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Metrode 410NiMo for Hydroelectric

Power Plant Applications

Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1

2. Design of a Hydroelectric Power Plant 2

3. Wear Mechanisms 3

4. Materials 4

5. Filler Materials for 410NiMo Martensitic Stainless Steels 5

6. Welding Process Recommendations 10

7. Procedural Guidelines 11

8. References 12

Appendix 1 - Data Sheets

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Metrode 410NiMo for Hydroelectric

Power Plant Applications

1. Introduction

The industrialised nations of the world have been criticised in recent times for releasinghigh concentrations of green house gases into the atmosphere. The regulations of theKyoto Protocol have introduced additional restrictions; hence greater interest is being

shown in making use of non-polluting energy sources. In this spectrum, hydroelectricpower plants are continuously gaining in importance as a renewable and non-pollutingsource of electricity generation. Worldwide, hydroelectric power plants produce about aquarter of the world's electricity and supply more than one billion people with power.The world's hydropower plants output a combined total of 675 gigawatts, the energyequivalent of 3.6 billion barrels of oil, according to the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory [1]. Hydroelectric power plants form a very important part of the overallelectricity system for many different countries. For example in New Zealand,approximately 80% of power is generated by hydroelectric power plants [2].

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2. Design of a Hydroelectric Power Plant

The idea of using water for power generation goes back thousands of years. More than2,000 years ago, the Greeks are said to have used a water wheel for grinding wheat intoflour. These ancient water wheels are like the turbines of today, spinning as a stream of

water hits the blades. While the gears of the spinning wheel ground the wheat into flourin those days, spinning turbine blades turn the generator which produces electricity inthe modern world (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Electricity generation in a hydropower plant

The three main types of turbine for hydroelectric power plants are Pelton wheels (Figure2), Francis turbines (Figure 3), and Kaplan turbines (Figure 4); the most common is theFrancis turbine runner.The Francis turbine operates with a pressure head of between 30and 60 metres and has a high operating efficiency (approximately 90%) over a widerange of head heights and flow rates. The size of a Francis turbine runner can rangefrom less than one metre to over fifteen metres in diameter.The selection of the type ofturbine runner is based on the water resource variables depending on local conditions.For example, pressure gradient, water velocity, turbulence, local terrain etc, areconsidered in order to optimise the available energy.

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3. Wear Mechanisms

Underwater turbine components; mainly runners, blades, guide vanes, spiral case, headcover, bottom ring etc. come directly under the attack of water jet and wear occurs bycorrosion, erosion and cavitation.

Erosion wear is a kind of metal cutting process due to highly particle loaded water. Themost important factors influencing erosion are the content, the mass, the hardness, therelative velocity and the angle of attack of the particles. Cavitation on the other hand is aform of surface fatigue. Cavitation is generally associated with high head and varyingload and tail water values. Both wear types, erosion and cavitation, may occur at thesame time and reinforce each other.

Figure 2: Pelton turbine

Figure 3: Francis turbine Figure 4: Kaplan turbine

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Examination of the runner of a hydraulic turbine, or the impellor of a pump, often showspitted areas in various stages of development. Pitted areas may also be found on turbineor pump water passage surfaces where water velocities are high; this damage isgenerally termed cavitation erosion or impingement erosion. Because of various physicalconditions present in water flow systems, extreme low-pressure areas are produced byflow irregularities. These low pressure areas generate pockets, or cavities, of vapourwhich grow very rapidly (from approximately 106/sec and from 0.1mm in size). Due toabrupt changes of pressure and flow conditions, the pockets or "cavities" collapsecausing high shock pressures which can approach 1500MPa. This value exceeds the yieldstrength of most materials, and produces permanent deformation. The repetitiveformation and collapse of cavities generates shock waves at a regular frequency, whichsubject the neighboring surface material to a combination of impact and low-cyclefatigue stresses. The resultant impact produces elastic and plastic deformation and aftersome time the metal surface develops a network of small cracks. Joining cracks tear outbits of the metal and erosion occurs leaving behind a pit. Cavitation causes surfacepenetration damage of up to 10mm per year to critical components such as impellors,turbine blades, and casings [3]. The end result is a reduction in energy extractioncapacity that can lead to losses in terms of downtime, productivity and efficiency.

The normal life of a hydroelectric power station is 30-35 years after which renovationbecomes necessary. But plants located in the Himalayan region, the European Alps, the

Andes or the Yellow River in China suffer heavy silt erosion, especially during monsoonseason. Highly abrasive silt laden water containing a high percentage of quartz passesthrough machines and damages components extensively causing frequent forcedoutages of the plant.

4. Materials

Selection of the proper material for underwater turbine parts is important for ensuringtheir long service life and to avoid frequent shut-downs. The materials, apart frommeeting other requirements, should be erosion-resistant and possess a good degree of

weldability to enable repair welding on site.

Previously mild steel and 13Cr1Ni steels were used for hydro-electric turbine runner andguide vanes but they suffered from excessive erosion and cavitation. Recentlymartensitic 410NiMo steel has been used; this steel offers good mechanicalcharacteristics, especially good impact value, along with satisfactory machinability,weldability and considerable resistance against erosion and cavitation. When subjectedto cavitational stresses a martensitic structure allows good deformation energyabsorption due to fine deformation (twinning) mechanisms. During the impact and low-cycle fatigue stresses detachment of particle occurs at the intersection of thedeformation twins. Since the twins are relatively small, only small metal particles detachand as a result, the cavitation damage is relatively slow [4]. Yet, combining all thesedifferent features is a compromise to a certain extent. Further possibility exists to

provide additional protective overlays such as plasma coating in the hydraulically criticalzones eg. trailing edges of the blades, outlet edge of guide vanes. A wear surfacing alloysuch as austenitic stainless steel has been a traditional solution for many years. Withsevere cavitational wear, the use of high carbon, cobalt base alloys with relatively highhardness and corrosion resistance has also been used. However cobalt base alloys, asdeposited, are more crack sensitive, difficult to grind to contour and are expensive.Commonly used material for various parts of turbine are given in Table 1. Obvious choiceappears to be predominantly martensitic 410NiMo steel for critical underwatercomponents, together with austenitic stainless steel selectively.

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A hydro turbine operating in silty water needs important consideration and has anincrease in thickness of runner blades in the areas prone to erosion. These areas aremainly at runner outlet edges near the skirt in the case of Francis turbines, and near theperipheral section and outlet edges in the case of Kaplan turbines. Erosion damageoccurs on the pressure side of blades.

Table 1: Materials used for various parts of turbine

Turbine part Type of steel

Runner 410NiMo stainless steel

Labyrinth seals 410NiMo or 304L stainless steel

Guide vane 410NiMo stainless steel

Guide vane sealing ringsMartensitic forged 16Cr - 5Ni - 0.5Mo stainlesssteel

Guide vane bush housing Cast steel

Liners for top cover and pivot ring 304L stainless steel

Fastners in water path Stainless steel

Tubes for bearing coolers Cupro-nickel

Cheek plates

Martensitic forged 16Cr - 5Ni - 0.5Mo stainless

steel

5. Filler Materials for 410NiMo Martensitic Stainless Steels

410NiMo type welding consumables have been successfully used for welding of 410NiMostainless steels. Weld metal of this type greatly overmatches the strength of equivalentparent material and is remarkably resistant to softening during post weld heat treated(PWHT). The 410NiMo weld metal produces a high strength deposit (>760MPa) withbetter resistance to corrosion, hydro-cavitation, sulphide-induced SCC, and good sub-zero toughness when compared with plain 12%Cr (410) steels. In the PWHT condition

the microstructure consists of tempered martensite with some retained austenite.

Metrode's 410NiMo martensitic range includes MMA/SMAW electrodes, MIG/GMAW wires,TIG/GTAW rods, and flux cored wire (Table 2). They can be used for welding hydraulicturbines, valve bodies, pump, and high pressure pipes, where high hardness levels arenot acceptable.

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Table 2: 410NiMo welding consumables for 410NiMo martensitic stainlesssteel

ProcessMetrode

Consumable

AWS EN ISO C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo

MMA13.4.Mo.L.R13.4.Mo.L.B

E410NiMo-26E410NiMo-25

E 13 4 R 52E 13 4 B 62

0.030.03

0.80.7

0.250.25

12.012.0

4.54.5

0.60.6

TIG/MIG ER410NiMo (ER410NiMo)* G/W 13 4 0.02 0.8 0.40 12.3 4.5 0.5

FCWSupercore410NiMo

E410NiMoT1-1/4T 13 4 P C/M 2TS410NiMo-FB1

0.03 0.7 0.40 11.8 4.5 0.5

*Doesnt always meet specification as AWS requires 0.6%Mn maximum and 0.50%Si maximum.

5.1 TIG (GTAW) / MIG (GMAW)

Metrode offers ER410NiMo solid TIG and MIG wires used for manual, semi-mechanisedand robotic operations. The TIG wires are available in three different sizes 1.6, 2.0 and2.4 mm and MIG is produced in 1.2 mm size. The gas shielded processes inherit theadvantage of providing a metallurgically clean weld metal with low oxygen, hence lownon-metallic inclusion content. This is the reason that the gas-shielded weldingprocesses gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) / tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding andgas metal arc welding (GMAW) / metal inert gas (MIG) welding - produce goodtoughness. Along with the good toughness and cleaner weld, the solid wires weld displayonly small islands of de-oxidation products, making them popular for productive multi-

run welding without inter-run de-slagging. Table 3 shows typical mechanical propertiesof TIG ER410NiMo weld deposits after PWHT 610C/1h.

Table 3: Typical mechanical properties from all-weld metal of TIGER410NiMo, after PWHT at 610

C/1hr

Properties Test temperature

C (F)

Unit Typical value

Tensile strength +20 (+68) MPa (ksi) 890 (129)

0.2% proof stress +20 (+68) MPa (ksi) 850 (123)

Elongation on 4d +20 (+68) % 23

Elongation on 5d +20 (+68) % 20

Impact energy0 (+32) J (ft-lbs) 90 (66)

-50 (-58) J (ft-lbs) 60 (44)

Hardness cap/mid+20 (+68) HRC 25-30

+20 (+68) HV 300/305

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5.2 MMA (SMAW)

The SMAW process is still widely used for many applications because of its simplicity andadaptability. The process requires relatively simple equipment and does not require ashielding gas, making it an attractive process for site welding. Metrode offers

13.4.Mo.L.R and 13.4.Mo.L.B SMAW electrodes in four different sizes; 2.5, 3.2, 4.0 and5.0 mm. 13.4.Mo.L.R is a rutile metal powder type made on pure low carbon core wireand 13.4.Mo.L.B is a basic metal powder type made on pure low carbon core wire. Themoisture resistant coating provides very low weld metal hydrogen levels and diameters2.5 and 3.2mm can be used for positional welding. The success of the process isdependent, not only on the characteristics of the electrode, but also the skill of thewelder; so electrodes with good operability and welder appeal are of great benefit. Table4 shows typical mechanical properties of MMA 13.4.Mo.L.R weld deposits.

Table 4: Typical mechanical properties from all-weld metal of MMA13.4.Mo.L.R, after PWHT at 550

C/2hr

Properties Testtemperature

C (F)

Unit Minimumvalue

PWHT(1) As-welded

(2)

Tensile strength +20 (+68) MPa (ksi) 760 (110) 940 (136) 1000 (145)

0.2% Proof stress +20 (+68) MPa (ksi) 500 (73) 695 (101) 780 (113)

Elongation on 4d +20 (+68) % 15 17 4.5

Elongation on 5d +20 (+68) % 15 16 3

Reduction of area +20 (+68) % -- 45 10

Impact energy

+20 (+68) J (ft-lbs) -- 45 (33) 27 (20)

-40 (-40) J (ft-lbs) -- 35 (26) 13 (10)

-60 (-76) J (ft-lbs) -- 30 (22) 8 (6)

Hardness +20 (+68) HV(10) -- 270-300 350

(1)AWS & BS PWHT: 595-620C for 1 hour, air cooled.(2)This weld metal is not usually recommended for use in the as-welded condition, except for surfacing applications

where a hardness of 330-400HV is useful.

5.3 FCAW

Productivity from cored wire welding, regardless of the wire type used, is always superiorto that of manual welding with MMA stick electrodes, due to the higher duty cycle. Inaddition, deposition rates are on a much higher level. In normal duty cycle approximately20-25% increase in deposition rate is normally achieved with FCW, in comparison to MIGsolid wire deposition, operating at 250A. Metrode Supercore 410NiMo is intended morespecifically for welding and refurbishing turbine impellers, which require a weld depositwith hardness measurably but not excessively higher (after heat treatment) than thebase material. This imparts greater resistance to cavitation wear and sand erosion andeffectively reduces the damage caused by continuous pounding from high pressurewater.

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Metrode Supercore 410NiMo, with a rutile flux system and stainless steel sheath offersnot only better operability but also all-positional welding and less post-weld dressingthan MMA. This helps to reduce the time required to complete or repair the jobespecially each individual buckets of pelton runner requiring considerable amount oftime. Shielding gas can be Ar/CO2 (15-25% CO2) or CO2 alone. As flux cored wire andmetal cored wire welding require the same equipment, switching incurs no additionalcapital outlay. The wire is available in 1.2 and 1.6 mm diameters.

A number of all-weld metal mechanical tests have been carried out with varying PWHTand these are summarised in Tables 5, 6 and 7.

Table 5: Typical all-weld metal tensile properties of Supercore 410NiMoFCAW

PWHT,C (F)/hour

UTS,MPa (ksi)

0.2% Proofstrength,MPa (ksi)

Elongation, % Reductionof area, %

A4 A5

605 (1125)/1 970 (141) 880 (128) 19 16 55

610 (1130)/10 870 (126) 705 (102) 22 18 54

610 (1130)/1 940 (136) 870 (128) 20 18 50

610 (1130)/1 940 (137) 870 (125) 20 18 50

Table 6: All-weld metal impact properties of Supercore 410NiMo FCAW

PWHT, C (F )/hourTest temperature,

C (F)

Impact energy,

J (ft-lbs)

Lateral

expansion,mm

610 (1130)/1 +20 (+68) 46 (34) 0.52-40 (-40) 25 (18) 0.23

610 (1130)/10+20 (+68) 50 (37) 0.63

-40 (-40) 42 (31) 0.45

610 (1130)/10

+20 (+68) 53 (39) 0.75

0 (+32) 52 (38) 0.75

-40 (-40) 45 (33) 0.56

610 (1130)/1+20 (+68) 49 (36) 0.61

-40 (-40) 32 (24) 0.38

650 (1202)/10 + 620 (1150)/10

+20 (+68) 49 (36) 0.66

0 (+32) 46 (34) 0.61

-40 (-40) 37 (27) 0.48

670 (1240)/2 + 610 (1130)/2 -40 (-40) 34 (25) 0.39

690 (1275)/2 + 610 (1130)/2 -40 (-40) 36 (27) 0.42

710 (1310)/2 + 610 (1130)/2 -40 (-40) 42 (31) 0.49

740 (1365)/2 + 610 (1130)/2 -40 (-40) 35 (26) 0.42

770 (1420)/2 + 610 (1130)/2 -40 (-40) 31 (23) 0.42

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Table 7: All-weld metal hardness of Supercore 410NiMo FCW

PWHT Hardness, HV(10) Hardness, HRC

C (F)/hourCap,

average/maxMid-section,average/max

Cap,average/max

Mid-section,average/max

607 (1125)/1 327 / 330 334 / 342 30 / 31 32 / 32

610 (1130)/10 298 / 314 295 / 297 26 / 28 27 / 27

610 (1130)/1 328 / 339 337 / 339 28 / 28 29 / 31

610 (1130)/1 307 / 311 317 / 319 30 / 30 31 / 31

650 (1200)/10 +620 (1150)/10

298 / 302 314 / 319 - -

670 (1240)/2 +

610 (1130)/2 297 / 304 297 / 309 27 / 27 28 / 29

690 (1275)/2 +610 (1130)/2

297 / 309 300 / 306 25 / 27 26 / 27

710 (1310)/2 +610 (1130)/2

308 / 322 307 / 309 27 / 27 27 / 27

740 (1365)/2 +610 (1130)/2

306 / 317 321 / 333 27 / 28 28 / 28

770 (1420)/2 +610 (1130)/2

327 / 330 311 / 317 28 / 28 27 / 29

Figure 5: Deposition rate of Metrode Supercore 410NiMo

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6. Welding Process Recommendations

A combination of different welding techniques, including manual metal arc welding(MMA), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) / tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding orsemiautomatic techniques such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW) / metal inert gas

(MIG) welding with solid wires or flux cored wires (FCW) is being used. For productivitythe semiautomatic processes are most widely used.

The specific choice of method varies depending on factors such as joint geometry,accessibility and the cost of labour, equipment and consumables. Different combinationsof welding techniques and consumables will therefore be used for different turbinerunners depending on location and the responsible company.

The deposition rate of the Supercore 410NiMo 1.2mm and 1.6mm diameter wires hasbeen assessed by using different process parameters. Tests were carried out both in theflat position (identified as Flat bead on the plate on the graph) and in the verticalposition (identified as vertical bead on plate/3F). Tests made on CMn steel using

Argoshield Heavy shielding gas (Ar-20%CO2-2%O2). Welding was all manual so stickoutvaried depending on welding parameters and position. The aim was to try to achieve

the highest deposition rate possible in the vertical position whilst maintaining acontrollable weld pool and relatively flat weld bead. As the welder became more familiarwith the wires he was able to control them in the vertical position at higher currentsthan he had been able to in earlier tests.

The maximum deposition rate achieved in the vertical position with the Supercore410NiMo 1.2mm diameter wire was ~5kg/hour and the maximum with the Supercore410NiMo 1.6mm diameter wire was ~5.5kg/hour. But the parameters used to achievethe 5.5kg/hour with the 1.6mm diameter Supercore 410NiMo wire were far too hot to beused continuously (a more realistic condition produced a deposition rate of~4.25kg/hour).

The actual deposition rates that can be achieved in production will probably vary

depending on the welder, the welding position and the access but overall the 1.2mmdiameter wire produces a more controllable weld pool at the higher deposition rateconditions. The bead profile produced with the 1.2mm diameter wire is also flatter andmore consistent than that produced with the 1.6mm diameter wires. The deposition ratedata is presented in Figure 5.

6.1 TIG (GTAW)

The particular features associated with TIG process are:

suitable for all positions. enables the precise control essential to achieve single-side root weld deposits both

with satisfactory underbead profile. 1.6mm diameter filler wire is recommended forwall thicknesses up to 3mm, and 2.4mm diameter for thicker sections.

Argon gas for both shielding and back-purging is recommended.

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6.2 MIG (GMAW)

The particular features associated with MIG process are:

1.2mm diameter wire and, typically, 210-230A, 27-30V spray transfer arc conditions. high purity Argon + 1-2% O2 or 1-5% CO2. Proprietary gas mixtures with

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retained austenite transforms to martensite on application of cavitation stresses, thusabsorbing shock energy and reducing cavitation. A hard weld metal is required for gooderosion resistance in hydropower plant application, but in sour oil condition, formaximum resistance to sulphide-induced SCC, NACE MR0175 specifies a hardness of23HRc maximum.

Conformance to the NACE MR0175 hardness limit is often difficult to achieve becauseweld metal and HAZ are very resistant to softening by PWHT. A double temper for 5-10h is necessary. Common practice is 675C/10h + 605C/10h with intermediate aircool to ambient. Recent work indicates 650C + 620C is optimum, and thatintermediate air cooling to ambient or lower is essential. Another authority suggestsraising the first PWHT cycle for full austenitisation anneal at 770C/2h prior to finaltemper. Control of distortion may be more critical in this case. In the case of theSupercore 410NiMo flux cored wire it has not been possible to reduce the hardness to23HRC irrespective of the PWHT carried out.

If 410NiMo consumables are considered for welding plain 12Cr martensitic stainlesssteels such as type 410 or CA15, the PWHT should not exceed about 650C unless asecond temper at 590-620C is applied.

8. References

1. Bonsor, Kevin. "How Hydropower Plants Work." 06 September 2001. 13 March 2009.

2. Electricity Generation in New Zealand 3/93, Public Relations Group ECNZ,Wellington, NZ.

3. Simoneau, R. The optimum protection of hydraulic turbines against cavitationerosion.12th IAHR Symposium, Stirling, UK, Aug, 1984.

4. Simoneau, R., Lambert, P., Simoneau, M., Dickson, J I and Esprance, G L.

Cavitation erosion and deformation mechanisms of Ni and Co austenitic stainlesssteels (1987).

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Rev 09 03/12 DS: B-11 (pg 1 of 5)

Data Sheet B-11 METRODE PRODUCTS LTDHANWORTH LANE, CHERTSEYSURREY, KT16 9LL, UK

Tel: +44(0)1932 566721

410NiMo MARTENSITIC STAINLESS

Fax: +44(0)1932 565168

Email: info@metrode.comWebsite: www.metrode.com

Alloy type

12%Cr-4.5%Ni-0.5%Mo (410NiMo) soft martensiticalloy.

Materials to be welded

wrought cast

ASTM F6NM CA6NM

UNS S41500BS EN / DIN 1.4313 G-X5CrNi 13 4BS -- 425C11AFNOR -- Z6 CND 1304-M

Applications

High strength (>760MPa) martensitic stainless steelwith better resistance to corrosion, hydro-cavitation,sulphide-induced SCC, and good sub-zero toughnesswhen compared with plain 12%Cr steels (e.g. type410/CA15).

Weld metal of this type greatly overmatches thestrength of equivalent parent material and isremarkably resistant to softening during PWHT.These properties can be exploited for weldingmartensitic precipitation-hardening alloys ifcorrosion conditions are compatible with lower alloyweld metal, with the advantage of a single PWHT at450-620C for tempering. The 410NiMoconsumables are also used for overlaying mild andCMn steels.

13%Cr-4%Ni alloys are used in cast or forged formforhydraulicturbines, valvebodies, pumpbowls,compressor cones, impellers and high pressurepipes in power generation, offshore oil, chemical

and petrochemical industries.

Microstructure

In the PWHT condition the microstructure consists oftempered martensite with some retained austenite.

Welding guidelines

Preheat-interpass range of 100-200C isrecommended to allow martensite transformationduring welding. Cool to room temperature before

PWHT.PWHT

For maximum resistance to sulphide-induced SCC in

sour oil conditions NACE MR0175 specifies ahardness of

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Rev 09 03/12 DS: B-11 (pg 2 of 5)

13.4.Mo.L.R Rutile MMA electrode for 410NiMo

Product description Rutile metal powder type made on pure low carbon core wire. Moisture resistant coating giving very low weldmetal hydrogen levels. Diameters above 3.2mm are not recommended for positional welding.

Recovery is about 130% with respect to core wire, 65% with respect to whole electrode.

Specifications AWS A5.4 E410NiMo-26BS EN 1600 E 13 4 R 52

ASME IX Qualification QW432 F-No 1, QW442 A-No 6

Composition C Mn Si S P Cr Ni Mo Cu

(weld metal wt %) min -- -- -- -- -- 11.0 4.0 0.40 --max 0.06 1.0 0.90 0.025 0.03 12.5 5.0 0.70 0.50typ 0.03 0.8 0.25 0.01 0.01 12 4.5 0.6 0.05

All-weld mechanical Typical properties min

PWHT (1) As-welded (2)

properties Tensile strength MPa 760 940 10000.2% Proof stress MPa 500 695 780Elongation on 4d % 15 17 4.5Elongation on 5d % 15 16 3Reduction of area % -- 45 10Impact energy + 20C J -- 45 27

- 40C J -- 35 13- 60C J -- 30 8

Hardness HV -- 270-300 350

(1) AWS & BS PWHT: 595-620C for 1 hour, air cooled. See front page for details on PWHT.

(2) This weld metal is not usually recommended for use in the as-welded condition, except for surfacing

applications where a hardness of 330-400HV is useful.

Operating parameters DC +ve or AC (OCV: 70V min)

mm 2.5 3.2 4.0

5.0

min A 70 80 100 140max A 110 140 180 240

Packaging data mm 2.5 3.2 4.0

5.0

length mm 350 380 450 450kg/carton 12.6 15.0 18.0 16.8pieces/carton 570 363 240 171

Storage 3 hermetically sealed ring-pull metal tins per carton, with unlimited shelf life. Direct use from tin issatisfactory for longer than a working shift of 8h. Excessive exposure of electrodes to humid conditions willcause some moisture pick-up and increase the risk of porosity.

For electrodes that have been exposed:Redry 300350C/1-2h to restore to as-packed condition. Maximum 420C, 3 cycles, 10h total.Storage of redried electrodes at 50 200C in holding oven or heated quiver: no limit, but maximum 6 weeksrecommended. Recommended ambient storage conditions for opened tins (using plastic lid): < 60% RH, >18C.

Fume data Fume composition, wt % typical:

Fe Mn Ni Cr Cu Mo V F OES (mg/m3)

18 2 0.5 3

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Rev 09 03/12 DS: B-11 (pg 4 of 5)

ER410NiMo Solid wire for welding 410NiMo martensitic stainless steel

Product description Solid wire for TIG and MIG.

Specifications AWS A5.9 (ER410NiMo) Does not always strictly conform see composition.BS EN ISO 14343-A 13 4BS EN ISO 14343-B (SS410NiMo)

ASME IX Qualification QW432 F-No 6, QW442 A-No 6

Composition C Mn * Si * S P Cr Ni Mo Cu

(wire wt %) min -- 0.4 -- -- -- 11.0 4.0 0.4 --max 0.05 1.0 0.60 0.02 0.03 12.5 5.0 0.7 0.3typ 0.02 0.8 0.4 0.005 0.015 12.3 4.5 0.5 0.1

* AWS requires 0.6%Mn max and 0.50%Si max.

All-weld mechanical Typical values after PWHT 610C/1h: TIG

properties Tensile strength MPa 890

0.2% Proof stress MPa 850Elongation on 4d % 23Elongation on 5d % 20Impact energy 0C J 90

-50C J 60Hardness cap/mid HRC 25-30

HV 300

Typical operating TIG MIG

parametersShielding Argon *

Ar with 1-2%O2

or 1-5%CO2 **Current DC- DC+Diameter 2.4mm 1.2mmParameters 100A, 12V 220A, 28V

* Also required as a purge for root runs.** Proprietary gas mixtures with

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SUPERCORE 410NiMo Flux cored wire for welding 410NiMo martensitic stainless steel

Product description All-positional rutile flux cored wire made on a high purity stainless steel strip

Metal recovery about 90% with respect to wire.

Specifications AWS A5.22 E410NiMoT1-1/4BS EN ISO 17633-A T 13 4 P C/M 2BS EN ISO 17633-B TS410NiMo-FB1

ASME IX Qualification QW432 F-No 6, QW442 A-No 6

Composition C Mn Si S P Cr Ni Mo Cu Co

(weld metal wt %) min -- -- -- -- -- 11.0 4.0 0.4 -- --max 0.06 1.0 1.0 0.025 0.030 12.5 5.0 0.7 0.3 0.05Typ 0.03 0.7 0.4 0.005 0.017 11.8 4.5 0.5 0.03 0.03

All-weld mechanical Typical values: Min 610C/1h 610C/10h 650C/10h

+620C/10hproperties Tensile strength MPa 760 940 870 --0.2% Proof stress MPa 500 850 700 --Elongation on 4d % 15 20 23 --Elongation on 5d % 15 17 19 --Reduction of area % -- 50 55 --Impact energy + 20C J -- 45 50 50

- 40C J -- 30 40 35Hardness HV -- 330 310 310

HRC -- 31 27 28

AWS PWHT = 593-621C/1 hour. BS EN PWHT = 580-620C/2 hours.

Operating parameters Shielding gas Ar-20%CO2 or 100% CO2 at 20-25l/min.Current DC+ve parameters as below (for 100%CO2 increase voltage by 1-3V):

mm range typical stickout

1.2 150-280A, 25-32V 180A, 29V 15-25mm1.6 200-350A, 26-34V 260A, 30V 15-25mm

Packaging data Spools vacuum-sealed in barrier foil with cardboard carton: 15kgThe as-packed shelf life is virtually indefinite.Resistance to moisture absorption is high, but to maintain the high integrity of the wire surface and prevent any

possibility of porosity, it is advised that part-used spools are returned to polythene wrappers.Where possible, preferred storage conditions are 60% RH max, 18C min.

Fume data Fume composition (wt %):

Fe Mn Cr Ni Mo

Cu OES (mg/m )

18 3 2.5 1 0.2