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© Advanced Brain Technologies | All Rights Reserved

TLP Provider Certification Course

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10 Hz – 100,000 Hz

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• Sounds are created when objects vibrate

• Sound waves are fluctuations in air pressure

across time

What is Sound?

Resonance

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Psychological study of

human perception of sound

Psychoacoustic Foundation

• Frequency

• Amplitude

• Time

• Space

• Sound determined by the frequency of vibration

• 1 Hertz (Hz) equals the vibration repeating itself once

• 20 Hz- 20,000 Hz human range

• Pitch- perceived frequency of sound

• Infrasonic- below 20 Hz

• Ultrasonic- above 20,000 Hz

• Music – instruments

• Language- phonemes

Frequency

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• The magnitude of increase or decrease of a sound wave

• Amplitude is perceived as loudness

• Loudness is measured in decibels (dB)

• Decibel scale is logarithmic

• Louder the sound the higher the decibel, softer the lower

• Less than 75 dB is considered safe

• Exposure of 85 dB+ over time, and 110 dB+ occasionally,

can cause permanent hearing damage

• Listen at comfortable levels

• Most foam or wax earplugs lower loudness by up to 29 dB

Amplitude

• Sound is an event in time

• Chronobiology examines biological rhythms

• Tempo is the pace of movement or beats; the speed

of music

• Rhythm is the organization of movement, or beats,

in time; the pulse of music

• Entrainment is the synchronization of rhythms

• Prosody example “I want another mother”

Time

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• Sound localization

• Interaural time difference (ITD)

• Interaural level difference (ILD)

• Where we are in the world

• Critical to survival

• Pinna

• Spatial organization of the system

• Frequency, volume, time

Space

Miracle Ear!

Frequency Volume Time Location

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Outer Ear (pinna, ear canal,

tympanic membrane)

Middle Ear (ossicles, muscles, eustachian tube)

Inner Ear (cochlea,

vestibular system)

3 Divisions of the Ear

Outer Ear

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Middle Ear

Source: Coloring Guide to Human Anatomy, Alan J. Twietmeyer

Middle Ear Muscles

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Middle Ear Fluid

Source: The Human Nervous System, Charles R. Novack

Inner Ear Labyrinth

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Source: Neuroscience: An Outline Approach, Anthony Castro

Cochlea

Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Vestibular System

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Auditory Transduction

The video will begin

following the narration.

Bone Conduction

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• Compressional

• Inertial

• Osseotympanic

• Cerebrospinal fluid

• Skull tissue

• Vibrotactile

More than “Bone”

• Dominant means of intrauterine listening

• Internal and external vibration

• A means of directly influencing the inner ear without

having to involve the middle ear

• A means of stimulating both the auditory and vestibular

apparati with sound at safe listening levels

• More safe and effective than air conduction as a means

of conducting sound as a stimulus for the vestibular

system

Unique Attributes of Bone Conduction

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• Activates receptors of both saccule and utricle (Curthoys

2010, Halmagyi 2005)

• Bilateral cochlear stimulation secondary to vibration

(Stenfelt 2002)

• Faster conduction speed than air conduction

• Tunes in from 10 Hz into ultrasonic range (up to 100 kHz),

with best vestibular-based responses within the low

frequency range (Nishimura et all 2002, Hakanssan et al

1996)

Unique Attributes of Bone Conduction

• Classical Auditory Pathway

• Classical Auditory Pathway Offshoots

• Non-Classical Auditory Pathway

• Autonomic Nervous System

• Enteric Nervous System

• Vestibular Pathways

• The Musical Brain

Pathways of Sound’s Influence

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Classical Auditory Pathway

• Inner Ear (Cochlea)

• 8th Cranial Nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve)

• Cochlear Nuclei

• Superior Olive

• Lateral Lemniscus

• Inferior Colliculus

• Thalamus- Medial Geniculate Nucleus

• Primary Auditory Cortex

Sources: Neuroscience: An Outline Approach, Anthony Castro | icg.harvard.edu/~psy1-s/ lectures/06sensation/

Tonotopic Map

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Offshoots

Reticular Formation

Auditory Association Cortex

Other cortical areas

Non-Classical Auditory Pathway

Limbic System

Cerebellum

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Autonomic Nervous System

Second Brain

Enteric Nervous System

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Vestibular Pathways

Spinal Cord

Eyes

More???

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Prefrontal cortex

Visual

cortex

Motor cortex Sensory

cortex Auditory cortex

Source: D.J. Levitin and A.K. Tirovolas/Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2009; Image: Charles Floyd.

The Musical Brain

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9 8 7 6

Cerebellum

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Nucleus accumbens

Source: D.J. Levitin and A.K. Tirovolas/Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2009; Image: Charles Floyd.

The Musical Brain

Listening is Active You listen with your brain

Auditory Processing What your brain does with what it hears

Hearing is passive You hear with your ears

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Adapted from Jay Lucker, EdD, CCC-A/SLP, FAAA

Six Integrated Systems

• Self regulation

• Auditory system

• Emotion

• Memory

• Language

• Cognitive decision making