Lesson I

Lesson IVFREQUENCY, TIME, PLACE, NUMBERS AND RELATED TOPICSp. 52(1) Frequency adverbs they are used to express approximately how many times a customary or habitual action or condition is repeated. They are not generally used with continuous tenses. Here are the common ones listed in order of declining frequency:

Affirmatives: always, usually, frequently, often, sometimes and occasionally.

Negatives: seldom, rarely, hardly ever and never.

Interrogative: ever?(2) Position of frequency adverbs in affirmative statements is determined by the verb. They immediately precede the verb in simple present statements unless the verb is be, in which case they follow.A. COMPLMENT(FA)VERB(FA)SUBJECT Bill often calls up his mother after nine p.m.The charge is usually less at night.B. Some of the affirmative frequency adverbs, particularly sometimes, also appear at the beginnings and ends of sentences. Not all frequency words fit this pattern, however.Sometimes Bill calls up his mother in the morning.Bill calls up his mother in the morning sometimes.C. Negative statements of frequency are of two kinds: those negated by frequency adverbs, and those negated by not. e.g.Bill doesn't often call his mother in the morning.Bill seldom calls his mother in the morning.She isn't usually at home then.She is hardly ever at home then.

D. Yes/no questions about frequencye.g.Does Bill ever call his mother in the morning?Is she frequently at home then? E. Information questionse.g.Who sometimes calls his mother in the morning? Bill.When does Bill usually call his mother? At night.Where does Mrs. Brown usually go in the morning? To the store.What does she usually do there? She buys food.(3) Time at the beginning. In the sentence patterns we have examined so far, all the time expressions are in the same position-at the end of the sentence. When a speaker wishes to emphasize time, or when he feels a need for variety in his sentence patterns, he puts the time expression at the beginning.

On Saturday nights Jack goes to the movies.On Tuesdays Bill doesn't get up early.At noon there is always a long line in the cafeteria.Right now the students are having an English lesson.Today they are studying prepositions.(4) Place at the beginning. A place expression may also come at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis or variety, though this is a less frequent pattern. It happens most often in the presence of expletive there. e.g.In the drug store there is a public telephone.In the reference room there are many encyclopedias.There the students do their assignments.There Jack studies in the afternoon.

When there at the beginning refers to a place previously mentioned, the rest of the sentence pattern is normal, as in the illustrations above. However, when there refers to something being pointed to, the rest of the sentence is inverted. The same thing happens with here. e.g.Place + verb + subjectThere is the bookstore.Here come the Aliens.There goes the bus.(5) There are two kinds of numbers: cardinal and ordinal. Cardinal numbers are used in counting and reckoning. Ordinal numbers indicate rank. See p.55b. When a noun is modified by both an ordinal and a cardinal, the ordinal always comes first.

Ordinal + Cardinal + noune.g.The first five exercises are easy.The second five exercises are hard.

(6) More about Timea. Hours and minutes6:00 six / six o'clock6:10 six ten / ten (minutes ) after six6:15 six fifteen / a quarter after six / a quarter past six6:30 six thirty / half past six6:45 six forty-five / a quarter to seven / a quarter of seven6:55 six fifty-five / five ( minutes) to seven / five (minutes) of seven12:00 noon / midnight

b. Days of the week are capitalized and should be spelled correctly, though some of them are difficult.Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday

c. Months and seasons differ in different parts of the world. In the United States they are roughly as follows:

When writing a date on a letter or assignment, write the complete name of the month and be sure it is spelled correctly.

d. Dates are generally read as ordinal numbers. Years are expressed in groups of ten.January 1, 1975 = January first nineteen seventy-fiveJuly 4, 1776 = July fourth seventeen seventy-six

In the United States, abbreviated dates are written with the month first. This is just opposite to the practice in most parts of the world, including Britain. It sometimes causes confusion for people who are not aware of the difference.3/4/72 means March 4, 1972.6/9/60 means June 9, 1960.

Winter Fall / autumn Summer Spring DecemberJanuaryFebruarySeptemberOctoberNovemberJuneJulyAugustMarchAprilMaye. Prepositions used with times and dates.

Note/ When time, day, and date all occur in one sentence, the time precedes the day and no preposition is used before the date: e.g. The meeting is at 2 o'clock on Tuesday, August 15.

EXAMPLESRULESin May, in September, in Julyin 2004, in 1970, in 1981 in winter, in spring, in summerin the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening1. in before months years Seasons Special expressionson Friday, on Tuesday, on Mondayon July 4th, on the 25th of December2. on before days of the week Dates at half past six, at seven thirty, at 5:15, at 8:00at noon, at night, at midnight3. at before the time of day Special expressions(7) More about placea. Addresses are written with the number of the building first, followed by the street, city, state, and ZIP code. The ZIP 2 code is a five-digit number, and every address in the United States has one. It is important to include the ZIP code for speedy delivery of mail.5629 South Wood StreetChicago, Illinois 60636Numbers are read either as a series of cardinals or in sets of tens. Zero is pronounced as the letter o.204 = two-o-four914 = nine fourteen5629 = fifty-six twenty-nine or five six two nine.b. Prepositions used with places

EXAMPLESRULESin Europe, in Asiain Brazil, in Iraq in California, in Arizonain New York, in Chicago 1. in before Continents Countries States Cities and Townson Main Street, on Broadway2. on before streetsat 5629 South Wood Street3. at before numbers and buildings(9) Two-word Verbs Two-word verbs used in connection with telephoning are:call up a (someone) : telephonepick up (something) : lift with the fingershang up: place the telephone receiver on its hook

GO TO P. 69 EX. a., b., and c.(10) Transitive versus intransitiveOne of the two-word verbs we learned never takes an object. Some of the others must have an object to complete their meaning. Still others are used both ways. As we shall learn later, some transitive two-word verbs pattern in a peculiar way when their objects are pronouns-but let's leave that for another lesson.

INTRANSITIVE (never has an object)BOTH(may or may nothave an abject)TRANSITIVE (always has on object)Get upCall upHang uplook up somethingpick out somethingpick up somethingThe End of Lesson IV