4 emergency readiness identify causes of emergencies. distinguish safety and emergency signs,...
TRANSCRIPT
4 Emergency Readiness
Identify causes of emergencies.
Distinguish safety and emergency signs, codes, and symbols.
Summarize how to respond to various disasters.
Summarize fire prevention and fire safety practices.
Demonstrate the appropriate response to an emergency fire situation.
4 Emergency Readiness
Assess what is wrong with an injured or sick person.
Apply knowledge to an initial assessment and a focused exam.
Demonstrate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the one-rescuer adult, child, and infant and the two-rescuer adult.
Practice responsive and unresponsive foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) for adult, child, and infant.
Practice 16 first-aid and CPR procedures.
4.1 Emergency Readiness 4.1 Emergency Readiness Topics
0Medical Emergencies0First Aid0Contacting EMS0Safety and Emergency Signs0Bioterrorism and Disasters
4.1 Emergency Readiness
Medical Emergencies
0A medical emergency is any situation in which a person suddenly becomes ill or sustains an injury that requires immediate help by a healthcare professional.
4.1 Emergency Readiness First Aid
0First Aid is the initial help given to a sick or injured person.0First aid may include:0Dialing 9110Providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CPR (A series of ventilations (breaths) and chest compressions used on a person who has stopped breathing or whose heart has stopped.)
4.1 Emergency Readiness
Contacting EMS0STEPS 0Speak clearly.0Speak calmly.0Provide all important information.0Do not hang up until the dispatcher gives
you permission to do so.
Contacting EMS Practice 0911 : What is your Emergency?
0What is your location and phone number?
0Which entrance will we go in?
0 Important information:
4.1 Emergency Readiness
Safety and Emergency Signs
0To maintain safety and be prepared for an emergency, it is essential to recognize safety insignia.
0Most healthcare facilities use emergency codes that are defined by color.
4.1 Emergency Readiness Safety and Emergency Signs
4.1 Emergency Readiness Bioterrorism and Disasters0Bioterrorism is the intentional release of a
biologic agent with the intent to cause harm.0A healthcare professional must be familiar
with the steps for responding to all disasters.0A healthcare facility should have evacuation
and shelter-in-place plans.0Maps of the facility with escape routs clearly
marked should be posted.
4.1 Emergency Readiness
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
4.1 Emergency Readiness
A series of ventilations (breaths) and chest compressions used on a person who has stopped breathing or whose heart has stopped.
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
4.2 Fire Safety
4.2 Fire Safety Concepts
0Fire Triangle0Types of Extinguishers0How to Use a Fire Extinguisher0When a Fire Emergency Occurs0Emergency Fire Rules
4.2 Fire SafetyFire Triangle0Fire can occur in any setting when three
elements are present. The elements necessary for a fire risk to occur are 0fuel (something that will burn), 0heat (a temperature high enough to allow
the fuel to burn), and0oxygen (to feed the fire).
Fire Extinguishers
Class
A (Water)
B (Carbon dioxide)
C (K bicarbonate)
D
ABC (Chemical)
Common combustibles
Flammable liquids
Electrical
Combustible metals (magnesium)
All ABC fires
Application
Types of Extinguishers05 types are available, with ABC being the most
common.
4.2 Fire SafetyHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher
0Remember the key word PASS:0P = Pull the pin.0A = Aim at the base of the fire.0S = Squeeze handle.0S = Sweep nozzle from side to side to
displace oxygen away from the fire.
4.2 Fire SafetyWhen a Fire Emergency Occurs
0Remember the key word RACE:0R = Rescue.0A = Alarm. Assign someone to pull the
alarm.0C = Contain. Close the windows and doors.0E = Evacuate.
3rd Floor Plan
4.2 Fire Safety
Emergency Fire Rules
0Be prepared! Know your responsibilities.
0Know when and how to evacuate.0Know where the fire alarms are
located and how to activate them.0Keep fire extinguishers in plain
view and readily accessible.
4.2 Fire Safety
Emergency Fire Rules (cont.)
0Keep areas uncluttered.0Evacuate ambulatory patients first, then the wheel-
chair bound, then the bed-bound.0 If possible, never leave a patient alone in a fire
emergency.0Never use an elevator in a fire situation.0Never open windows.0Never open a door that feels hot.
4.2 Fire Safety
How should you operate a fire extinguisher?
4.2 Fire Safety
P = Pull the pin.
A = Aim at the base of the fire.
S = Squeeze handle.
S = Sweep nozzle from side to side to displace oxygen away from the fire.
How should you operate a fire extinguisher?
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Basics of First Aid
0Consent0Responsibilities of First-Aid Providers
0 Evaluating the Scene0 The Primary Assessment0 The Secondary Assessment
Basics of First Aid
0First aid is the initial help and care provided to a sick or injured person. It is not a replacement for medical help.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Consent
0Consent must be obtained before applying first aid to a conscious adult.
0Consent is implied for an unconscious person.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Responsibilities of First-Aid Providers
0Recognize an emergency based on the patient’s appearance, behavior, or surroundings.
0Make a decision to help.0Call EMS if the situation dictates.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Responsibilities of First-Aid Providers (cont.)
0Safely gain access to the patient and determine what is wrong.
0Provide first aid.0Stay with the patient until EMS arrives.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Evaluating the Scene
0Determine the possibility of threats to yourself, the patient, and bystanders.
0Determine the nature or cause of the illness or injury. 0Determine the number of sick or injured. Then call
EMS if necessary, and report your findings.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
4.3 Basics of First Aid
The Primary Assessment
0For a conscious and responsive patient, introduce yourself by name, state that you know first aid, and ask if you can help.
0Based on the patient’s response, you can perform an initial assessment.
4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)
0Form an impression of the patient by asking yourself the following questions:0 How does the patient look?0 How is the patient behaving?0 Does the patient appear to be in distress or pain?0 Do you see any bleeding?0 What color is the patient?
4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)
0For an unresponsive patient, follow these steps:0 Assuming no neck or back injuries, position the patient
on his or her back.0 Check for responsiveness by lightly tapping the patient
on the shoulder and speaking to him or her. If no response, continue with the ABCs.
4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)
0ABCs of an initial assessment0 A – make sure the airway is open.0 B – check for breathing.0 C – check circulation by taking pulse.
4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)
0Airway – check by using the head tilt-chin lift method. For suspected neck or back injury use the jaw thrust maneuver.
0Breathing – check for breathing using the look, listen, and feel method.
0Circulation – check for signs of circulation.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Secondary Assessment
0Conduct a focused exam unless the patient requires resuscitation.
0The focused exam immediately follows the initial assessment.
0Focused exams need not be performed on patients with minor injuries or illness.
0NEVER move a patient with suspected neck or back injuries.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Secondary Assessment (cont.)
0Have someone hold the patient’s head, then perform the following steps:0 Head – look at and feel for deformities,
bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Secondary Assessment (cont.)
0 Eyes – gently open the eyes and compare the pupils. They should be the same size.
0 Neck – look and feel for deformities, bruises, depressions, open wounds, tenderness, and swelling. Check for a medical alert necklace.
Secondary Assessment (cont.)
0 Chest – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
0 Abdomen – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Secondary Assessment (cont.)
0 Pelvis – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
0 Legs – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling. Compare the skin color, temperature, and size of both legs.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
Secondary Assessment (cont.)
0 Arms – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling. Compare the skin color, temperature, and size of both arms.
0 Back – slide your hand under the back as far as it will go, without moving the patient. Look and feel for bleeding, deformities, bruises, open wounds, depressions, tenderness, and swelling.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
4.3 Basics of First AidObtaining Information From a Patient
0 Use the memory aid SAMPLE to gather information relating to the patient’s symptoms and medical history.0 S = Signs and Symptoms: “What seems to be bothering you today?” or “What
is wrong?”0 A = Allergies: “Are you allergic to any medications?” “What are they?”0 M = Medications: “What prescription or over-the-counter medications,
vitamins, or herbal remedies are you taking?”0 P = Pertinent Past Medical History: “Have you ever had this problem before?”
“What was it?” “What other medical problems or conditions do you have?”0 L = Last Oral Intake: “When was the last time you ate or drank something?”
“What was it?”0 E = Event preceding: “What were you doing when this happened?” “How did it
happen?”0 If possible, write down the findings of your primary and
secondary assessments and history to give to EMS providers when they arrive.
4.3 Basics of First Aid
When should you move a patient with a neck or back injury?
4.3 Basics of First Aid
NEVER move a patient when you think that the patient has a neck or back injury.
When should you move a patient with a neck or back injury?
4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationCardiopulmonary Resuscitation
0The Chain of Survival0Using Barrier Devices and Face Masks0Using a Bag-Valve Mask0Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation0Foreign Body Airway Obstruction
4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
The Chain of Survival
0Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating.
0Ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurs when the heart stops beating and just quivers.
4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
The Chain of Survival (cont.)
0Five links in the chain of survival:0 Early access to EMS.0 Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions.0 Rapid defibrillation.0 Effective advanced life support.0 Integrated post-cardiac arrest care.
4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationUsing Barrier Devices and Face Masks
0Follow appropriate infection control procedures, including use of latex or vinyl gloves and barrier devices.
4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Using a Bag-Valve Mask
0A bag-valve mask (BVM) consists of a self-inflating bag and a one-way valve attached to a face mask.
0A BVM is most effective when two first-aiders work together and use supplemental oxygen.
4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationCardiopulmonary Resuscitation
0Three “red flags” for victims of sudden cardiac arrest:0 No response when spoken to or touched.0 No signs of circulation such as coughing, movement, or
pulse.0 No breathing or inadequate breathing.
4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationForeign Body Airway Obstruction
0Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) can occur in patients of all ages.
0Perform abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts until object is expelled.
4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Name the five links in the chain of survival.
4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
1. Early access to EMS.
2. Early CPR.
3. Rapid defibrillation.
4. Effective advanced live support.
5. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care.
Name the four links in the chain of survival.
• Injuries to bones, joints, and muscles
• Diabetic emergencies
• Heat emergencies
• Cold-related emergencies
• Poisons
• Heart attack• Stroke• Minor wounds• External bleeding• Internal bleeding• Shock• Anaphylaxis• Burns
4.5 First Aid for Specific Emergencies
Emergencies
0The most common types of emergencies are:
4.5 First Aid for Specific Emergencies
What are four signs or symptoms of an injured extremity?
4.5 First Aid for Specific Emergencies
1. Deformity
2. Pain and tenderness
3. Swelling
4. Bruising
What are four signs or symptoms of an injured extremity?
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