CMPDI

Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines Less than 5 million Cu. m. (OB +Coal) of Western Coalfield Limited based on Satellite Data for the Year 2011

  

Gondegaon OCP

Submitted to

Western Coalfield Limited

CMPDI

Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast

Coal Mines less than 5 million Cu.m. (OB+Coal) of Western Coalfields Limited based on Satellite Data for the Year 2011

March-2012

Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division

CMPDI, Ranchi

jobNo.56440828(WCL) i

CMPDI

CONTENTS Executive Summary iv-vi

1.0 Background 1

2.0 Objective 2

3.0 Methodology 2 4.0 Land Reclamation in Western Coalfield Limited 6

List of Tables

Table – 1 Project wise Land Reclamation Status vi

Table – 2 Land use / reclamation status in Opencast Project of WCL

7

List of Plates

Plate -1 Land Use/Cover map of Kolegaon OCP 8

Plate -2 Land Use/Cover map of Naigaon OCP 9

Plate -3 Land Use/Cover map of Ghonsa OCP 10

Plate -4 Land Use/Cover map of Ballarpur OCP 11

Plate -5 Land Use/Cover map of Junad OCP 12

Plate -6 Land Use/Cover map of UrdhanOCP 13

Plate -7 Land Use/Cover map of Telwasa OCP 14

Plate -8 Land Use/Cover map of Gouri –I&II OCP 15

Plate -9 Land Use/Cover map of Bhatadi OCP 16

Plate -10 Land Use/Cover map of Gondegaon OCP 17

Plate -11 Land Use/Cover map of Kolar-Pimpri OCP 18

Plate -12 Land Use/Cover map of Chhinda OCP 19

Plate -13 Land Use/Cover map of Gouri Deep OCP 20

Plate -14 Land Use/Cover map of Juna-Kunada OCP 21

Job No.564408028(WCL) ii

CMPDI List of Bar Chart Figures Figures

Job No. 564408028(WCL) iii

Fig – 1 Status of Land Reclamation in KolegaonOCP 22

Fig – 2 Status of Land Reclamation in Naigaon OCP

22

Fig – 3 Status of Land Reclamation in Ghonsa OCP 23

Fig – 4 Status of Land Reclamation in Ballarpur OCP 23 Fig – 5 Fig - 6 Fig - 7 Fig - 8 Fig - 9 Fig- 10 Fig- 11 Fig - 12 Fig- 13 Fig - 14

Status of Land Reclamation in Junad OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Urdhan OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Telwasa OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Gouri I&II OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Bhatadi OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Gondegaon OCP Status of Land Reclamation in Gouri Deep OCP Land Use/Cover map of Kolar- Pimpri OCP Land Use/Cover map of Gouri Deep OCP Land Use/Cover map of Juna-Kunada OCP

24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28

CMPDI

Executive Summary

1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of fourteen opencast coal mines of Western Coalfield Limited. (WCL) producing less than 5 million cu.m. (Coal+OB) per year, based on satellite data on regular basis at an interval of three years.

2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation

monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection.

3.0 Salient Finding

• Out of the total mine leasehold area of 5176.66 Ha. Of the 14 opencast projects of SECL viz.Kolegaon, Naigaon, Ghonsa, Ballarpur, Junad, Urdhan, Telwasa, Gouri-I&II, Bhatadi ,Gondegaon, Kolar-Pimpri Chhinda Gouri Deep and Juna-Kunada considered for monitoring during year 2011-12; total excavated area is 2345.17Ha (45.30%) of which 643.68Ha. area (27.45%) has been planted, 1078.30 Ha. area (45.98%) has been backfilled and 623.19Ha. area (26.57%) is under active mining. Project wise details are given in Table-1 & Fig-1

JobNo.564408028 (WCL) iv

CMPDI

  Projectwise Land Reclamation Status in Opencast Project of WCL 

< 5 Million Cu.M of coal + OB) based on Satellite Data of the year 2011 (% Calculated in terms of Total Excavated Area)  in Ha 

          Area inHa Leashold  Plantation Backfilled Active 

Mining Total 

Excavated  Area 

Total Reclaimed 

area 

i  ii  iii  iv  ii+iii+iv  ii+iii 

Sl. No. 

Project Name 

in (Ha)  2011  2011  2011  2011  2011         

38.18  66.35  42.20  146.73  104.53 1  Kolegaon  349.00 

26.02  45.22  28.76    71.24 27.30  80.37  57.00  164.67  107.67 

2  Naigaon  398.66 16.58  48.81  34.61     65.39 0.56  59.50  45.20  105.26  60.06 

3  Ghonsa  293.64 0.53  40.37  30.66     57.06 58.82  47.28  22.79  128.89  106.10 

4  Ballarpur  242.64 55.93  29.74  14.33     82.32 17.98  71.25  30.52  119.75  89.23 

5  Junad  163.64 15.01  55.15  23.62     74.51 0.00  55.66  8.35  64.01  55.66 

6  Urdhan  315.00 0  30.82  4.62     86.96 

29.23  77.61  70.81  177.65  106.84 7  Telwasa  266.00 

16.45  43.69  33.52     60.14 232.88  256.44  65.7  555.02  489.32 

8 Gouri I&II  (Amalgamated) 

676.53 41.96  46.20  11.84     88.16 11.74  98.15  54.96  164.85  109.89 

9  Bhatadi   398.66 7.12  59.54  33.34     66.66 105.57  117.44  87.61  310.62  223.01 

10  Gondegaon  917.00 33.99  37.81  28.20     71.80 89.02  125.09  121.81  335.92  214.11 

11  Kolar‐Pimpri  508.23 26.50  37.24  36.26     63.74 22.53  21.76  16.24  60.53  44.29 

12  Chhinda  106.68 37.22  35.95  26.83     73.17 0  0  0  0  0.00 

13  Gouri Deep  356.11 0.00  0.00  0.00     0 9.87  1.40  0  11.27  11.27 

14  Juna Kunada  184.87 87.58  12.42  0     100.00 

Total (WCL)  5176.66  643.68  1078.30  623.19  2345.17  1721.98          27.45  45.98  26.57  45.30  73.43 

JobNo.564408028(WCL) V

CMPDI

CMPDI

Fig.1: Bar Chart showing Land reclamation status in OC projects of WCL in the year-2011

JobNo.564408028(WCL) vi

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 1

1.0 Background

1.1 Land is the most important natural resource which embodies soil, water, flora, fauna and

total ecosystem. All human activities are based on the land which is the most scarce

natural resource in our country. Mining is a site specific industry and it could not be shifted

anywhere else from the location where mineral occurs. It is a fact that surface mining

activities do effect the land environment due to ground breaking. Therefore, there is an

urgent need to reclaim and restore the mined out land for its productive use for sustainable

development of mining. This will not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would

also help in creating a more congenial environment for land acquisition by coal companies

in future.

1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. (CIL) issued a work order vide letter no.

CIL/WBP/Env/2009/2428 dated 29.12.2009 to Central Mine Planning & Design Institute

(CMPDI), Ranchi, for monitoring land reclamation. status of all the opencast coal mines

having production of more than 5 million m3 per annum (coal + OB) taken together per

annum) based on remote sensing satellite data, regularly on annual basis for sustainable

development of mining. Further, another work order vide letter no.

CIL/WBP/ENV./2011/3687dated23/08/11 was issued by CIL for monitoring of less than 5

million m3 per annum capacity (Coal +OB) projects from the year 2011 at interval of three

years. The result of land reclamation status of all such mines to be put on the website of

CIL, (www.coalindia.in), CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal companies in

public domain. Detail report to be submitted to Coal India and respective subsidiaries.

1.3 Land reclamation monitoring of all opencast coal mining projects would also comply the

statutory requirements of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF).Such monitoring would not

only facilitate in taking timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation but would

also enable coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic benefits in a

planned way.

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 2

1.4 Present report is embodying the finding of the study based on satellite data of the year 2011

carried out for fourteen OC projects producing less than 5million cu.m. (coal+OB) of Western

Coalfield Ltd.

2.0 Objective Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of backfilled,

plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and water bodies,

distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the leasehold area of the

project. This is an important step taken up for assessing the progressive status of mined

land reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental

protection.

3.0 Methodology

There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and

preparation of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being the

nodal agency for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite data, which

needs further digital image processing for extracting the information and map preparation

before uploading the same in the website. Methodology for land reclamation monitoring is

given in given in Fig 2. Following steps are involved in land reclamation /restoration

monitoring

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 3

3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet, supply

order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary, topo sheets are

procured for creation of vector database.

3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using PCI GEOMATICA /

ERDAS IMAGINE digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major

steps.

Rectification & Geo-referencing:Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to

systematic errors’ attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as ‘non-

systematic errors’ attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images

contain geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore,

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 4

geo- referencing is required for correction of image data using ground control

points (GCP) to make it compatible to SoI topo sheet.

• Image enhancement:

To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary.

Local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of

neighbouring pixels using PCI Geomatica / ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3 s/w. and enhance

the image quality for interpretation.

• Training set selection

Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data

accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These

keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour,

size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the image-

elements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern and

physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover class.

Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect the

ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected accurately in

the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification.

• Classification and Accuracy Assessment

Image classification is carried out using the maximum l ikelihood algorithm.The classification proceeds through the following steps: (a )calculation ofstatistics [i.e. signature generation] for the identified training areas, and(b) the decision boundary of maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and correlation matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the training sets, reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical separation between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix. The overall accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to ground truth data.

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Job No 564408028/(WCL) 5

• Area calculation

The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using PCI Geomatica

v10.1 / ERDAS IMAGINE v. 9.3 software.

• Overlay of Vector data base

Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage,

railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the

image as vector layer in the Arc GIS database.

• Pre-field map preparation

Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result

3.3 Ground Truthing:

Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and

necessary corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization.

3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS:

Land reclamation database is created on GIS platform to identify the temporal changes identified from satellite data of different cut-off dates for these proj

CMPDI

Job No 564408028/(WCL) 6

4.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western Coalfield Limited

4.1 Following Fourteen opencast projects of WCL producing less than 5 million cubic m.

(Coal+OB) together, were taken up for land reclamation monitoring during the year 2011.

Kolagaon

Naigaon

Ghonsa

Ballarpur

Junad

Urdhan

Telwasa

Gouri I &II (Amalgamated)

Bhatadi

Gondegaon

Kolar-Pimpri

Chhinda

Gouri Deep

Juna Kunada

4.2 Area statistics of different land use class present in the mine leasehold of the above projects

for the year 2011 are shown in the Table - 1. Land use maps derived from satellite data are

shown in Plate 1-14. Different land use classes based on satellite data are depicted in Bar

Charts in Fig.3-16

4.3 Study reveals that out of total 2345.17 Ha. excavated area; 1721.98 Ha. area (73.43%) has

already been reclaimed out of which 643.68 Ha. (27.45%) area has been revegitated

(biologically reclaimed) and 1078.30 Ha. (45.98%) area is backfilled (technically reclaimed)

4.4 This study will again will be carried out after an interval of three years to assess the land

reclamation status in the above projects.

CMPDI

Job No 564408028/(WCL) 7

Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %

Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.01

Open Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.90 15.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.90 0.93

Total Forest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.27 15.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 48.27 0.94

Scrubs 82.61 23.67 44.49 11.16 42.14 14.35 30.11 12.41 9.45 5.78 68.30 21.68 33.60 12.63 29.71 4.39 40.39 10.13 162.08 17.67 48.07 9.46 9.11 8.54 96.73 27.17 16.83 9.11 713.62 13.79

Social Forestry 30.78 8.82 11.07 2.78 0.56 0.19 1.96 0.81 4.99 3.05 0.00 0.00 22.08 8.30 112.71 16.66 11.74 2.94 65.36 7.13 8.09 1.59 3.04 2.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 272.38 5.26

Plantation on OB Dump 7.40 2.12 10.03 2.52 0.00 0.00 49.97 20.59 12.99 7.94 0.00 0.00 4.70 1.77 113.29 16.75 0.00 0.00 40.21 4.38 80.93 15.92 19.49 18.27 0.00 0.00 9.87 5.34 348.88 6.74

Plantation on Backfill 0.00 0.00 6.20 1.56 0.00 0.00 6.89 2.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 0.92 6.88 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.42 0.43

Total Plantation (Biological Reclamation) 38.18 10.94 27.30 6.86 0.56 0.19 58.82 24.24 17.98 10.99 0.00 0.00 29.23 10.99 232.88 34.43 11.74 2.94 105.57 11.51 89.02 17.51 22.53 21.12 0.00 0.00 9.87 5.34 643.68 12.43Total Vegetation 120.79 34.61 71.79 18.03 42.70 14.54 88.93 36.65 27.43 16.77 116.57 37.01 62.83 23.62 262.59 38.82 52.13 13.07 267.65 29.18 137.09 26.97 31.64 29.66 96.73 27.17 26.70 14.45 1405.57 27.16

Coal Quarry 34.10 9.77 56.44 14.15 42.22 14.38 13.96 5.76 27.45 16.77 8.35 2.65 57.07 21.46 59.71 8.82 45.75 11.48 80.95 8.83 77.54 15.25 14.90 13.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 518.44 10.01

Coal Dump 2.95 0.85 0.56 0.14 2.00 0.68 1.53 0.63 1.40 0.86 0.00 0.00 5.41 2.03 4.36 0.64 2.13 0.53 1.87 0.20 2.38 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.59 0.48

Advance Quarry Site 4.10 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.07 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63 0.24 4.68 1.17 0.00 0.00 12.18 2.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.66 0.52

Quarry Filled With Water 1.05 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.34 3.23 1.33 1.67 1.02 0.00 0.00 8.33 3.13 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.60 4.79 0.52 29.71 5.85 1.34 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.50 1.03

Total Area under Active Mining 42.20 12.09 57.00 14.29 45.20 15.40 22.79 9.40 30.52 18.65 8.35 2.65 70.81 26.62 65.70 9.70 54.96 13.78 87.61 9.55 121.81 23.97 16.24 15.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 623.19 12.04

Barren OB Dump 66.35 19.01 28.58 7.17 59.50 20.26 29.72 12.25 67.52 41.26 55.66 17.67 60.94 22.91 163.50 24.17 98.15 24.62 100.87 11.00 105.59 20.78 21.76 20.40 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.75 859.54 16.60

Barren Backfilled Area 0.00 0.00 51.79 12.98 0.00 0.00 17.56 7.24 3.73 2.28 0.00 0.00 16.67 6.27 92.94 13.74 0.00 0.00 16.57 1.81 19.50 3.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 218.76 4.23

Total Area under Technical Reclamation 66.35 19.01 80.37 20.15 59.50 20.26 47.28 19.49 71.25 43.54 55.66 17.67 77.61 29.18 256.44 37.91 98.15 24.62 117.44 12.81 125.09 24.62 21.76 20.40 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.75 1078.30 20.83Total Area Under Mine Operation 108.55 31.10 137.37 34.44 104.70 35.66 70.07 28.89 101.77 62.19 64.01 20.32 148.42 55.80 322.14 47.61 153.11 38.40 205.05 22.36 246.90 48.59 38.00 35.62 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.75 1701.49 32.87

Waste Lands 51.63 14.79 16.43 4.12 13.54 4.61 1.43 0.59 3.11 1.90 34.80 11.05 32.03 12.04 32.60 4.82 30.32 7.61 46.26 5.05 10.05 1.98 1.17 1.10 7.41 2.07 0.00 0.00 280.78 5.42

Fly Ash Pond / Sand Body 4.11 1.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.92 2.03 0.17 0.10 0.05 0.02 1.73 0.65 16.37 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.25 3.03 0.85 1.72 0.93 32.37 0.63

Total Wasteland 55.74 15.97 16.43 4.12 13.54 4.61 6.35 2.62 3.28 2.00 34.85 11.07 33.76 12.69 48.97 7.24 30.32 7.61 46.26 5.05 10.05 1.98 1.44 1.35 10.44 2.92 1.72 0.93 313.15 6.05

Reservoir, nallah, ponds 1.00 0.29 0.37 0.09 0.00 0.00 36.57 15.05 0.17 0.10 0.03 0.01 0.72 0.27 10.10 1.50 0.88 0.22 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.24 1.82 1.71 0.59 0.17 0.00 0.00 53.46 1.03

Total Waterbodies 1.00 0.29 0.37 0.09 0.00 0.00 36.57 15.05 0.17 0.1 0.03 0.01 0.72 0.27 10.10 1.50 0.88 0.22 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.24 1.82 1.71 0.59 0.17 0 0 53.46 1.03

Crop Lands 22.89 6.56 69.90 17.53 65.39 22.27 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.30 0.00 0.00 2.07 0.78 0.97 0.14 7.51 1.89 200.16 21.83 7.15 1.41 0.31 0.29 60.86 17.09 52.59 28.45 490.29 9.47

Fallow Lands 39.44 11.30 102.62 25.74 66.01 22.48 40.34 16.63 29.99 18.33 98.09 31.13 14.16 5.32 29.02 4.29 150.09 37.65 186.80 20.37 101.77 20.02 31.61 29.63 187.49 52.65 102.46 55.42 1179.89 22.79

Total Agriculture 62.33 17.86 172.52 43.27 131.40 44.75 40.34 16.63 30.48 18.63 98.09 31.13 16.23 6.10 29.99 4.43 157.60 39.54 386.96 42.20 108.92 21.43 31.92 29.92 248.35 69.74 155.05 83.87 1670.18 32.26

Urban Settlement 0.30 0.09 0.07 0.02 1.30 0.44 0.20 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 2.85 1.07 0.61 0.09 3.35 0.84 4.33 0.43 0.23 0.04 0.32 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.66 0.26

Rural Settlement 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.05 0.00 0.00 1.45 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.04 0.00 0.00 5.03 0.55 3.57 0.70 1.54 1.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.99 0.23

Industrial Settlement 0.29 0.08 0.11 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.41 0.26 0.00 0.00 1.19 0.45 1.85 0.27 1.27 0.32 1.71 0.19 0.26 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.15 0.14

Total Settlement 0.59 0.17 0.18 0.05 1.30 0.44 0.38 0.16 0.51 0.31 1.45 0.46 4.04 1.52 2.74 0.40 4.62 1.16 11.07 1.17 4.06 0.79 1.86 1.74 0 0 0 0 32.80 0.63Grand Total 349.00 100.00 398.66 100.00 293.64 100.00 242.64 100.00 163.64 100.00 315.00 100.00 266.00 100.00 676.53 100.00 398.66 100.00 917.00 100.00 508.23 100.00 106.68 100.00 356.11 100.00 184.87 100.00 5176.65 100.00

Bhatadi Gondegaon Kolar‐Pimpri Chhinda Gouri DeepKolagaon Naigaon Ghonsa TotalBallarpur Junad Urdhan Telwasa Gouri ‐I&II Juna Kunada

Table 2

Land Use / Reclamation Status in opencast projects of WCL producing ,< than 5 mcm of (Coal + OB)

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PLATE- 1

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PLATE- 2

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PLATE- 3

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PLATE-4

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PLAT E -5

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PLATE -6

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PLATE-7

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PLAT E-8 PLATE-8

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PLATE-9

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PLAT E -10

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PLAT E- 11

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PLAT E- 12

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PLAT E -13

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PLAT E -14

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Fig – 3

Fig – 4

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Fig – 5

Fig – 6

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Fig-7

Fig-8

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Fig-9

Fig-10

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Fig -11 Fig-12

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Fig-13 Fig-14

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Fig-15

Fig-16

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Photograph -1: Plantation on OB dump in Naigaon Opencast Project

Photograph- 2: Plantation on OB Dump in Ballarpur Opencast Project

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Photograph- 3: Plantation on OB Dump in Kolegaon Opencast Project