may ever know, but it is reduced to a certainty, almost absolute, that Dr. Parkman never crossed the threshold of that door.

From many circumstances that have transpired during the week suspicion have been strongly and unceasingly directed towards Prof. Webster. His altered manner, his extreme nervousness, his absent mindedness; all tending to prove some powerful causes operating upon his mind.

His door has been carefully locked during the week, and no person has been permitted to open it. This is contrary to his usual practice and the custom which he has generally followed of allowing free ingress and egress to his rooms, on all proper occasions.

In the College there is a vault, into which the offal arising from dissection is thrown. In Prof. Webster's private room there is another vault used by him to throw the residuum of his laboratory, arising from chemical experiments given in his lectures to students.

This vault was used for that express purpose and no other. Professor Webster was not connected with the department of anatomy. He had nothing to do with it. In that vault, no offal from bodies could possibly get there. It had no right there, much less any distinguishable portion of a human body.

But in this private vault, the lower part of the body of a man has been found.

The circumstances under which this astounding discovery have been made, we have already alluded to. This morning the official authorities, together with the relatives and friends of the deceased assembled at the college and proceeded to extricate the remains so found.

After the closest investigation, the committee and authorities were forcibly led to the painful conclusion that the mangled remnants before them were those of their missing father and friend. A discovery calculated to fill them with profound grief and horror.

The committee of investigation are yet in session. Their proceedings are conducted with the greatest secrecy, and we, of course, are unable to give any idea of their nature or extent or to say what additional evidence has been produced.

The Marshal has ordered all Police to be on the watch for any signal that may be made from Head Quarters , as previously agreed on. There is much excitement among the Irish population on account of the suspicions that were attached to an Irishman, at the same time of Dr. Parkman's first disappearance, and it is reported that many threats of vengeance have been expressed by them. The excitement consequent on these faces is beyond belief, every body is speaking of the subject, and the business seems to have received a paralytic shock.

We learn that a roller has been found in Dr. Webster's room clotted with blood; but in the midst of the intense excitement we hardly know what to credit.

The agitation is as fearful as that which existed in New York on the day the murderer Colt cheated the gallows by stabbing himself to the heart.

P.S. The Mayor has sent word to Col. Andrews, to have his regiment in readiness for any emergency.

It is rumored that Prof. Webster has committed suicide. We learn that report is incorrect.

Boston Evening HeraldEvening EditionTuesday, December 4 [1849]

The Parkman TragedyThe Suspicions Against Littlefield.

A morning paper states that yesterday morning a direct attempt was made to make out a suspicious circumstance against Littlefield. Three students, who are attending the medical lectures at the college, called upon the City Marshal, and represented that on Monday of last week, Littlefield offered to give one of the students $70 for a gold watch, and tendered the money, a part of which was in gold. Some of Dr. Webster's friends thought that Littlefield ought to have been arrested upon the strength of this information. When questioned about the matter by Mr. Parker, County Attorney, Littlefield promptly explained it by saying that it occurred on Monday preceding the disappearance of Dr. Parkman, and that the money was received from the students for fees to be by him paid over to the proper officer, and that having it in his hand he jocosely proposed to buy the watch with it. The ground upon which Dr. Webster's friends wished to have Littlefield arrested was his being in possession of so much money so soon after the disappearance of Dr. Parkman. Mr. Parker replied that as Littlefield was worth some $2000, there was nothing strange in his having $70 in his possession, and the circumstance was not a significant ground for arresting him for murder. This was before Mr. Parker had heard Littlefield's explanation.

Dr. Nathan C. Keep provided dental testimony during the trial of John Webster. It was the first trial in which dental evidence was introduced, and one of the first to use forensics at all.

I am a surgeon-dentist; have been in the practice of my profession, thirty years, in this city; now live, adjoining the residence of Dr. Winslow Lewis, Jr. I have given attention, both to artificial and natural teeth.

I knew the late Dr. George Parkman. I became acquainted with him, as early as 1825, when I was a student of medicine with Dr. John Randall. Dr. Parkman was sick at the time, and was attended by Dr. Randall, and I afterwards called at his house, myself. Our acquaintance began from that period; and since 1825, he had employed me as his family dentist, and called on me, himself, whenever he needed any assistance or advice in the care of his teeth.

Some mineral teeth were shown to me, by Dr. Lewis, on Monday, December 3d, on my return to Boston from Springfield. I recognized them, as the teeth which I had made for Dr. Parkman, in 1846. [The blocks of teeth taken from the furnace, were here exhibited to the witness.] These blocks, now shown to me, are the same which I then recognized as having made for Dr. Parkman.

Dr. Parkman's mouth was a very peculiar one: so marked, in respect to its shape, and the relation of the upper and lower jaws, that the impression of it on my mind was very distinct. I remember the peculiarities of the lower jaw, with great exactness. The circumstances connected with the ordering of these artificial teeth by Dr. Parkman, were somewhat peculiar.

[Mr. Sohier objected to the witness's detailing these circumstances. But the Court thought the statement of them admissible, so far as they went to explain the witness's means of identification.]

When Dr. Parkman ordered the teeth, he inquired how long it would take to prepare them; and, upon my asking his reason for the inquiry, he replied, that the Medical College, (which was then building,) was going to be opened with some inaugural ceremonies, on a given day; and as he was expected to be there, and should perhaps have to make a speech, he wished to have the set finished by that time, or he did not wish to have them at all. The interval named, was rather a short one; but I undertook to fulfil the order. The peculiarities of the mouth made it a very difficult case, requiring the exercise of as much skill and care as could be bestowed upon it. I began the undertaking as soon as possible; gave a large part of my time to it; saw the work frequently, while in progress, under the care of my assistant; and, from the circumstances attending the expedition necessarily used, I remember, very distinctly, the particulars of completing the set; more, than in ordinary cases.

I began, in the usual way, with taking an impression of the Doctor's mouth; -- an exact fac-smile of his two jaws. This was done by applying soft wax (beeswax) in a piece of metal, to lower the jaw, and then pressing it down, till the wax became cold. After the impression was thus taken, it was oiled, and liquor plaster poured in, which was hardened in about ten minutes, and produced an exact copy of the jaw; -- of the surface of the jaw, where the teeth were wanting, and of the teeth themselves, or any stump, where such teeth, or stump, still remained. A like process gave an exact fac-smile, or impression of the upper-jaw. [The witness here produced plaster-casts of an upper and lower jaw.] This, is the plaster-cast, [exhibiting it to the Court and jury,] of Dr. Parkman's lower jaw, taken from life. It had in it, as the cast shows, four natural teeth, and three roots, or stumps.

The next step was, to obtain the metallic plate, fitting over the gum, and between the teeth, upon which to insert the artificial teeth. This was done, by first getting up a trial-plate. The trial-plate is usually made of copper, or some soft metal, and is procured by making, what is called, a male and female metallic punch and die, from castings taken from the plaster-cast. These castings are, one, of zinc or brass, and the other, of a softer metal, -- tin, or, tin and lead. The copper, from which the trial-plate is to be made, is put between these castings, and, sufficient pressure being exerted upon them, an impression is produced, exactly corresponding to the shape of the punch, and that of the plaster cast. This trial-plate is then put into the mouth; and if found to correspond exactly with the shape of the jaw, the interstices between the teeth, &c., it shows that the castings are proper to produce the gold plate, ultimately to be used as the basis of the set, or block.

Here, is the trial-plate, accompanying the plaster-cast, which was fitted into Dr. Parkman's mouth, and found to correspond exactly with the shape of his lower jaw, teeth, &c. [Here, the witness produced a thin, indented strip of copper, exactly fitting to the shape of the lower jaw, as represented in the plaster-cast, with interstices for the admission of the natural teeth.]

Dr. Parkman, had no natural teeth remaining in his upper jaw. Here, is the trial-plate, [producing it,] exhibiting the form of his upper jaw, and to which the gold plate, used for setting the teeth, exactly corresponded. Of course, it needed no perforations for the admission of the teeth, when applied to the natural jaw.

After the trial-plates were obtained, the gold plates were then made, and fitted into the Doctor's mouth.

The impressions, or fac-smiles, of the two jaws, separately, being thus obtained, the next step, was to get their relative position, when in connection; or something, which should show, how they fitted together.

For this purpose, wax was again applied to both his upper and lower jaw, and he then closed his mouth, so as to leave an impression of his two jaws upon different sides of the same piece of wax. Plaster was then run into the two impressions, and pains taken, before the moulds separated, to mark their relative position, by means of an articulation, as shown in the moulds exhibited. [The witness here produced a second mould, or cast, of Dr. Parkman's mouth, showing a representation of his upper and lower jaw, as when the two were shut together. It consisted, like the other, of two pieces, representing the upper and lower jaw, but which fitted together by means of articulation, or coupling, spoken of, in one absolute position.]

The relative connection of Dr. Parkman's jaws, (as shown in this model,) was a peculiar one. The receding of the upper jaw, and the projection of the lower one, were strongly marked; showing an unusual length of chin: differing, however, in conformation, from that of others, who have merely a prominent chin.

The next step, afer obtaining a fac-similie of the jaws in the way spoken of, was to fit on the teeth to the plate, of the right length. The teeth, themselves, and what was to constitute an artificial gum, were made of the proper material, in a soft mass, like clay, and put into moulds, to bake or harden. Before baking, we have to make an enlargement, to allow for shrinking. The shape of Dr. Parkman's lower jaw, rendered this difficult. The teeth were then baked in a muffle, not exposed directly to the fire.

The teeth, in the case of the upper jaw, where there were no natural teeth remaining, were, at first, made all in one set; which, before baking, was cut into three blocks, by seperations bhind the eye-teeth. The lower teeth, also, consisted of three blocks, that were not made whole, at first, in concsequence of the natural teeth. Of these lower blocks, the largest, or longest, was that, on the left side; the next largest, that, on the right side; and a smaller block, of two or three teeth, in front, completed the set.

All these three blocks fitted to one plate, and went into the mouth, together. The three upper blocks, were, also, all on one plate. The two sets were connected togehter by spiral springs, which enabled the wearer to open and shut his mouth, with less danger of their being displaced. The teeth were fastened in, with platinum pins. I have another model, shoing the length of the lower teeth. [Produces it, and exhibits it to the Court and jury.]

In baking the front block of the lower jaw, an accident happened to one of the teeth, which rendered it necessary to make a new block. This was so shortly before the time fixed for the completeion of the set, that it was necesary to work all night, to repair the accident; and when we got them done, the next day -- I mean Dr. Noble, my assistant, and myself -- it only wanted thirty minutes, to the time fixed for the commencement of the ceremonies at the College.

[The Court here took a recess, in consequence of an alarm of fire at the lodgings of the Attorney General, who requested leave of abscence, to preserve valuable papers. Mr. Clifford having returned in a few minutes, the trial proceeded.]

Dr. Keep, resumes -- I did not feel certain that all was completed, as I should finally desire it to be, and requested the Doctor to call again, and show me his teeth. When he next called, he remarked, that he did not feel as if he had room enough for his tongue. In order to obviate that difficulty, I ground the inside fo the lower blocks, next to the tongue, so as to make rmore room. This grinding was somewhat difficult, in consequence of the teeth being in the plate, and becuse it had to be done with a very small wheel. The grinding removed the pink color from the gum, and also the enamel from the teeth on the inside, and somewhat defaced their beauty. The shape of the space ground out, was peculiar, from the size of the wheel, which was not larger than a cent.

I saw Dr. Parkman afterwards, occasionally, for the purpose of making such slight alterations, or repairs, upon his teeth, as were needed. The last time that I saw him, to do anything to his teeth, was about two weeks previous to his disappearance. Having broken a spring, he called upon me, late one evening, to repair it. It was as late as ten o'clock, or after; and being unwell, I had retired for the night. The person who went to the door, happening to know Dr. Parkman, asked him in, and came up and told me that it was him. Out of regard for him, I sent word that I would come down and attend to him, and dressed, as soon as possible. The Doctor told me his trouble; and I took out his teeth, both upper and lower set, examined them all over, to see that every part was right, repaired the spring, and spent half an hour doing what was necessary. This was my last professional intercourse with him. He called on me, however, the day before his disappearance, and stayed some fifteen minutes, inquiring about a servant that had lived with me.

I left the city, the Wednesday following, (November 28th,) and went into the country, to Longmeadow, to spend Thanksgiving, and returned the Monday after. I had heard of the Doctor's disappearance before I left. On my return, Dr. Winslow Lewis Jr., presented to me these three portions of mineral-teeth, [referring again to the blocks taken from the furnace,] saying, that he was requested to bring them to me for examination. On looking at them, I recognized them to be the same teeth that I had made for Dr. Parkman. The most perfect portion that remained, was that block, that belonged to the left lower jaw. [holding it in his hand.] I recognized the shape and the outline, as being identical with the impression left on my mind, of those that I had labored on so long. [Here, the witness was strongly agitated.] Several of the other portions had been very much injured by fire. I proceeded to look for the models, by which these teeth were made. On comparing the most perfect block with the model, the resemblance was so striking, that I could no longer have any doubt that they were his. [Here, the witness was so overcome by his feelings, as to be unable, for a moment, to proceed. The prisoner exhibited no signs of emotion.]

There was sufficient left of these blocks, to show where they belonged. This, in my right hand, [holding it up,] belongs to the right upper jaw. This, to the left upper jaw; and this, to the front portion of the upper jaw. The three parts make up the whole of the upper set. The left lower block is nearly entire. The block attached to it, I take to be the right lower block, from exculsion. This last, certainly does not belong elsewhere ; and, as long as we have found places for the others, I infer that this must belong in the place not supplied. There is a piece not identified, which may, or may not be, the small front block, (of two or three teeth,) of the lower jaw. I identify and assign places for five pieces, and there is one other piece not identified. These would, together, make the six pieces of the set. I find the platinum pins remain attached to the teeth.

[The witness here exhibited to the jury, and afterwards to the Court, the blocks of teeth in connection with the plaster-model or cast : calling attention, particularly, to the coincidence between the left lower block, and the model. He also pointed out the place of the grinding, showing a roughening of the inside, with a slight concave perpendicular indentation.]

I found more or less imbedded with these teeth, portions of gold, and also minute portions of the natural bone of the jaw ; -- what is called cancellated bone, from its peculiar- shaped cells.

To a juror. -- I saw the set of teeth in the Doctor's mouth, at the last interview.

Direct, again. -- The presumption is very strong, that they went into the fire in the head, or with some portion of it, or in some way muffled. These mineral-teeth, when worn, inbibe moisture ; and, if suddenly thrown into the fire, or heated with great rapidity, the outside becomes glazed, and the expansive power of the steam which is generated inside, explodes them. If put into the fire, surrounded by flesh, or other muffling substance, on the contrary, the temperature would be raised more gradually, and the moisture would evaporate from them, slowly. I have known such explosions to take place with new teeth, when heated suddenly. In fact, it is always necessary to take great care to heat them gradually ; and, with a set which had been worn, I should expect nothign else, if heated suddenly, then that they would fly into innumerable pieces. Another circumstance seems to indicate that they went into the fire, in the head, or together ; and that is, that the spiral springs would have thrown them apart, if not confined in some way, when thrown into the furnace. When the teeth were brought to me, the two blocks were in one mass as now shown to me.

Dr. Lester Noble, now of Baltimore, was the assistant, whom I have mentioned.

Cross-examined by Mr. Sohier. -- All these teeth came to me, at the same time, from Dr. Lewis, on the Monday after Dr. Webster's arrest. I have used no effort to bring to recollection, these facts, connected with the manufacture of this set of teeth for Dr. Parkman. In reply to your question, "When they first came to mind mind after his disapearance?" I can hardly say, when they were ever out of my mind. They always occured to me, whenever I met the Doctor. They were in my mind, when Dr. Lewis first showed the teeth to me; and I immediately said, "Dr. Parkman is gone: we shall see him no more." [The witness, and many of the audience, were here affected to tears.]

I recognized them at once, without the moulds, and then went to look for the moulds. This name [of Dr. Parkman, on the mould ; shown to the jury, ] was written upon it, at the time it was made. They were kept in my cellar, where I had put them away. I keep my moulds, mainly, to provide against any accident which may happen to the set of teeth, made from them. I had before fitted parts of a set of teeth for Dr. Parkman ; -- a block for this left lower jaw, where the absorption is shown. This absorption occured while he wore that block. This was before he went to Europe. I took a cast of his jaw, at that time.

I first heard of Dr. Parkman's disappearance, Saturday night, November 24th, before going into the country. I read the advertisement in the newspaper.

Direct, again. -- Dr. Parkman wore no single mineral-teeth. The natural teeth, which he had remaining, were one tooth, and two roots, on the left side, and three teeth and one root upon the right side, in the following order : -- beginning from behind, on the left side, two roots, then a tooth, (the eye-tooth,) then a vacancy ; then, upon the other side, three teeth in succession, then a root, or stump. The teeth remaining, upon the right side, are one front tooth, the eye-tooth, the first bi-cuspid, and the root of the second bi-cuspid. Two roots of natural teeth were exhibited to me, said to be found among the ashes. One of them, at the time of the examination before the grand jury, was still adhering to the largest block. [Witness identified it, now seperate from the block.] There was a third block, adhering to the two now connected together, united with them, by means of slag, or some other matter, when the teeth were first shown to me. It has since been broken apart. [It was stated by Mr. Clifford, and acceded to by Mr. Sohier, that this seperation had taken place, when Mr. Sohier, in company with the counsel for the Government, was examining the teeth at the City Marshal's office, previous to the trial.]

Key Witnesses:

Dr. Winslow Lewis has a diagram illustrating the different sections of the body found in the furnace

o 1. represents the vertebrae and the thoracic cavity which is charred and contains the lungso 2. Represents the pelvic cavity-covered by flesh on the lower parto 3. right thigh dismantled from the pelviso 4. the left thigh dismantled from the pelviso 5. the left leg dismantled from the thigh and foot

Believes remains are what you would have expected to find in Dr. Parkman’s body had he not known Parkman was missing, he would not have suggested that these were Dr. Parkman’s remains Unsure about the wound in the left side of the sternum being a stab wound

Dr. Stone agrees with the assessment given by Dr. Lewis

o agreed that these are the type of remains you would expect Dr. Parkman to haveo wouldn’t have necessarily assumed this unless he already knew he Parkman was missingo cannot say with certainty that the wound in the left side of the sternum is a stab wound

Dr. Charles Jackson confirms that there are no traces on the remains of chemicals normally used to preserve bodies for dissection states that the curved handle knife was always found in Dr. Webster’s room-notes that there was a slight film

of oil on the knife as if it had just been cleaned

Dr. Nathan Keep (Parkman’s dentist)

George Parkman’s dentist did a poor job on the teeth of Webster’s daughters and had been dismissed Some people in Boston believed him to be a poor dentist been working on Parkman’s teeth since 1822

o knows the jaw and the teeth from the furnace to be Parkman’so constructed a set of dentures for Parkman

has a picture of Parkman’s jaw and teetho still has the mold from the work and the teeth fit into the mold

believes the head was put whole into the fire

Dr. Jeffries Wyman produces a drawing of the skeleton parts that were found

The long neck Protruding jaw Notice the swinging arms and left leg extended backwards toes pointing at the ground (the

skeleton is walking-Parkman was the Great Pedestrian)

Emphraim Littlefield janitor of the school-lives in the school with wife and kids. a common man like those on the jury likes to gamble resurrection man—digs up dead bodies and sell them to the medical students for dissection once cleaned out a basement full of dead bodies and body parts for $200 responsible for the disposing of the bodies and parts at the university Here’s his story:

o overhears Parkman and Webster arguing a few days beforeo tells of the exchange between himself and Webster where Webster slams his cane on the concrete because

he disagrees with Littlefield’s story about seeing Parkman enter the buildingo recall Webster giving you the Turkey for Thanksgivingo The slackness of the police searching the school

started digging for the body after the reward is offered

Dr. William Morton Boston’s most famous dentist sees nothing particular about the jaw and teeth or the dentures acknowledge that Parkman had an unusual jaw, but not enough that another plate might actually fit