Centers/Tokyo

MPPA-DL 452Session 4

Course Themes

• Dynamics: Globalization, Urbanization

• Circuits: Transnationals, Diasporas

• Centers: Agglomeration, Sprawl

• Margins: New Inequalities

• Ecologies: Sustainability

• Architectures: A Sense of Place

• Crises: Globalization in Reverse

Tokyo, Japan

Japan population

density (pop/sq km,

2005)

Japan’s “economic density” is concentrated in Tokyo-Yokohama area

Source: “The Environment of Tokyo 2006”, Tokyo Metropolitan Government White Paper (2006)

Proportion of Workers in Tokyo Metropolis by Place of Residence

Population Commuting into Tokyo Metropolis by Prefecture (2006)

The arrows indicate workers who live in neighboring prefectures and commute into Tokyo. Source: Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications; "Population Census"

Source: “The Environment of Tokyo 2006”, Tokyo Metropolitan Government White Paper (2006)

Cost of city living: Tokyo households spend less on transportation, more on everything else

Trends in Population by Age Group, Tokyo, 1990-2005

Source: Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; "Population Census"

Japan and

Tokyo Age

Pyramid, 1964-2015

Ten year plan: Greenbelt

Source: “Tokyo’s Big Change: The 10-Year Plan”, accessed 10/15/09 at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy03.htm

Ten year plan: Expressway network

Source: “Tokyo’s Big Change: The 10-Year Plan”, accessed 10/15/09 at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy03.htm

Ten year plan: “Creative urban

industries”

Source: “Tokyo’s Big Change: The 10-Year Plan”, accessed 10/15/09 at http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy03.htm

“The economic base, spatial organization and social structure of the world’s major cities are strongly influenced by the national development model and regional context in which each city is embedded…

“Tokyo’s global control apparatus resides in financial and industrial policy networks among public policy companies, banks and industrial enterprises, under the guidance of government ministries.”Hill and Kim, “Global Cities and Developmental States” (2000)

spatial theory

Concentric zone model (Burgess, 1925)

Sector model (Hoyt, 1939)

Multiple nuclei model (Harris and Ullman, 1945)

ΧA ΧB

ΧAΧB

ΧAΧB

ΧA ΧB

Demand Maximization Approach

Hotelling’s beach vendors

sprawl and “smart growth”

Centralized: Le Corbusier’s Radiant City

Decentralized: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City

High and Low Sprawl for Major Metro Areas, 1999

Source: Glaeser and Kahn, “Sprawl and Urban Growth,” Harvard (2003)

Source: Glaeser and Kahn, “Sprawl and Urban Growth,” Harvard (2003)

Growth in Home Size, 1973-present

Housing Consumption in Center Cities and Suburbs, 1999

Source: Glaeser and Kahn, “Sprawl and Urban Growth,” Harvard (2003)

“The demand for urban density comes from the desire to eliminate transportation costs for goods, people and ideas.”

Rail Transportation Costs, U.S., 1890-2000

Source: Glaeser, “Cities in the Developing World,” 2003 World Bank symposium.

The Rise of the Consumer City

jan mean temp of major city, 199

Population Growth 1980-2000/MSA Fitted values

4.3 71.4

-.193765

1.96076

• In 1900, cities had to locate in places where firms had a productive advantage.

• In 2000, cities increasingly locate in places with attractive amenities.

•The move to sun and sprawl both reflect the same phenomenon.

•Consumer cities– not producer cities.

•Car cities, not walking or public transit cities.

•The 20th century transformation?

The Rise of the Consumer City

Source: Glaeser, “Cities in the Developing World,” 2003 World Bank symposium.

Source: Pendall, et al., Brookings, 2006

Zoning and Land Use Approaches

New urban landscape

“Megaregions”

Charter of the New Urbanism (excerpts) - www.cnu.org

• We stand for the restoration of existing urban centers and towns within coherent

metropolitan regions, the reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into communities of real

neighborhoods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments, and the

preservation of our built legacy.

• The metropolitan region is a fundamental economic unit of the contemporary world.

Governmental cooperation, public policy, physical planning, and economic strategies must

reflect this new reality.

• The metropolis has a necessary and fragile relationship to its agrarian hinterland and natural

landscapes. The relationship is environmental, economic, and cultural. Farmland and nature

are as important to the metropolis as the garden is to the house.

• Cities and towns should bring into proximity a broad spectrum of public and private uses to

support a regional economy that benefits people of all incomes. Affordable housing should

be distributed throughout the region to match job opportunities and to avoid concentrations

of poverty.

• Revenues and resources can be shared more cooperatively among the municipalities and

centers within regions to avoid destructive competition for tax base and to promote rational

coordination of transportation, recreation, public services, housing, and community

institutions.

• Within neighborhoods, a broad range of housing types and price levels can bring people of

diverse ages, races, and incomes into daily interaction, strengthening the personal and civic

bonds essential to an authentic community.

• Transit corridors, when properly planned and coordinated, can help organize metropolitan

structure and revitalize urban centers. In contrast, highway corridors should not displace

investment from existing centers.

• The economic health and harmonious evolution of neighborhoods, districts, and corridors

can be improved through graphic urban design codes that serve as predictable guides for

change.

Copyright 1996, Congress for the New Urbanism. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce

the Charter in full or in excerpt, provided that this copyright notice remains intact.