4. asphalt mixture performance tests. asphalt mixture... · standard (100 mm dia.×150 mm tall) or...

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1 Asphalt Mixture Performance Tests 2 Outline Test Background Sample Preparation Equipment and Operation Test Procedure Data Analysis

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Page 1: 4. Asphalt Mixture Performance Tests. Asphalt Mixture... · standard (100 mm dia.×150 mm tall) or small (38 mm dia.×110 mm tall) specimen geometries AASHTO TP 107 Specimens cored

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Asphalt Mixture Performance Tests

2

Outline

Test Background

Sample Preparation

Equipment and Operation 

Test Procedure

Data Analysis

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What are “Performance Tests“?

Additional tests beyond volumetric properties that are intended to indicate a mix's resistance to particular distresses (i.e. field performance)

The tests may or may not yield an engineering property that can be used in pavement design or analysis.

4

Uses of Performance Tests

For research purposes

To evaluate new materials or design strategies

As part of mix design process (i.e. Balanced Mix Design)

To identify mixtures prone to performance problems

To gain confidence on warranty projects

For Quality Assurance purposes

To assess how plant mix could impact performance and used in pay adjustment factors

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5

Moisture Damage Susceptibility Tests

Tensile Strength Ratio

AASHTO T 283

Hamburg Wheel Tracker

AASHTO T 324

6

Current Use of Moisture Damage Tests

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Moisture Damage Susceptibility Tests 

AASHTO T 283 

Tensile Strength Ratio

Procedure is well established for mix design approval and verification of plant mix

1 week to complete the test

Precision statistics  Single‐operator d2s = 0.093

Multi‐lab d2s = 0.247

Pass/Fail criteria based on TSR

Some states also have minimum conditioned tensile strength

AASHTO T 324 

Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test

Specified by a growing number of states and used by numerous researchers

1 to 2 days to complete test

$60,000+ equipment cost 

Precision statistics unknown, suspected to be poor

Pass/Fail criteria based on Stripping Inflection Point

Also provides an indication of rutting resistance

8

Rutting Tests

E* and Fn

AASHTO TP 79

APA

AASHTO T 340

Hamburg

AASHTO T 324

Shear Stiffness

AASHTO T 320

iRLPD

AASHTO TP 116

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Current Use of Rutting Tests

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Asphalt Pavement Analyzer ‐ APA

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Loading Cycles

Ru

t D

epth

(m

m)

64-22 70-22 SBS 76-22 Airblown 76-22

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Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test

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Flow Number (Fn)

AASHTO TP 79

Specimens fabricated using SGC

100 mm diameter by 150 mm tall

Air voids 7 ±0.5%

600 kPa axial load

0.1 sec load period, 0.9 sec. rest period

LTPPBind 50% reliability 7‐day max. pavement temp. @ 20 mm depth

10,000 cycles or 5% strain

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Flow Number (Fn) The point in the permanent strain curve where the rate of accumulation of permanent strain reaches a minimum value is defined as the flow number.

A higher flow number indicates better rutting resistance.

14

Incremental Repeated Load Permanent Deformation Test

Conduct test on tall specimens compacted in SGC (no coring or cutting).

LTPPBind high temperature, 50% reliability

3 replicates; each specimen is tested incrementally at four stress levels (100, 400, 600, & 800 kPa).

Min. Strain Rate (MSR) at the end of each increment is the measure of permanent deformation resistance. 

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Rutting Tests

Flow Number

AASHTO TP 79

APA

AASHTO T 340

Hamburg

AASHTO T 324

Shear Stiffness

AASHTO T 320

iRLPD

AASHTO TP 116

Traffic, Million ESALs

Min. Flow No. APAmax. rut

depth (mm)3

SST Max. Perm. Shear

Strain (%)1

HMA1 WMA2

<3 Not Applicable

3 to <10 53 30 5 3.4

10 to <30 190 105 4 2.1

> 30 740 415 3 0.8

1NCHRP Rpt. 673, 2NCHRP 9‐43, 3OKDOT 

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Fatigue Thermal

Modes of Cracking

Top‐Down Reflection Block

Load RelatedEnvironment Related

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Fatigue Tests (repeated load tests)

Bending Beam Fatigue

AASHTO T 321

AMPT Cyclic Fatigue Test

AASHTO TP 107 

Texas Overlay Tester

TEX 248‐F; NJDOT B‐10

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Bending Beam Fatigue Test

AASHTO T 321

Beam size – 2.5”x 2”x 15”

7% air voids

Temperature: 20°C

Frequency: 10 Hz

User sets strain magnitude(s)

200 to 800 με is common

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Bending Beam Fatigue

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Bending Beam Fatigue Testing

Long history in research

Used in California on special projects

Specimen fabrication is challenging

Can take several days to complete a single replicate

Poor repeatability

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AMPT Cyclic Fatigue

6 replicates 

standard (100 mm dia.×150 mm tall) or small (38 mm dia.×110 mm tall) specimen geometries

AASHTO TP 107

Specimens cored from SGC specimens

Cyclic load: 10 Hz

Test Temp. = [(HTPG+LTPG)/2]‐3

E* needed first to estimate strain levels

Failure defined as a sharp reduction in phase angle

Failure target between 10,000 and 100,000 cycles

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AMPT Cyclic Fatigue Can use results in either a cracking prediction model (for PRS) or as an index parameter.

DR in FlexPAVE Simulation

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AMPT Cyclic Fatigue Can use results in either a cracking prediction model (for PRS) or as an index parameter.

Sapp as Cracking Index Property

12 12

1

1

11

10, 000

C C

RT

app

aD

CS

Sapp > 8 is the preliminary critical value.

24

Texas Overlay Tester Tex‐248‐F

Developed to simulate overlay on  concrete joint (reflective cracking)

Specimens cut from field cores or SGC specimens; 5 replicates

Epoxied to platens

Repeated saw‐tooth load form; each cycle is 10 seconds; max. opening displacement = 0.025”

Temperature: 25oC

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Texas Overlay Test

Tex-248-F

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Some Top‐Down Cracking Tests

Semi‐Circular BendLADOTD methodASTM D8044

Energy Ratio

OT‐NCAT modified

CantabroAASHTO TP 108

Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I‐FIT); AASHTO TP 124

Texas Overlay TesterTEX 248‐F

IDEAL‐CTASTM D8225

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Semi‐Circular Bend – LA Method

57 mm thick, half‐moon specimens

12 replicates

3 notch depths: 25.4, 31.8, and 38.1 mm

3.0 ± 0.5 mm notch width

25oC

0.5 mm/min load rate

AASHTO R30 long‐term aging 

5 days at 85oC

Outlier evaluation

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Semi‐Circular Bend ‐ LA Method• Calculate Strain Energy to 

Failure (U) for each sample• Eliminate outliers (ASTM E178)• Correlate Strain Energy (U) and 

Notch Depth (a)• Calculate slope

• Calculate J‐integral (Jc)

Louisiana SCB‐Jc CriteriaLevel 1 Traffic: Jc ≥ 0.5Level 2 Traffic: Jc ≥ 0.6

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Illinois Flexibility Index Test (IFIT)

50 mm thick, half‐moon specimens

Notch Depth = 15 mm

Notch Width = 1.5 mm

25oC

50 mm/min load rate 100x faster than SCB‐LA

Minimum of 6 replicates

Test until load < 0.1 kN

Loose‐mix aging

Outlier evaluation

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Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I‐FIT)

𝑮𝒇𝒘𝒇

𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒈 𝑭𝑰

𝑮𝒇

𝒎 𝒙 𝑨

AASHTO T124-16

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Energy Ratio Test

Three IDT tests:

Resilient modulus

Creep compliance

Fracture energy

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Energy Ratio Test

IDT specimens

7±0.5% air voids

3 replicate specimens

Horizontal and vertical strain gauges mounted to both sides of specimens

Servo‐hydraulic test system with environmental chamber

Most commonly conducted at 10oC

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Resilient Modulus

Creep Compliance

Fracture Energy

𝐸𝑅𝐷𝑆𝐶𝐸𝑓 7.294 10 5 𝜎 3.1 6.36 𝑆𝑡 2.46 10 8

𝑚2.98𝐷1

Traffic(ESALs/yr. x 1000)

Minimum Energy Ratio (Roque et al. 2004)

< 250 1

< 500 1.3

< 1000 1.95

Energy Ratio Test

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Overlay Test ‐ NCAT

AMPT fixture

Temperature: 25oC

Specimen cut from SGC specimen

7±0.5% air voids

Repeated direct tension, saw‐tooth waveform; 1 second cycle

Max. displacement = 0.015”

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Overlay Test – NCAT modified

Cycles to failure = peak of Normalized Load ×Cycles graph

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IDEAL‐CT

• 62 ± 1 mm height × 150 ± 2 mm diameter

• Air voids = target ± 0.5%

• target typically 7.0%

• 3 replicates, minimum

• 100 ± 10 N load capacity

• Load Rate 50 ± 2.0 mm/min in LLD Control

• Test duration is typically < 10 seconds

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IDEAL‐CT: Calculation of CTIndex

Failure Energy

Gf

(Joules/m2)

𝐶𝑇𝑡

62𝑙𝐷

𝐺𝑚

10

Pmax

0.75 Pmax

l75

m75

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Low Temperature Cracking Tests

IDT Creep Compliance; AASHTO T 322

Low Temperature Semi‐Circular Bend;     AASHTO TP 105

Disk‐Shaped Compact Tension (DCT);           ASTM D7313

Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test

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Sample Preparation & Test System

TestEquipment Needed for Spec. Prep. Test Machine

Bending Beam Fatigue

Beam compactor & wet saw Servo-hydraulic test system with environmental chamber

AMPT Cyclic Fatigue

SGC, coring rig, wet saw, LVDT-stud alinement jig

AMPT

Texas Overlay Test

SGC, wet saw, & 10 lb. weights

OT machine orAMPT w. OT jig

Semi-CircularBend (LA)

SGC & wet saw Stand-alone servo-hydraulic test system

I-FIT SGC & wet saw Stand-alone servo-hydraulic test system

Energy Ratio SGC, wet saw, stud alinement jig

Servo-hydraulic test system with environmental chamber

IDEAL-CT SGC Stand-alone servo-hydraulic test system

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NCAT suggestions for mix aging

Cracking of asphalt pavement surfaces are strongly influenced by aging of the surface layer.

Top‐down cracking often appears after 3 to 5 years.

A high aging gradient occurs in asphalt pavements. Surface layers age to much greater degree than lower layers.

Aging rate is influenced by climate as quantified by Cumulative Degree Days (CDD).

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NCAT suggestions for mix aging

Several studies have shown that AASHTO R30 long term aging protocol (compacted specimens 5 days at 85C) is not severe enough for surface layers. 

Recent NCHRP 9‐54 study recommends loose mix aging at 95C for a period based on climate and pavement layer depth. For most of US, surface layer mixes would be aged for 3 to 5 days. 

Limited NCAT aging study found loose mix aging at higher temperature for time based on climate CDD (e.g. 8 hrs at 135C equal to 4‐5 years in Alabama; 6 hrs at 135C equal to 4‐5 years in Minnesota).

NCAT refers to this protocol as “critical” aging.

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Questions