4 formulating the research design2
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MODULE 4: Formulating the research methodology & Data collection methods
Research MethodsSherzad Ali Ismael,Community Medicine Dept,College of Medicine.
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Module 1: Learning outcomes Be able to identify different types of
research design (methodology) & data collection methods (research methods).
Understand the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires as a data collection method;
Be able to design, conduct and administer a questionnaire to answer research questions and to meet objectives.
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Types of research methodology
Case study Survey Experiment Other types:
Action research. Grounded theory Ethnography Archival research
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Types of research methodology
Case study: A type of research strategy that includes
either a single case (a case record) or a small number of cases (case series) but each case is discussed in details.
The subject of the cases may be a person, an organization, a situation or a country.
Examples: ▪ Studying a case or a group of cases after Laser
eye surgery.
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Types of research methodology Survey:
Refers to the collection of information from a group of people belonging to a population of interest to make assumptions about that population.
The population of interest can be patients, learners (students), researchers or colleagues.
Can be descriptive or explanatory. Collect quantitative data that are analyzed
quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics
Use questionnaire or interview to obtain data.Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods
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Types of research methodology Experiment:
A research design that attempts to discover a cause-effect relationship between two variables.
Used in exploratory and explanatory research to answer ‘what’ and ‘why’ questions.
Has two main key elements:▪ Experimental group.(Subjects exposed to the
experimental variable in an experiment)▪ Control group. (Subjects not exposed to the
experimental variable in an experiment)
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Definitions
Population: an entire body of people to which the researcher would like to generalize research findings.
Samples: a segment of the population.
Number of individuals (cases) are called sample size.
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Definitions
Independent variable: a variable that brings a bout change in another variable. (i.e. the cause)
Dependent variable: is the outcome of the study that is changed by the independent variable
Intervening variable (Moderating variable): a variable that may come between the independent & dependent variable in an experiment.
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Schematic diagram of a research variables (Model)
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Experiment
Example: Randomized controlled trial (clinical trial)
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Time horizon
Cross-section. (Collect data at a particular time) often employ the survey methodology
(Easterby-Smith et al. 2008; Robson 2002)
Longitudinal. (Collect data over time) study change and development (e.g.
incidence).
Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods
Jan. 2012 Jun. 2012
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Data collection methods(Research Methods)
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Types of research data
Primary data: data collected specifically for the purpose of the researcher.
Secondary data: Data have already been collected for some purposes other that researcher’s purpose, includes: Raw data, Compiled data (published summaries)
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Methods of data collection
Interview Focus group Questionnaire Others
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Interview
An interview is a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell 1957).
Types: Structured interviews;▪ Structured: the questions are the same for each
participant. Semi-structured interviews (Qualitative
research interview) Unstructured interview (in-depth interviews)
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Uses of different types of interview in each of the main research categories
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Forms of electronic interviews
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Focus groups (Group interview) Focus groups may be called discussion
groups or group interviews. A number of people are asked to come to
gether. (6-8 persons/ group, 3-4 groups). The discussion is led by a moderator or
facilitator who: introduces the topic, asks specific questions, controls side discussions
Focus groups may be video or audio-recorded
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Questionnaire
A set of questions which can be answered by research participants.
Tend to be used for descriptive or explanatory research
Some packages (e.g. Snap Surveys™, Sphinx Development™ and SurveyMonkey.com™) allow you both to design your questionnaire, collect, enter and analyze the data within the same software.
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Types of questionnaire
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Types of questions in questionnaire
Open-ended: Closed ended, Combination of both
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Open-ended questions
Open questions, used widely in in-depth and semi-structured interviews
Useful if you are unsure of the response, such as in exploratory research, when you require a detailed answer.
Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods
6. Please list up to three things you like about your study:
1………………………………………………………………2………………………………………………………………3. …………………………………………………………….
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Closed ended questions
Provide a number of alternative answers from which the respondent is instructed to choose.
Follow a set format Used to generate statistics in
quantitative research Type of question is usually quicker
and easier to answer, as they require minimal writing
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Types of closed ended questions
1. List questions offer the respondent a list of responses, any of which they can choose
The response categories you can use vary widely and include ‘yes/no’, ‘agree/disagree’ and ‘applies/does not apply’ along with ‘don’t know’ or ‘not sure’.
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Types of closed ended questions
2. Category questions are designed so that each respondent’s answer can fit only one category.
Useful if you need to collect data about behavior or attributes
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Types of closed ended questions
3. A ranking question asks the respondent to place things in rank order.
Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods
Please number each of the factors listed below in order of importance to you in your choice of selection. Number the most important 1, the next 2 and so on. If a factor has no importance at all, please leave blank
Factor ImportanceA []B []C []
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Types of closed ended questions
4. Rating questions are often used to collect opinion data.
Rating questions most frequently use the Likert-style rating scale.
Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods
For the following statement please tick ✓ the box that matches your view most closely.
Plagiarism is an intelligent theft Agree Don’t know Disagree
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Types of closed ended questions
5. Quantity questions: The response to a quantity question is a
number, which gives the amount of a characteristic.
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Question coding
They will need to be coded prior to entry if planned to analyze the data.
For quantity questions, actual numbers can be used as codes. For other questions, you will need to design a coding scheme.
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Thanks for listening
Research Methods-Sherzad Ali Ismael- MODULE 4: Formulating the research design & Data collection methods