42 - injection operations
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8/12/2019 42 - Injection Operations
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Lmkptgr 42
eiglt`ae Apgrkt`aesX.^. \lmuctz, Larg Ckbarktar`gs @el.*
M . O . \mgkr`e, \ubmke ^rapkeg Gxpcarkt`ae La. @el. *
@etradult`ae
Tmg pgtracguo `edustry, c`fg atmgr `edustr`gs, gx`sts ta-
dky bglkusg `t okrfgts dgs`rkbcg pradults kt k praj`t. T a
da tm`s, `t `s gxtrgogcy `opartket tmkt gvgry pmksg aj ke
a`c laopkey‐s klt`v`ty bg laedultgd w`tm tm`s hakc `e
o`ed. Tmg spgl`j̀ l hakcs ked dgtk`cs aj apgrkt`ae aj k
pkrt`luckr laopkey oky vkry sc`hmtcy ar s`he`j`lketcy
jrao tmasg aj atmgr laopke`gs-dgpged`eh pr`okr`cy ae
glaeao`l ked okrfgt`eh strulturg-but gklm dgs`rgs taapt`o`zg glaeao`ls aj `ts dgtk`cgd ks wgcc ks `ts avgrkcc
apgrkt`aes.
Tmgrg krg, aj laursg, okey jklgts ta bg laes`dgrgd `e
tm`s prahrko aj apt`o`zkt`ae, ked tmgsg oky vkry jrao
aeg laopkey ta tmg egxt, jrao aeg calkcg ta keatmgr, ar
gvge w`tm t`og. E a caehgr lke laopke`gs kekcyzg tmg`r
glaeao`ls laes`dgr`eh aecy dgvgcapoget ked dgpcgt`ae
aj tmg`r rgsgrvgs by pr`okry ogkes. Xarcd dgoked ked
kvk`ckb`c`ty aj mydralkrbae pradults6 glaeao`ls aj gx-
pcarkt`ae, dgvgcapoget, pradult`ae, ked trkespartkt`ae6
abc`hkt`aes aj dr`cc`eh ked rghuckt`ae aj pradult`ae
apgrkt`aes `opasgd by vkr`aus havgre`eh kutmar`t`gs6
tkxkt`ae6 ked laopgt`t`ae aj atmgr rkw oktgr`kcs `e tmg
gegrhy okrfgt k cc mkvg mkd tmg laob`egd gjjglt aepgtracguo `edustry apgrkt`aes aj dgoked`eh lcasgr laar-
d`ekt`ae ked laetrac aj klt`v`t g̀s w`tm`e k h`vge lao-
pkey. Gqukccy `opartket, oarg dgtk`cgd laes`dgrkt`ae
ked caeh-rkehg pckee`eh oust bg dgvatgd ta spgl`j̀ l
praiglts ue dgrtkfge. Tm`s lmkptgr mks bgge wr`ttge w`tm
tmgsg hgegrkc tmauhmts `e o`ed.
A`cj`gcd dgvgcapoget ked pradult`ae apgrkt`aes lae-
st`tutg k okiar pkrt aj oast a`c laopke`gs‐ klt`v`t g̀s.
Oarg prabkbcy lke bg daeg ta `opravg tmg avgrkcc
glaeao`ls aj k laopkey ked kltukccy smkpg `ts juturg by
lr`t`lkc ked tmarauhm kekcys`s aj tm`s pmksg aj apgrkt`aes
tmke lke bg daeg `e key atmgr klt`v`ty. Gvgry laopkey `s
wgcc kwkrg aj tmg m`hm last aj j`ed`eh a`c, aj dgvgcap`eh
k rgsgrvg, ked aj pradul`eh `t. Gxpgr`gelg mks smawe
”Tmgsg kutmars kcsa wratg `mg at`k`ekc lmklstgr ae tm`s caol o tmg ;0:2 gd`t`ae
tmkt jrao oast j`gcds pr`okry rglavgry `s eat ke gjj`l g̀et
pralgss ked tmkt, usukccy, ckrhg vacuogs aj a`c krg cgjt
uedgrhraued ks uerglavgrkbcg kt tmg t`og aj kbkedae-
oget. Tmg tglmeacahy aj a`cj`gcd apgrkt`aes mks
dgvgcapgd rkp`dcy ks k rgsuct aj rgsgkrlm, j`gcd kppc`lk-
t`ae, ked geh`eggr`eh ked hgacah`lkc kekcys`s. Tadky, `e
oast j`gcd apgrkt`aes, egw tglmeacahy `s kdaptgd wmge
tmg glaeao`ls w rr et `t.^gtracguo rgsgrva`r geh`eggr`eh `s by ea ogkes ke gx-
klt sl`gelg. ^rabkbcy `t egvgr w `cc bg s`elg sa okey
pkrkogtgrs tmkt lkeeat k ltukccy bg ogksurgd ar dgj`egd
krg `evacvgd6 mawgvgr, rgsgkrlm ked gxpgr`gelg mkvg
y`gcdgd k substket`kc feawcgdhg tmkt `s qu`tg kdgquktg ta
sgrvg ks k bks`s jar prav`d`eh okekhgoge t w`tm saued
rglaoogedkt`aes rghkrd`eh j`gcd dgvgcapoget ked
apgrkt`aes, wm`lm ae tmg bks`s aj lurrget tglmeacahy
smaucd rgsuct `e apt`okc glaeao`l rglavgry jrao k
rgsgrva`r.
Jar okey ygkrs `t mks bgge feawe tmkt `eiglt`ae aj
g`tmgr w ktgr ar hks `eta k pgtracguo rgsgrva`r lke `o-
pravg rglavgry. Tmg hgegrkc m`stary aj j`gcd kppc`lkt`ae
aj tmgsg pralgssgs `s `etgrgst`eh ta rgv`gw. Ok ey `eigl-t`ae praiglts wgrg `e`t`ktgd `e j`gcds bgjarg rgsgrv a`r
ekturkc-gegrhy-dr`vg oglmke`sos wgrg uedgrstaad
-gvge bgjarg tmgrg wks k hgegrkc kw krgegss aj wmkt
dktk wgrg eggdgd ta gvkcuktg prapgrcy g`tmgr tmg
pass`b`c`t`gs ar tmg rgsucts aj sulm pralgssgs. @t `s eat sur-
pr`s`eh, tmgrgjarg, ta j`ed tmkt saog praiglts sullggdgd
`e substket`kccy `elrgks`eh rglavgry ked atmgrs jk`cgd.
Ks tmg sl`gelg aj rgsgrva`r geh`eggr`eh dgvgcapg d,
okey `eiglt`ae praiglts wgrg laes`dgrgd oarg lkrgjuccy
bgjarg tmgy wgrg kltukccy `e`t`ktgd ked, ks k rgsuct. wgrg
ae k sauedgr tglmeacah`lkc ked glaeao`l bks`s jrao tmg
stkrt. Laesgqugetcy, oast `eiglt`ae apgrkt`aes krg wgcc
geh`eggrgd. @e jklt, tmg dgvgcapoget pckes aj oast egw
d`slavgr`gs `elcudg tmg apt`ae aj `e`t`kt`eh `eiglt`ae
apgrkt`aes r`hmt jrao tmg stkrt, wmge jgks`bcg.
Tmg sacut`ae aj prabcgos `e key tglme`lkc apgrkt`ae `s
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42-2 ^GTRACGWO GEH@EGGR@EH MKEDBAAF
cw ys dgpgedget ae feaw`eh tmg rgcgvket jklts. Tmg a`c
`edustry `s ea gxlgpt`ae ta tm`s rucg, ked okey lr`t`lkc
jklts tmkt geh`eggrs ar hgacah`sts oust usg `e tmg`r
kekcys`s aj k rgsgrva`r lke bg abtk`egd bgst gkrcy `e tmg
c`jg aj tmg rgsgrva`r. \aog e glgsskry jklts lke bg ab-
tk`egd kt cktgr t`ogs. but aecy kt k vgry ckrhg kdd`t`aekc
gxpgesg. @t `s tmgrgjarg `e fggp`eh w`tm saued bus`egsspr`el`pcgs jar ke apgrktar ta tm`ef kmgkd wmge @dr`cc`eh
wgccs ked ta bgh`e pckee`eh kmgkd tmg vgry dky k egw
rgsgrva`r `s d`slavgrgd. X`tm tm`s pm`casapmy, geh`eggrs
lke bg kssurgd tmkt sujj`l`get ked eglgsskry `ejarokt`ae
w`cc bg kvk`ckbcg jar prapgr tglme`lkc kekcys`s wmge
eggdgd, tmkt tmg bgst prahrko jar uct`oktg dgpcgt`ae >;
rgsgrvgs `s rglahe`zgd gkrcy `e tmg c`jg aj tmg rgsgrva`r,
ked tmkt tmg dgvlcapolet prahrko jar tmg rgsgrva`r `s
hu`dgd tawkrd o kx`ouo usg `e tmg gxpca`tkt`ae prahrko
bgst su`tgd jar apt`okc glaeao`l rglavgry. Tmg tmauhmt
pralgss `evacvgd `e tm`s pm`casapmy kppc`gd ta dgvgcap-
oget aj k saued `eiglt`ae apgrkt`ae `s d`slussgd `e tm`s
lmkptgr.
@opartket Jkltars `e tmg Dgs`he aj
@eiglt`ae Apgrkt`aes
Ab.iglt`vg
cedcv`dukc a`c ked hks rgsgrva`rs, c`fg muoke bg`ehs, k rg
gklm d j̀jgrget, ked tmg rgsgrva`rs prgsget k w`dg vkr`gty
aj prapgrt`gs jar tmg geh`eggr ta laes`dgr. Aj pr`og `o-
partkelg `e okf`eh ke kekcys`s aj tmgsg prapgrt`gs jar tmg
dgs`he aj ke `eiglt`ae prahrko `s gstkbc`sm`eh tmg abigl-
t`vg aj tmg apgrkt`ae.
Tmg gstkbc`smoget aj k prapgr abiglt`vg jar k h`vge
apgrktar dgpgeds ae tmg pkrt`luckr l`rluostkelgs. Ke
apgrktar w`tm c`o`tgd `evgstoget appartue`t`gs o`hmtjkvar `opravgoget `e rgsgrvgs. Aeg w`tm kopcg rgsgrvgs
jar tmg lurrget rktg aj pradult`ae waucd jkvar ke `o-
pravgoget ar ok`etgekelg aj pradult`ae rktg. Keatmgr,
mkv`eh `esujj`l`get rktg ked rgsgrvgs, waucd jkvar `o-
pravgoget `e gklm. T mg abiglt`vg aj tmg `eiglt`ae apgrk
t`ae w`cc c`fgcy bg ;) sustk`e`eh tmg rktg tmrauhm prgssurg
ok`etgekelg, 2) `elrgks`eh uct`oktg rglavgry tmrauhm k
oarg gjj`l`get d`spcklgoget pralgss, ar <) laob`e`eh
`opravgd rktg ked rglavgry ta cgkd ta tmg klluouckt`ae
aj okx`ouo prgsget wartm.
@e okey @estkelgs. `eiglt`ae apgrkt`aes mkvg bgge
uedgrtkfge `e rgsgrva`rs s`opcy bglkusg egkrby praplr-
t`gs mkvg rgspaedgd jkvarkbcy ta `eiglt`ae. Tm`s skog
c`eg aj `elaopcgtg rgksae`eh `s tmge hgegrkccy lkrr`gd aegstgp jurtmgr. ked `t `s laelcudgd tmkt tmg rgsgrva`r laed`-
t`aes krg uefeawe bglkusg aj vkr`kbcg pmys`lkc prapgr-
t`ls ked pkst pradult`ae prklt`lgs6 tmgrgjarg. ea prapgr
geh`eggr`eh kekcys`s lke bg okdg ked `eiglt`ae oust bg
tr`gd ta sgg Osmkt w`cc mkppge. ^raiglts `e`t`ktgd w`tm tm`s
rgksae`eh krl kcoast kcwkys `eigl``ae apgrkt`aes w`tmaut
ke abiglt`vg. Tm`s –lkrt bgjarg tmg marsg‟ pm`casapmy `s
ta sgg wmkt w`cc mkppge. tmge dgl`dg wmkt `s dgs`rgd.
X`tmaut ke aqillt`vl tmg geh`eggr`eh kekcys`s w`cc rgsuct
`e egbucaus laelcus`aes. jar tmg ab,ilt`vl `ejcugelgs
batm tmg t`o`eh ked tmg lma`lg aj tmg @eiglt`ae pralgss.
T`o`eh
Lkrg oust bg tkfge ta gesurg tmkt tmg pckee`eh aj tmg pra-
hrko `s eat dgckygd pkst tmg apt`okc t`og ta stkrt tmg `e-
iglt`ae pmys`lkccy . @e kcc lksgs, `t `s dgs`rkbcg ta
rglahe`zg tmg eggd jar `eiglt`ae `e k rgsgrva`r ta abtk`e
spgl`j`l abiglt`vgs ks gkrcy `e tmg c`jg aj tmg rgsgrva`r ks
pass`bcg. Gkrcy pckee`eh, gvge `j eat `e hrgkt dgtk`c, w`cc
okfg `t pass`bcg ta abtk`e kdgquktg bks`l dktk jar prapgr
geh`eggr`eh kekcys`s kt tmg aecy t`og sulm dktk krl
kvk`ckbcg. @e okey `estkelgs, sulm pckee`eh oky d`ltktg
k oad`d`lkt`ae aj tmg dgvgcapoget prahrko sa tmkt wgccsw`cc bg calktgd ked laopcgtgd ta prav`dg okx`ou o gjj -̀
l`gely.ta tmg `eiglt`ae prahrko w`tm k o`e`ouo koauet
aj lastcy rgdr`cc`eh ar warfavgr gxpgesg.
Tmg apt`okc t`og ta stkrt ke `eiglt`ae praiglt `s ajtge
rgcktgd ta tmg bgst-su`tgd pralgss jar tmg h`vge j`gcd. Jar
gxkopcg, ke `oo`sl`bcg d`spcklgoget w`tm hks o`hmt
.bgstsbg uedgrtkfge `e saog m`hm-pgrogkb`c`ty skeds kjtgr
`tmg rgsgrva`r rgklmgs k caw prgssurg, s`elg kt caw
,9prgssurgs, tmg last aj laoprg ss`eh hks ta rgpcklg k rgsgr-
va`r bkrrgc aj vacuog `s caw. Caw-prgssurg wktgrjcaad-
`eh o`hmt pgrmkps bg stkrtgd wmge tmg apt`okc koauet aj
jrgg hks `s prgsget. Caw-pgrogkb`c`ty rgsgrva`rs ar tmasg
w`tm m`hm-smr`efkhg a`c o`hmt lkcc jar tmg `oogd`ktg usg
aj k prgssurg-ok`etgekelg praiglt `e ok`etk`e`eh wgcc
pradult`v`ty ked `e prgvget`eh m`hm smr`efkhg cassgs.
\aog `eiglt̀ ae apgrkt`aes oky rgqu`rg m`hm rgsgrva`r
prgssurgs ta kllaooadktg tmg pralgss.
Jar acdgr j`gcds, `e wm`lm tmg apt`okc t`og ta stkrt k
praiglt oky mkvg caeh pkssgd, tmg qugst`ae bglaogs eat
aeg aj apt`okc t`og but aj tmg bgst pralgss ta gopcay. Kt
t`ogs, tmg qugst`ae `s wmgtmgr k lmkehg `e tmg laed`t`aes
aj tmg rgsgrva`r, sulm ks rlprgssur`eh. lke rg-gstkbc s̀m
tmg appartue`ty jar laedult`eh ke `opravgd apgrkt`ae.
@eiglt`ae Jcu`ds
@e ey `eiglt`ae praiglt, lgrtk`e pkrkogtgrs krl j`xgd ked
krg bgyaed tmg laetrac aj geh`eggrs. Tmgsg `elcudg jcu`d
prapgrt`gs aj tmg rgsgrva`r a`c, ralf prapgrt`gs, hgacah`l
strkt`j̀ lkt`aes, jkuct`eh. ked dgptm. Ae tmg atmgr mked,
geh`eggrs lke vkry sulm `tgos ks `eiglt`ae jcu`d, `eigl-
t`ae prgssurg, pkttgre. ked `eiglt`ae rktg. \gcglt̀ ae aj tmg
prapgr `eiglt`ae jcu`d jar k h`vge rgsgrva`r `s prabkbcy
tmg oast d`jj`lu ct pkrt aj tmg dgs`he aj key `eiglt`ae
apgrkt`ae. Hgegrkccy, k`r ked wktgr krg tmg aecy oktgr`kcs
laes`dgrgd `egxpges`vg geauhm ta usg `e ckrhg quket`t`gs
jar tmg d`spcklgoget aj lrudg a`c. Lurrget pr`lgs aj
ekturkc hks okfg `t ke gxpges`vg `e.iglt̀ ae jcu`d.
Mawgvgr, wmge `t gx`sts `e krlks wmgrg tmgrg `s ea
okrfgt, `ts hrgktgst glaeao`l bgegj`t oky bg ks ke `eill-
t`ae jcu`d. @t `s `e tm`s krgk, mawgvgr. tmkt tmg feawcgdhg.
`okh`ekt`ae, ked `ehgeu`ty aj tmg rgsgrva`r geh`eggr lke
bg usgd ta dgvgcap `eiglt`ae prahrkos tmkt w`cc hrgktcy
`opravg rglavgry ked praj`t jrao oast rgsgrva`rs. Tmg
praiglt smaucd bg dgs`hegd ta kccaw jar tmg pass`bcg usg
aj sokcc koauets aj oarg gxpges`vg oktgr`kcs. sulm ks
prapkeg, butkeg, c`qugj`gd pgtracguo hks, LA1. w gtt`eh
khgets. ked pacyogrs.
^raigltgd Rglavgry
Dktk Rgqu`rgd. ^raiglt`eh a`c rglavgry jrao k rgsgrva`r
`e wm`lm `eiglt`ae apgrkt`aes krg ta bl laedultgd rl-
qu`rgs k e gst`okt`ae aj ;) tmg koauet aj a`c `e pcklg `e-
`t`kccy, 2) tmg rglavgry by key pr`okry dgpcgt`ae tmkt al-
lurrgd bgjarg tmg stkrt aj `eiglt`ae, <) tmg a`c skturkt`ae
kt tmg stkrt aj `eiglt`ae ked tmg rgs`dukc a`c skturkt`ae
kjtgr tmg d`spcklgoget pralgss ked maw `t `s d`str`butgd
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@EIGLT@AE A^GRKT@AE\ 42-<
tmrauhm tmg rgsgrva`r, 4) tmg jrklt`ae aj tmg rgsgrva`r ta
bg swgpt. ked 7) tmg `eiglt`ae ked pradult`ae rktgs.
\ujj`l`get dktk krg eggdgd ta dgtgro`eg tmgsg quke-
t`t`gs. \aog saurlgs aj tmgsg dktk krg c`stgd `e Tkbcg
42.;.
Geh`eggr`eh Kekcys`s. Tmg prgd`lt`ae aj tmg pgrjar-okelg aj ke `eiglt`ae apgrkt`ae `s dgr`vgd by ;) prgpkr-
`eh ke gst̀ oktg aj tmg a`c oavgd ks k juelt`ae aj tmg
vacuog `eigltgd ked 2) dgj`e`eh tmg `eiglt`ae ked pra-
dult`ae rktgs ked rgcktgd v acuog `eigltgd ta t`og. Tmg
dgtk`cs aj tmg lkcluckt`ae pralgdurgs krg prgsgetgd `e tmg
s`x lmkptgrs tmkt jaccaw `e tm`s mkedbaaf. @e hgegrkc, tmg
koauet aj a`c rglavgrgd `s dgtgro`egd jrao oktgr`kc-
bkckelg lkcluckt`aes kppc`gd ta tmg jrklt`ae aj tmg rgsgr-
va`r swgpt by tmg `eigltgd jcu`d. T mg patget`kc `eiglt`ae
ked pradult`ae rktgs krg lkclucktgd jrao gqukt`aes ar
ogksurgogets ae oadgcs. Tmg rktg oky bg rgdulgd
tmrauhm prarkt`ae ar tmrauhm c`o`tkt`ae `e s`z`eh
gqu`poget.
Apt`o`z`eh ke @eiglt`ae Apgrk t`ae
Tmg dgl`s`ae ks ta tmg apt`okc `eiglt`ae prahrko jar k
h`vge rgsgrva`r `evacvgs sgcglt`ae aj tmg bgst pralgss ked
aj tmg bgst okeegr jar laedult`eh tmkt pralgss. Tmg
sgcglt`ae aj tmg bgst pralgss rgqu`rgs k study aj ;)
pr`okry pgrjarokelg, 2) saurlg aj `eiglt`ae jcu`d, <)
last aj `eiglt`eh vkr`aus jcu`ds, ked 4) ue`t d`spcklgoget
gjj`l`gely aj vkr`au s jcu`ds.
Tmg sgcglt`ae aj tmg bgst okeegr jar lkrry`eh aut tmg
apgrkt`ae rgqu`rgs k study aj @) tmg t`og ta stkrt `eigl-
t`ae, 2) prgssurg ok`etgekelg, <) pkrt`kc prgssurg
ok`etgekelg, 4) wgcc st`ouckt`ae, 7) kdd`t`aekc dr`cc-
`eh. ked :) pkttgre lma`lg. Kjtgr tmg bgst okeegr jar
laedult`eh gklm pralgss `s dgvgcapgd, k laopkr`sae aj
tmg glaeao`ls aj tmg apt`okc pcke jar gklm pralgss w`cc
smaw tmg oast dgs`rkbcg prahrko.
Kekcys`s aj k Rgsgrva`r jar
@eiglt`ae Apgrkt`aes
Bgh`ee`eh tmg Kekcys`s
Dktk Hktmgr`eh ked Tgst`eh. \aog rgsgrva`rs oky bg
s`o`ckr `e okey rgspglts but laopcgtgcy d`jjgrget `e
atmgrs. Bglkusg aj tm`s, `t `s eglgsskry ta abtk`e `ejarok-
t`ae tmkt gxpgr`gelgd hgacah`sts ked geh`eggrs lke usg ta
dgj`eg tmg lmkrkltgr aj gklm spgl`j`l rgsgrva`r. Oulm aj
tmg `ejarokt`ae `s abtk`egd dur`eh tmg dgvgcapoget par-
t`ae aj k rgsgrva`r‐s m`stary. \aog typgs aj `ejarokt`aekrg laccgltgd pgr`ad`lkccy tmrauhmaut tmg pradul`eh c`jg
aj tmg rgsgrva`r. Lgrtk`e typgs aj dktk krl eggdgd ta
gvkcuktg tmg prabkbcg glaeao`ls ked pradul`eh lmkrkl-
tgr`st̀ ls aj tmg rgsgrva`r by ekturkc dgpcgt`ae. ked kdd`-
t`aekc `ejarokt`ae `s eglgsskry jar prapgr kekcys`s aj
patget`kc rglavgry ked glaeao`ls uedgr vkr`aus `eiglt̀ ae
prahrkos. @t `s k rgspaes`b`c̀ ty aj tmg geh`eggr ked
hgacah`st, ks k tgko. ta autc`eg k caeh-rkehg prahrko aj
dktk rgqu`rgogets gkrcy `e tmg c`jg aj gvgry rgsgrva`r ked
k slmgducg aj maw ked wmge tmgsg dktk krl ta bg lac-
cgltgd. Tmg dgtk`cs aj tm`s prahrko smaucd bg oad`j`gd
laet`euauscy ks oarg feawcgdhg aj tmg rgsgrva`r `s
hk`egd.
@j laedultgd prapgrcy, tmg `e`t`kc dgvgcapoget pra-
hrko lke laetr`butg substket`kccy ta tmg gkrcy rglahe`t̀ ae
aj batm pr`okry ked `eiglt`ae-apgrkt`ae patget`kc aj key
TKBCG 42.; DKTK RG[W@RGD TA G\T@OKTG RGLAZGRP
JRAO @EIGLT@AE A^GRKT@AE\
A`c ce`t`kccv `e ^cklg
Kdgquktg euobg r aj wgccs ta dgj`eg krgkc gxtgetXgcc cahs ta dgj`eg pradult`vg sglt`ae ked saogt`ogs
laetget
Larg ogksurgo gets jar paras`ty. `etgrst`t̀ kc wktgr a`cskturkt`ae ked saogt`ogs lkp`cckry prapgrt`gs6 tmgsg dktk
kcsa sgrvg ks k bks`s jar wgcc-cah lkc`brkt`ae
Oktgr`kc-bkckelg lkcluckt`aes bksgd ae rgsgrva`r prgssurgs
ked pradult`ae m`stary ta laej`ro vacuogtr`l gst`oktgs aj
a`c `e pcklg
^r`okry ^grjarokelg
^radult`ae aj a`c hks ked wktgr by wgccs
^rgssurgs jrao pgr`ad`l prgssurg-b u`cdup tgsts
Jcu`d prapgrt`gs
Rgckt`vg-pgrogk b`c`ty ogksurgo gets ae largs jar d`spckl`eh
ked d`spcklgd pmksgs
Hgacah`l dktk jrao eaepradult`vg wgccs auts`dg tmg
pradult`vg c`o`ts ta kss`st `e tmg dgtgro`ekt`ae aj tmg
pr`okry dr `vg oglmke`so
Jrklt`ae aj tmg Rgsgrva`r ta bg \wgpt
Larg ogksurgo gets jar vkr`kt`ae `e pgrogkb `c`ty ked
laetgetLrass sglt`aes ked prgssurg `etgrjgrgelg tgsts ta dgtgro`eg
tmg rgsgrva`r laet`eu`ty bgtwgge w gccs
\trkt`j l̀kt`ae jrao larg ogksurgo gets ked cahs
Ar`gecktcae aj pgrogkb `c`ty
\gcgltgd `eiglt`ae pkttgre
Jcu`d v`slas`t`gs ked rgckt`vg pgrog kb`c`t `gs
Krgkc swggp pgrjarokelg aj `eiglt`ae pkttgre oadgcs
@eiglt`ae Rktg ked ^radult`ae Rktg
Gjjglt`vg rgsgrva`r pgrogkb`c`ty jrao largs prgssu rg-bu`cdup
tgsts ked pradult`v`ty-`edgx tgsts
Rgckt`vg-pgrog kb`c`ty lurvgs ae d`spcklteh k ed d`spcklgd
pmksgs
Xgccba rg laed`t`aes jrao prgssurg-b u`cdup kekcys`s
@eiglt`ae prgssurg
Jcu`d prapgrt`gs
Tmrauhmp ut rktg jrao oadg c pgrjarokelg ar lkcluckt`aes
rgsgrva`r. Tm`s prahrko smaucd bg dgs`hegd ta y`gcd ;)
tmg brakd spgl`j`lkt`aes aj tmg rgsgrva`r, sulm ks hgegrkc
j`gcd c`o`ts, hgegrkc rgsgrva`r hgaogtry, 2) hgegrkc ralf
prapgrt`gs aj tmg pradul`eh jarokt`ae, <) kpprax`oktg
calkt`ae aj rgsgrva`r hks/a`c ked wktgr/a`c laetklts `j
prgsget, 4) lmkrkltg r`st`ls aj `e-pcklg rgsgrva`r jcu`ds,
7) `e`t`kc rgsgrva`r prgssurg ked tgopgrkturg laed`t`aes.
ked :) hgegrkc `ejarokt`ae pgrtk`e`eh ta kvgrkhg w gcc
pradult`v`t`gs. [u`tg abv`auscy, `j tm`s prahrko `s ta kl-
laopc`sm `ts glaeao`l ked `ejarokt`vg abiglt`vgs, ea
laes`dgrkt`ae smaucd ygt bg h`vge ta uct`oktg wgcc spkl-`eh. @e tmg lksg aj ckrhg strulturgs tm`s `e`t`kc prahrko
smaucd laes`st aj lkrgjuccy pckeegd, bacd stgpauts ked , `e
kcc lksgs, abtk`e`eh ks oulm `ejarokt`ae ks eggdgd ta
d`rglt prapgrcy jurtmgr j`gcd dgvgcapoget ked dktk-
hktmgr`eh tglme`qugs.
Ajtge, sujj`l g̀et `ejarokt`ae lke bl abtk`egd jrao k
wgcc-pckeegd dktk-hktmgr`eh prahrko laedultgd dur`eh
tmg gkrcy part`ae aj dgvgcapoget aj k rgsgrva`r ta pgro`t
`etgcc̀ hget prgc`o`ekry gxko`ekt`ae aj tmg prabkbcg eggd
jar `eiglt`ae ked tmg hgegrkc jgks`b`c t̀y aj vkr`aus typgs
aj `eiglt`ae. Gkrcy dktk-hktmgr`eh gjjarts smaucd rgsuct `e
tmg klluouckt`ae aj sujj`l g̀et `ejarokt`ae ta pgro`t
sgcglt`ae aj tmasg tglme`qugs tmkt w`cc y`gcd rgqu`rgd ked
rgc`kbcg `ejarokt`ae ks atmgr wgccs krg dr`ccgd. \ulm `e-
jarokt`ae kcsa lke bg usgd ta rgj`eg tmg prgc`o`ekry lae-
lcus`aes pgrtk`e`eh ta prabkbcg rgsgrva`r patget`kc uedgr
8/12/2019 42 - Injection Operations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/42-injection-operations 4/6
8/12/2019 42 - Injection Operations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/42-injection-operations 5/6
@EIGLT@AE A^GRKT@AE\ 42-7
Geh`eggrs feaw, jar gxkopcg, tmkt `j @) tmg rgsgrva`r
kppgkrs ta mkvg jk`r laet`eu`ty ked smkpg, 2) pgrogkb`c`-
ty `s rgksaekbcy d`str`butgd. ked <) rgckt`vg-pgrogkb`c`ty
rgckt`aes ked a`c prapgrt`gs krg jkvarkbcg, tmge g`tmgr
wktgr-, hks-, ar gemkelgd-rglavgry `eiglt`ae praiglts krg
pass`bcy jgks`bcg jrao k tglme`lkc stkedpa`et. @j tmg
rgsgrva`r a`c `s v`slaus, tmge oab`c`ty -rkt`a lmkrkltgr`s -t`ls earokccy jkvar wktgr avgr hks `eiglt`ae, ked tmgrokc
pralgssgs o`hmt `elrgksg rglavgry. @j k m`hm `etgrst`t`kc
wktgr skturkt`ae gx`sts. tmge uedgr lgrtk`e laed`t`aes tm`s
lke bg oarg aj k d`skdvketkhg jar wktgr tmke jar hks `e-
iglt`ae. Bgegj`ts ajtge lke bg dgr`vgd tmrauhm gemkelgd-
rglavgry apgrkt`aes `e rgsgrva`rs laetk`e`eh m`hmcy,
uedgrskturktgd a`cs. Tmrauhm gxpgr`gelg geh`eggrs mkvg
cgkregd tmkt caw jarokt`ae pgrogkb`c`ty `e `tsgcj `s eat k
jkltar tmkt gc`o`ektg s `eiglt`ae pass`b`c`t`gs but tmkt ajtge
k oarg lr`t`lkc jkltar lke bg gxtrgog vkr`kt`ae aj
pgrogkb`c`ty. Kcc tmgsg jkltars, kcaeh w`tm atmgrs, lke bg
kvk`ckbcg jar tmg geh`eggr‐s slrut`ey gkrcy `e tmg dgvgcap-
oget pgr`ad ked, `j usgd prapgrcy, lke hu`dg tmg gkrcy
tm`ef`eh kbaut avgrkcc pckes jar k rgsgrva`r.
Kvk`ckb`c`ty aj @eiglt`ae Jcu `ds. @e v`gw`eh tmg
pass`b`c`t`gs aj `eiglt`ae apgrkt`aes, geh`eggrs ous t kcsa
laes`dgr tmg kvk`ckb`c`ty aj jcu`ds jar `eiglt`ae. Tm`s jkl-
tar kcaeg lke saogt`ogs gc`o`ektg jurtmgr gvkcukt`ae aj
saog pkrt`luckr jaro aj `eiglt`ae ar, `e atmgr lksgs.
oktgr`kccy kjjglt tmg glaeao`ls aj k praiglt. K wktgr-
`eiglt`ae apgrkt`ae o`hmt kppgkr vgry kttrklt`vg jrao k
tglme`lkc stkedpa`et6 ygt `j wktgr lkeeat bg okdg
kvk`ckbcg `e rgqu`rgd quket`t`gs ked kt rgksaekbcg last,
jurtmgr laes`dgrkt`ae aj tmg pralgss waucd bg aecy
klkdgo`l. Geh`eggrs smaucd lgrtk`ecy laes`dgr tmg
pass`b`c`t`gs aj hks-`eiglt`ae ked o`sl`bcg-dr`vg praiglts
wmge hks ar c`qu`d pcket pradults krg kvk`ckbcg `e tmg
krgk. Aj laursg `t `s `opass`bcg ta sgt jartm k lmglfc`st aj
jkltars tmkt laucd bg usgd gkrcy `e tmg c`jg aj gvgry rgsgr-
va`r ta dgtgro `eg tmg kbsacu tg eggd ar jgks`b`c`ty aj `eigl-
t`ae praiglts. Gklm jkltar d`slussgd mgrg `s `opartket,
ked vkr`kt`aes aj key aeg ar aj kcc tmg pgrt`eget
pkrkogtgrs lke kjjglt rgsucts ta vkr`aus dghrggs.
^rgd`ltgd Rgsgrva`r ^grjarokelg Dur`eh
^r`okry Apgrkt`aes
Keatmgr `opartket laes`dgrkt`ae tmkt oust bg ke `etghrkc
pkrt aj tmg geh`eggr‐ s kpprk `skc aj pass`bcg `eiglt`ae prai-
glts `s tmg eggd jar tmg praiglt. Tm`s lke bg k vgry lao-
pc`lktgd pkrt aj tmg avgrkcc kekcys`s ked smaucd `evacvgeat aecy tglm e`lkc kspglts aj tmg praiglt `tsgcj but kcsa tmg
gjjglt tmkt tmg praiglt‐s rgsucts o`hmt mkvg jrao ke
avgrkcc lao pkey stkedpa`et. Tmg ckttgr `s trgktgd `e oarg
dgtk`c kcaeh w`tm k d`sluss`ae aj glaeao`ls `e tm`s
lmkptgr. Tglme`lkc eggd jar `eiglt`ae praiglts `evacvgs
kekcys`s aj pkst rgsgrva`r pgrjarokelg, rglahe`t`ae ked
dgj`e`t`ae aj tmg ekturkc gegrhy jarlgs laetr`but`eh ta
pr`okry pradult`ae, ked gvkcukt`ae aj tmg gjj`l g̀ely ked
jarglkst aj pgrjarokelg aj tmg pr`okry pradult`ae
apgrkt`aes.
Atmgr lmkptgrs `e tm`s mkedbaaf dgkc w`tm tmg typgs aj
dr`vg oglmke`sos tmkt lke bg prgsget `ed`v`dukccy ar `e
laob`ekt`ae `e key h`vge rgsgrva`r. Geh`eggrs oust mkvg
k dgtk`cgd uedgrstked`eh aj tmgsg ekturkc pralgssgs
bgjarg tmgy lke rglahe`zg tmg eggd jar kppc`lkt`ae aj
suppcgogetkc rglavgry pralgssgs ta k rgsgrva`r. Hgegrkc-
cy spgkf`eh, tmg dgpcgt`ae- ar sacut`ae-hks-dr`vg pralgss
`s ke `egjj`l`get aeg, but laupcgd w`tm haad sghrghkt`ae
ked a c̀ ked hks lauetgrjcaw, tmg pralgss lke bg oulm
oarg gjj`l`get. @e hgegrkc, bgttgr rglavgry gjj`l`gely `s
usukccy gxpgltgd by k ekturkc wktgr dr`vg tmke by key
atmgr ekturkc pralgss, ked hks-lkp gxpkes`ae-dr̀ vg pral-
gssgs krg usuk ccy `e tgrogd `ktg `e gjjglt`vgegss.Geh`eggrs feaw, mawgvgr, tmkt tmgsg krg hgegrkc`zk-
t`aes ked tmkt tmg gx`stgelg ked gjjglt`vgegss aj gklm
oust bg gvkcuktgd jar gklm rgsgrva`r. Tmgy lke okfg
rgksaekbcg hugssgs aj pass`bcg juturg pr`okry pgt-jar-
okelg ae tmg bks`s aj bgmkv`ar aj kekcahaus j`gcds ked
ae prgc`o`ekry gvkcukt`ae aj dktk klqu`rgd gkrcy `e k
rgsgrva`r‐s c`jg, but tmgsg hugssgs lke bg trkescktgd `eta
saued geh`eggr`eh laelcus`aes aecy tmrauhm k dgtk`cgd
study aj tmg pkrt`luckr rgsgrva`r‐s pgrjarokelg. Xmge
tmgy krg kbcg tmrauhm `etgcc`hget usg aj kvk`ckbcg `ejar-
okt`ae laelgre`eh bks`l prapgrt`gs aj tmg rgsgrva`r
systgo ta lkclucktg kllurktgcy ked oktlm tmg kltukc pkst
pgrjarokelg aj k rgsgrva`r, tmge tmgy hk`e laej`dgelg `e
key prgd`lt`aes tmgy o`hmt o kfg aj juturg pr`okry
pgrjarokelg.
Ke gxpgr`gelg jkltar `s `evacvgd, mawgvgr, tmkt lkeeat
bg avgrcaafgd. Geh`eggrs oust bg kbcg ta rglahe`zg
wmgtmgr k oktlm aj lkclucktgd ked kltukc pgrjarokelg `s
k rgkc oktlm sulm tmkt tmg sacut`ae `s rgksaekbcy ue`qug
ked tmg`r uedgrstked`eh aj tmg pr`okry pradult`ae pral-
gss `s haad a r wmgtmgr tmgrg kl tukccy laucd bg sgvgrkc
w`dgcy d`jjgrget sacut`aes tmkt laucd rgsuct `e gqukccy
haad oktlmgs aj pgrjarokelg. @e tmg ckttgr lksg tmgrg `s
g`tmgr k cklf aj uedgrstked`eh aj bks`l rgsgrva`r
pkrkogtgrs ked k eggd jar oarg bks`l dktk. ar tmgrg `s `e-
sujj`l`get pradu lt`ae pgrjarokelg kvk`ckbcg jar kekcys`s
kt tmkt t`og.
Ajtge, `t o`hmt bg pass`bcg ta pcke gkrcy pradult`ae
jrao tmg rgsgrva r̀ `e sulm k okeegr ks ta k`d `e rgsgrva`r
gvkcukt`ae. Gxtrgog lmkehgs `e pradult`ae rktg upwkrd
ar dawewkrd ar batm) ked ok`etgekelg aj tmasg rktgs kt
rgksaekbcy laestket cgvgcs jar k pgr`ad aj t`og lke ajtge
rgsuct `e lmkehgs `e absgrvgd rgsgrva`r prgssurg ar wgcc
pgrjarokelg tmkt krg gxtrgogcy usgjuc `e gkrcy rglahe`-
t`ae aj prgvk`c`eh ekturkc-gegrhy jarlgs. \`elg trgktoget
aj tmg vkr`aus ogtmads aj kekcys`s kppgkrs `e atmgr
lmkptgrs, tmgrg `s ea eggd ta d`sluss tmgo kt tm`s pa`et.
Gopmks`s, mawgvgr, smaucd khk`e bg pcklgd ae tmg
urhge ly aj gkrcy rglahe`t`ae ked dgj`e`t`ae aj tmg gjj`-
l`gely aj tmg pr`okry pradult`ae pralgss bglkusg `t `s aj
pr`og `opa rtkelg `e kslgrtk`e`eh tmg eggd jar `eiglt`ae.
^rgd`ltgd Rgsgrva`r ^grjarokelg Dur`eh
@eiglt`ae Apgrkt`aes
Tmg egxt stgp `e tmg pralgss aj dgtgro`e`eh tmg bgst
ogtmad aj apgrkt`ae jar k h`vge rgsgrva`r `s tmg prgd`l-
t`ae aj pgrjarokelg jar vkr`aus `eiglt`ae prahrkos tmkt
krg laes`dgrgd tglme`lkccy ked prklt`lkccy jgks`bcg ae tmg
bks`s aj prgc`o`ekry gxko`ekt`ae aj kvk`ckbcg `ejarok-
t`ae. Earokc ogtmads aj kllaopc`sm`eh tm`s abiglt`vg
krg d`slussgd `e cktgr lmkptgrs6 mawgvgr, tmg jaccaw`eh
pm`casapmy smaucd bg k earokc pkrt aj geh`eggrs‐ tm`ef-
`eh pralgssgs. Ke `eiglt`ae prahrko `s eat ta bg dgs`hegd
jar tmg rgsgrva`r kt mked bglkusg k s`o`ckr praiglt kp-
pgkrgd sullgssjuc `e saog atmgr rgsgrva`r6 `t `s eat
dgvgcapgd s`opcy bglkusg tmg pralgss `s aeg tmkt mks
bgge usgd gxtges `vgcy `e tmg pkst6 `t dags eat jaccaw tm kt,
8/12/2019 42 - Injection Operations
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/42-injection-operations 6/6
42-: ^GTRACGWO GEH@EGGR@EH MKEDBAAF
iust bglkusg k lgrtk`e pkttgre aj `eiglt`ae ked pradult`ae
wks haad jar aeg rgsgrva`r, `t smaucd kcsa bg tmg bgst ar
gvge haad `e keatmgr rgsgrva`r. Gklm rgsgrva`r oust bg
gxko`egd `e tmg c`hmt aj `ts lmkrkltgr ked eggds.
Okey `eiglt`ae praiglts krg mkopgrgd by `ekdgquktg
prahrkos barrawgd jrao ygstgrdky k pgr`ad wmge rgsgr-
va`r jcu`d-jcaw pralgssgs wgrg eat wgcc uedgrstaad) kedkppc`gd ta rgsgrva`rs w`tmaut kpprgl`kt`ae aj d`jjgrgelgs
`e rlslrva`r dgtk`c ar atmgr pgrt`eget l`rluostkelgs.
Geh`eggrs smaucd str`vg ta bg lurrget `e tm`ef`eh ked
ar`h`ekc `e `dgks. K surjklg okp smaw`eh @elkt`ae aj `e-
iglt`ae ked pradult`ae wgccs jar k praiglt o`hmt kppgkr ta
bg gxtrgogcy rkd`lkc ae j`rst gxko`ekt`ae9 mawgvgr. `j
saued tglme`lkc pralgdurgs smaw tmkt `t laucd rgsuct `e
bgttgr glaeao`l rglavgry tmke key atmgr slmgog. tmg
pcke `s eat rkd`lkc. ^rahrkos krg dgvgcapgd jar abtk`e`eh
dgs`rgd rgsucts `e uedgrhraued rgsgrva`rs ked eat ta bg
syoogtr`lkc, ue`jaro, ar kppgkc`eh w`tm rghkrd ta
tapahrkpmy ar prapgrty c`egs. Kt tmg t`og geh`eggrs okfg
dgtk`cgd kekcysgs aj tmg patget`kc aj `eiglt`ae apgrkt`aes,
tmgy smaucd mkvg kcrgkdy kesw grgd, by ogkes aj tmg
pckeegd dktk-hktmgr`eh prahrko. ks okey pgrt`eget
dgtk`cs ks pass`bcg kbau t lmkrkltgr`s t`ls aj tmg rgsgrva`r
ralf, rgsgrva`r jcu`ds. rgsgrva`r hgaogtry ked laet`eu`ty.
ked wgcc-bgmkv`ar lmkrkltgr`st̀ ls.
Glaeao`ls
Kctmauhm tglme`lkc kekcysgs aj pass`bcg juturg apgrkt̀ aes
Ks stktgd gkrc`gr, `t o`hmt bg oarg dgs`rkbcg jrao ke
glaeao`l ked okrfgt`eh stkedpa`et `e aeg laopkey ta
rglavgr ks oulm a`c ks pass`bcg ked ks jkst ks pass`bcg
`e k rgsgrva`r oust bg tmarauhm ked saued, ke gqukccy
wmgrgks `e keatmgr laopkey tmg `etgrgst oky bg jar
caeh-tgro ok`etgekelg aj stkb`c`zgd m`hm pradult`ae
`opartket laes`dgrkt`ae dur`eh avgrkcc gvkcukt`ae `s
rktgs. Feawcgdhg aj tm`s `s `opartket `e dgs`he`eh ke `e-
iglt`ae praiglt. Geh`eggrs smaucd bg lkut`aus `e tmg`r
glaeao`ls. Key praiglt o`hmt bg ke autstked`eh sullgss
glaeao`l kekcys`s ked eat pgro`t laelcus`aes ta bg
drkwe tmkt ae tmg bks`s aj tmg praiglt kcaeg o `hmt bg
jrao k tglme`lkc stkedpa`et, but `ts rgkc vkcug `s
rgksaekbcg but tmkt w`tm brakdgr laes`dgrkt`ae laucd bg
`evkc`d. Ke gxkopcg aj sulm k lksg o`hmt bg tmg prgd`l-
ogksurgd `e tgros aj `elaog ked gxpgesg. @e dgs`he`eh
t`ae aj k wktgr-`eiglt̀ ae praiglt tmkt waucd rglavgr ckrhg
vacuogs aj kdd`t`aekc a`c. Tmg glaeao`ls aj sulm k prai-
tmg hgegrkc spgl`j`lkt`aes aj ke `eiglt`ae prahrko,
geh`eggrs smaucd j`rst rglahe`zg ar kslgrtk`e saog aj tmg
avgrkcc abiglt`vgs aj tmg`r laopkey. Wsukccy geh`eggrs
j`ed tmkt tmgrg `s laes`dgrkbcg ckt`tudg w`tm rghkrd ta
saog `o partket laes`dgrkt`aes `e k study tmkt krg wgcc
w`tm`e tmg c̀ o`ts aj saued tglmeacahy but tmkt w`tm vkry-
`eh kssuopt`aes laucd rgprgsget qu`tg k sprgkd `e tmg
glaeao`l rgsucts aj k h`vge praiglt. Tm`s `s pkrt`luckrcy
trug aj jkltars tmkt `ejcugelg pradult`ae rktg.
glt o`hmt kppg kr ta bg vgry jkvarkbcg9 mawgvgr. `j tmg
laopkey lkeeat okrfgt tmg kdd`t`aekc a`c kt tmg
jarglkstgd rktgs ked vkcugs, sulm k pra,illt laucd eat
pass`bcy rgsuct `e tmg `ed`lktgd bgegj`ts jrao ke avgrkcc
laopkey stkedpa`et.
Okey t`ogs vkr`kbcgs gx`st `e tmg geh`eggrs‐ tglme`lkc
kekcysgs tmkt sggo ta dgjy dgj`e`t̀ ae. Geh`eggrs oust
feaw maw lr`t`lkc rgksaekbcg vkr`kt`ae aj sulm
Xgccs krl ajtge dr`ccgd tmkt krg eat eggdgd jrao tmg
stkedpa`et aj pradul`eh rgsgrvgs. Tmg surpcus wgccs krgtmgrg bglkusg glaeao`l ked okrfgt`eh d`jjgrgelgs gx`st
pkrkogtgrs `s `e tmg avgrkcc kekcys`s. \aogt`ogs rgsucts
bgtwgge laopke`gs. bglkusg aj rghuckt`aes laelgre`eh
dr`cc`eh rgqu`rgogets, bglkusg wgccs dr`ccgd jar pr`okry
pgrtk`e`eh ta sulm lksgs lke bg dgr`vgd aecy tmrauhm
apgrkt`aes krl eat su`tkbcg jar cktgr apgrkt`aes, ked `e
saog lksgs bglkusg aj jkcsg glaeao`l rgksae`eh. Okey
p`cat kppc`lkt`aes. Tmgsg p`cat apgrkt`aes sgrvg tmg
wgccs mkvg bgge dr`ccgd s`opcy bglkusg tmgy pky aut `e k
jk`rcy smart pgr`ad aj t`og. \ae`l aj tmgsg wgccs oky mkvg
pr`okry purpasg aj rgdul`eh r`sf tmkt o`hmt bg `evacvgd
bgegj`tgd laopke`gs jrao k lurrget-`elaog stkedpa`et, k
cgssgr euobgr jrao k prgsget-wartm stkedpa`et, ked
`e k j`gcdw`dg prahrko. Tm`s `s pkrt`luckrcy trug jar GAR
prabkbcy vgry jgw jrao ke uct`oktg-rglavgry stkedpa`et.
Weeglgsskry dr`cc`eh `s k wkstg aj oaegy ked smaucd bg
praiglts wmgrg `eiglt`ae aj gxpges`vg lmgo`lkcs, stgko,
gc`o`ektgd9 geh`eggrs lke bg vgry `estruogetkc `e sulm k
prahrko tmrauhm gjjarts ta kpprk`sg tmg patget`kc aj
ar axyhge `s `evacvgd. @e tmasg lksgs wmgrg `t `s
rgsgrva`rs gkrcy `e tmg`r c`jg ked ta jargstkcc laopcgtgdgvgcapoget uet`c tmg juturg pcke jar tmg rgsgrva`r `s
eglgsskry ta rgsart ta k p`cat prahrko. `t smaucd j`rst aj
feawe. Kt tmkt t`og aecy tmg eglgsskry kdd`t`aekc wgccs
lke bg dr`ccgd ked tmgy lke bg calktgd strktgh`lkccy kl-
kcc mkvg spgl`j l̀ abiglt`vgs, dgtk`cgd geh`eggr`eh laetrac
lard`eh ta eggd. Tmg bgegj̀ ts aj kdd`t`aekc a`c rglavgry
ked rgdulgd lasts tmkt lke bg abtk`egd tmrauhm
ta gesurg gkrcy abtk`eoget aj tmg ab,iglt`vgs. ked pcke-
laapgrkt`vg ar ue`t`zgd apgrkt`aes smaucd bl uppgroast
`e geh`eggrs‐ o`eds.
e`eh ta okfg `t ke `etghrktgd pkrt aj tmg gxpkedgd
j`gcdw`dg prahrko.
^gtracguo geh`eggrs tadky krg ea caehgr iust prajgs-
s`aekcs w`tm tglme`lkc gxpgr`gelg ar bklfhraued rgckt`eh
ta a`c pradult`ae. Tmgy ou st kcsa uedgrstked pr`el`pcgs
aj j`ekelg. Tmgy eat aecy oust bg kbcg ta feaw wmkt
– ykrdst̀ lfs‟ krg usgd by tmg`r laopkey ked by atmgrs tagvkcuktg tmg bgegj`ts aj k spgl`j̀ l praiglt. but kcsa oust
bg kbcg ta dgs`he tmg praiglt sa tmkt okx`ouo bgegj`ts
lke rgsuct. Geh`eggrs lke pcky k okiar racg `e tmg juturg
aj tmg a`c `edustry. Rgwkrds w`cc lgrtk`ecy laog ta `e-
d`v`dukcs wma rglahe`zg tmg gx`st`eh lmkccgehg ked wma,
w`tm –feaw-maw,‟ haad iudhoget, ked egw `dgks, krg
kcwkys str`v`eh ta `opravg tmg spgl`j l̀ jklgts ks wgcc ks
tmg avgrkcc laopcgx`ae aj tmg `edustry.