HEALTH RISK and PRECAUTIONS

INTRODUCTION

• The number of people travelling internationally is increasing every year

• According to statistics of the WTO by 2010 International arrivals are reach 1 billion, and expected 1.6 billion by 2020

Health Risk Source

International travel can pose various risk to health, depending on the characteristics of both the traveler and the travel

Health Risk Source

Serious health risks may arise in areas where accommodation is poor quality, hygiene and sanitation are inadequate, medical services are not well developed and clean water unavailable

Minimize The Risk

All people planning travel should know about the potential hazards of the countries they are travelling to and learn how to minimize their risk of acquiring diseases.

Minimize The Risk

Forward planning, appropriate preventive measures and careful precautions can substantially reduce the risks of adverse health consequences.

Traveler's Responsibility It is the traveler's responsibility to

ask for information, to understand the risks involved, and to take the necessary precautions for the journey

Travel-Related Risks

Key factors in determining the risks to which travelers may be exposed are (WHO 2015) :– Destination– Duration and season of travel– Purpose of travel– Standards of accommodation and food hygiene– Behavior of the traveler– Underlying health of the traveler

Few Potential Risk

Business travelers, visitors and tourists visiting major cities or tourist centers and staying in good quality accommodation

Health Risk

The mode of transportation, duration of the visit and the behavior and lifestyle of the travelers are important in determining of exposure to infectious agents or disease

Health Risk

Travelers and travel medicine practitioners should be aware of the occurrence of any disease outbreaks in their international destinations

Health Risk

Some countries, such as India, Malaysia, or Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America

Health Risk

However, JCI and Trent fulfill the role of accreditation by assessing the standards in the healthcare in the countries like India, China and Thailand.

Medical Tourism Risk

Traveling long distances soon after surgery can increase the risk of complications. Long flights and decreased mobility in a cramped airline cabin are a known risk factor for developing blood clots in the legs

Reduce Medical Tourism Risk

To minimize these problems, medical tourism patients often combine their medical trips with vacation time set aside for rest and recovery in the destination country.

The Main Responsibilities of Traveler

• Careful planning before departure• Carrying a medical kit and

understanding its use • Recognition and acceptance of any

risks involved• Compliance with recommended

vaccinations and other prescribed medication

The Main Responsibilities of Traveler

• Responsibility for obtaining a physician’s letter pertaining to any prescription medicines

• Responsibility for the health and well-being of accompanying children

• Careful reporting of any illness on return, including information about all recent travel

• Respect for the host country and its population

Medical Consultation

This consultation should take place at least 4–8 weeks before the journey, and preferably earlier if long-term travel or overseas work is envisaged.

Medical Consultation

• A basic medical kit will be prescribed or provided, supplemented as appropriate to meet individual needs.

• Dental and gynecological check-ups are advisable before travel to developing countries or prolonged travel to remote areas.

Insurance for Travelers

International travelers should be aware that medical care abroad is often available only at private medical facilities and may be costly.

Insurance for Travelers

It should be noted that some countries now require proof of adequate health insurance as a condition for entry

Insurance for Travelers

Travelers should be advised to seek information about possible reciprocal health-care agreements between the country of residence and the destination country

Insurance for Travelers

Travelers should be advised to obtain special travelers health insurance for destinations where health risks are significant and medical care is expensive or not readily available

Insurance for Travelers

Travel agent should inform to travelers of the procedures for obtaining assistance and reimbursement, particularly if the insurance policy is arranged by the travel agent or company

MALPRACTICE

PENGERTIAN

• Mal mempunyai arti “salah” • Praktik mempunyai arti “pelaksanaan” atau

“tindakan”• Malpraktik berarti “pelaksanaan atau

tindakan yang salah”

Medical Malpractice

Medical malpractice can occur when a health care professional fails to exercise the degree of care that a reasonable health care professional would exercise under the same or similar circumstances. (Nursing Law Manual, 2008)

Contoh Kasus

Nursing Malpractice Claims(Deanna L. Reising, 2012)

• Failure to follow standards of care• Failure to use equipment in a responsible

manner• Failure to assess and monitor• Failure to communicate• Failure to document• Failure to act as a patient advocate or follow

the chain of command

THANK YOU