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ICMR Tribal Health Research

Forum meeting

Domain: Tribal Nutrition

11th April 2016

National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR)

Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad

Each State

ITDA-120 Vill./State

9 NNMB States

40 HHs/villages

Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Area 5

HHs SE & Demography

Nutrition Assessment

24 hour dietary recall

H/o of current morbidity

K & P of Adults (H & N)

BP measurements

Fasting Glucose

H/o Chronic morbidity

Dry blood spots (DBS)

90 old 30 new

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23.8 25.5

28.3

32.232.9

41.643.1

45.1

48.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Underweight

Karnataka Kerala T.NA.P M.P W.BMaharashtra Orissa Gujarat

Prevalence (%) of underweight ( Weight for

Age, <Median –2SD) among <1 year Tribal

Children in 9 states in India 2008-09

23.825.5

28.3

32.2 32.9

41.643.1

45.1

48.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Underweight

Karnataka Kerala T.N

A.P M.P W.B

Prevalence (%) of underweight ( Weight for

Age, <Median –2SD) among Tribal Preschool

Children in 9 states in India 2008-09

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Pe

rce

nt

PREVALENCE (%) OF UNDERNUTRITION (<

Median – 2SD) AMONG TRIBAL

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND PERIOD OF

SURVEY

P < 0.001 P < 0.001

Using WHO child growth standards

Source: WHO 2002; Lancet-2003

CONSEQUENCES OF UNDERNUTRITION

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Less Time for

Child Care and

Feeding

Poor care of Mother

Bread winning

Household Work

Farming/cattle

rearing/poultry

Fragile Home Food Security /

Seasonal Food PaucityLack of Storage/Savings for Lean Months/Lack of capacity for bulk purchase

Tasty/Acceptable

Universal Reach

Colorful & Variety

Affordable

Marketing of

“Ready to Eat Food”

Inadequate &

Inappropriate infant and child feeding

Inadequate BF

Delayed complimentar

y feedingReduc

ed food

during sickne

ssLow

Cal/ low nutrient density

Milk Dilutio

n

No special

preparation of food

Gender preferenc

e and domestic violence

MOTHERS SEEKS SOLUTIONS FOR TIME

CONSTRAINT

MARKET FOODS

DISPLACE/REPLACE HOME

FOODS

UNDERNUTRITION CONTINUES 7

Use of addition

al money

Clothes

Household Goods

Alcohol

Saving

Education

Sickness Care

Market foods Little

Family Support

Non recognition

of nutritional

status

Inadequate Nutritional Education

Poor Referral

Problem in Supplement

ary Nutrition

Inadequate responsiveness of health system and

ICDS

Spending time outside home

Delayed/ non-

Recognition of under

nutrition by

family

Low birth

weight

ENTRUST CARE TO ELDER SIBLING

Delay in care seeking

Soci

o-c

ult

ura

l bel

iefs

A multi-component Health and

Nutrition Education interventions

to improve nutritional status of

vulnerable population groups in

high burden districts in the select

states

This project is an ICMR multi-center project and it is being implemented in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat Jharkhandt, Haryana, and Rajasthan

Study Coordinator: Dr.G.S.Toteja, Head, Nutrition – ICMR

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5

45

19.4

28.6

20.1

29.1

11.5

21.6

54.4

32.6

27.1

36.7

22.8

29.8

26.323.7

7

24.4

50

34.5

26.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Men Women

Age adjusted States-wise prevalence of

hypertension among tribal men and women of

≥20 years age from 9 states in India

DISHA (Diet and lifestyle

InterventionS for Hypertension

Risk reduction through

Anganwadi Workers and

Accredited Social Health

Activists) Study in selectTribal

areas of Adilabad, Andhra

Pradesh

CURRENT NUTRITION INTERVENTION

PROJECTS OF NIN, HYDERABAD

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OBJECTIVE

To assess the effectiveness of intense versus

usual IEC interventions on diet and lifestyle

modifications delivered by existing

community-level health-workers (AWW/ASHA

or equivalent) on population level blood

pressure.

PROGRESS OF STUDY

Ongoing at 10 locations in the country one of

the centre at tribal district Adilabad-

Telangana. The study is 3 phases

Phase I: Baseline study (Completed)

Phase II: Intervention development and

implementation

Phase III: Impact evaluation

Objectives

To assess the nutritional status and

associated factors among tribal

children in various states

The study findings will be useful for

the development of district specific

intervention strategies for control and

prevention of undernutrition.

The study was done in

MP, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Haryana, And

hra Pradesh, Pudhucherry

District level Mapping and

determinants of undernutrition

in various states

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Map Showing Cluster of Districts

according to Prevalence of Underweight

(based on weight for age)

Low

Moderate

High

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DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL

DIETRAY ATLAS

It is a dietary atlas of tribal India, in which

information on Diet and nutritional status

of various tribal populations in India will

be illustrated with

maps, diagrams, photographs and tables.

The Tribal Atlas will be organized into

different Regions and Tribes.

At each map, an explanatory note is

provided to understand better.

The Atlas will be a powerful visual tool that

deals with tribal nutrition in India.

Need for the Atlas

• Understanding the type, magnitude and

factors associated with undernutrition

among tribals is very essential for

development of sustainable plans for

tribal welfare.

• The required information will be

collected from several organizations

including various institutes of ICMR

, Anthropological survey of

India, Department of Anthropology from

various Universities, TRIs of different

States. Published data on diet and

nutrition since 2000.

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Source: Census of India.

Percent Tribal population in the State to the total population of the State

13.5

5.7

1.3

22.8

21.1

0.6

11.9

26.243

2.9

0.0

30.6

9.4

14.8 5.8

0.0

12.42

7.0

1.5

7.0

1.1

35.1

86.5

68.8

31.8

86.1

0.0

7.5Andaman & Nicobar Island

33.8

94.4

Source: Census 2011

The tribal population of the country, as per 2011 census, is 8.6%of the total

population. More than half of the Scheduled tribal population is concentrated in the

states of Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Numerically important tribes are Gonds, Bhils and Santals.

INDIA: 8.6

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Sex Ratio among Scheduled Tribes

Andaman & Nicobar Island

948

999

958

1029

984

952

924

1003

963

1020

97710.9

9819999

985

993

1035

990

981

1002

976

1032

983

10133

937

960

1007

INDIA:990

Source: Census2011

The sex ratio among the tribes of India is 990, highest found in Arunachl

Pradesh followed by Odisha, Chattishgarh and Assam and lowest found in

Rajasthan

Number of Particularly vulnerable Tribal groups in India

Andaman & Nicobar Island

1

9

13

7

2

3

53

12

5

2

6

1

1

5

INDIA:75

Particularly Vulnerable tribes characterized by: a) pre-agricultural level of

technology b) stagnant or declining population c) extremely low level of literacy d)

subsistence level of economy.

There are 75 particularly vulnerable tribal groups in India, the highest number

found in the state of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

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Number of Integrated Tribal Development Agencies by State

5

5

21

31

1

14

19

16

912

19

8

7

5

9

5

1Andaman &

Nicobar

Island

4

INDIA:190

There are 190 Integrated Tribal Development agencies in India. In addition, there are

259 Modified Area Development Approach scheme, 62 clusters and 75 Particularly

vulnerable tribal projects for the development of tribal populations.

Source: Statistical profile of Scheduled tribes in India. Ministry of Tribal Affairs, GOI.2010

State wise Estimates of Under 5 mortality among Scheduled tribes in India

151

93

112

122

169

126

122

112

100

143

93

85 107

84

97

83

93

85

89

103

66

99

119

142Andaman & Nicobar Island

91

79

INDIA:123

As per 2001 census, the under five mortality among scheduled tribes in India was

123 per 1000 live births. The highest figure found in the state of

Chhattisgarh, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andaman & Nicobar

Islands, and lowest found in Arunachal Pradesh.

Source: Census of India, 2001

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State wise estimates of Infant Mortality among Scheduled tribes of India

100

66

77

92

110

85

83

77

71

95

66

61 75

61

68

60

66

61

64

72

104

70

82

95Andaman & Nicobar Island

65

57

INDIA:84

Source: Census of INDIA, 2001

According to Census 2001, the IMR among scheduled tribes in India was 84/1000

live births. The highest found in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal, and

Rajasthan and lowest found in the state of Mizoram

State wise estimates of Maternal Mortality Ratio among Scheduled tribes of India

318

261

258

269

359

261

359

172

269

104

1488

145

153

390

134

81

178

97

Andaman & Nicobar Island

INDIA: 212

Source: SRS Bulletin, June 2011.

The Maternal Mortality Rate among tribes of India was 212. The MMR was found

highest in Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and lowest in the state of Kerala.

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Average consumption of Cereals & millets

at Household level (g/CU/day)

378

456

4511

400

426

394

397

610

330

POOLED:419

The average intake of cereals and millets was 419 g/cu/day against 460g of

RDI. The highest intake was found in the state of West Bengal and lowest in

Kerala.

Source: NNMB 2009

Average consumption of Pulses &

legumes (g/CU/DAY)

27

48

29

15

3919

54

10

20

POOLED:30

In the NNMB states surveyed, the mean intake of pulses and legumes was

30g/cu/day, which is 75% of RDI. The highest found in the state of Maharashtra

and lowest in West Bengal.

Source: NNMB2009

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Average consumption of Green Leafy

Vegetables (g/CU/day)

17

14

8

65

78

8

13

13

8

POOLED:22

Source: NNMB2009

The average consumption of green leafy vegetables was 22g/cu/day, below

the RDI of 40g. The intake was found highest in the states of West Bengal

and Odisha.

Average consumption of

other vegetables (g/CU/day)

30

23

38

47

36

45

65

46

44

POOLED:41

Source: NNMB2009

The mean intake of other vegetables was 41g/cu/day, which forms 69%

0f RDI. The highest intake found in Gujarat and lowest in Maharashtra.

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Average consumption of Roots &

tubers (g/CU/day)

27

35

18

40

30

86

73

4474

POOLED:46

Source: NNMB2009

The average consumption of roots and tubers was 46g/cu/day

marginally lower compared to RDI of 50g, with highest intake found in

the state of West Bengal followed by Gujarat, Kerala and lowest in

Maharashtra.

Average consumption of fruits (g/CU/day)

8

9

46

11

30

36

29

17

11

POOLED:22

The mean intake of fruits was 22g/cu/day with highest found in the state

of Andhra Pradesh followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.

Source: NNMB2009

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Average consumption of Fish &

Other flesh foods (g/CU/day)

10

2

4

10

18

1

34

21

19

POOLED:13

The mean intake of fish and other flesh foods was 13g/cu/day. The

consumption was high in the state of Kerala followed by Andhra

Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka.

Source: NNMB2009

Average consumption of milk& milk

products (g/CU/day)

7

27

16

63

42

15

1

2

12

POOLED:21

The mean intake of milk and milk products was 21g/cu/day, which forms

only 14% of recommended level of 150ml. The intake ranged from 1ml in

Odisha to 63ml in Gujarat.

Source: NNMB2009

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Average consumption of Fats& Oils

(g/CU/day)

7

14

4

15

14

6

12

8

9

POOLED:10

Source: NNMB2009

The mean intake of fats and oils was 10g/cu/day against 20g of

recommended level. The intake was highest in the state of Maharashtra and

Gujarat and lowest in Karnataka.

Average consumption of Sugar& Jaggery

(g/CU/day)

58

20

18

10

4

8

3

4

POOLED: 9

Source: NNMB2009

The average intake of sugar & jaggery was 9g/cu/day which forms only 30%

of RDI, highest intake found in the state of Maharashtra and Karnataka and

lowest in Odisha.

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MULTICENTRE INTERVENTION STUDY ON HYPERTENSION

“Effectiveness of diet and lifestyle intervention through IEC tools with AWCs as the centre of knowledge

dissemination for hypertension risk reduction”

OBJECTIVE: To assess theeffectiveness of intense versus usualIEC interventions on diet and lifestylemodifications delivered by existingcommunity-level health-workers (ASHAor equivalent) on population level bloodpressure.

DIVISION OF NUTRITIONCENTRE FOR PROMOTION OF NUTRITION RESEARCH &

TRAINING…(ICMR)

36

TASK FORCE STUDY ON

HYPERTENSION

STATUS: Ongoing at 10 locations in the country (including 7 tribal sites) which are (Adilabad (AP); Udaipur (Rajasthan); Kalahandi(Odisha); Ranchi (Jharkhand); Chamba (HP); Dhar (MP); Dibrugarh(Assam)

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RECRUITMENT FIGURES IN TRIBAL SITES

Total number of interviews completed= 23,947

Number of Blood Pressure Measurements= 21,867

Number of Anthropometric Measurements= 21,867

Number of Blood Samples Collected= 18,033 (Approx. 1

Lakhs determinants)

PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION & PRE HYPERTENSION (PHASE I)

44.8%

42.5%

38.0%

33.0%

39.8%

24.4%25.9%

21.9%19.9%

23.1%

Prehypertension Hypertension

Dhar Junagadh Puducherry ChambaTotal

Reference: JNC VII [Hypertension =140/90 mmHg, Pre-hypertension= 120-139/80-89 mmHg

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PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION & PRE HYPERTENSION (PHASE II)

39%

34%

31%29%

42%

35%

13%

21%

12%

19%

34%

19%

Prehypertension Hypertension

Kalahandi Alidabad Udaipur Ranchi Dibrugarh Total

Reference: JNC VII [Hypertension =140/90 mmHg, Pre-hypertension= 120-139/80-89 mmHg

PREVALENCE OF DIABETES (PHASE I)

30.3%

22.0%

28.6%

13.1%

24.1%

13.5%

8.6%

11.7%

3.6%

9.7%

Pre-diabetes Diabetes

Dhar Junagadh Puducherry

Chamba Total

Diabetes: Blood Glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl; Pre-diabetes: Blood Glucose 110-125 mg/dl (Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes

mellitus, 2006)

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IMPROVING HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SAHARIYA TRIBAL POPULATION

OF RAJASTHAN BY INTERSECTORAL CONVERGENCE AS A SUSTAINABLE MODEL

OF INTERVENTION

PARTNERS:

1. Desert Medicine Research Centre

(ICMR), Jodhpur

1. Government of Rajasthan

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STATUS: Baseline has been completed. Intervention to be initiated

Achievements in Reproductive and Child Health

Division of RCH, ICMR

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Impact assessment of an intervention package to improve maternal and child

health services among primitive Baiga tribe of Dindori district in M.P

Objectives: To develop an intervention packageand determine its utilization for improving thematernal and child health care services.

Design: Case control study in Dindori District of MPamong Baiga tribe including 500 women in 24villagesPhase I: IEC developed and imparted through public health system

Phase II: Impact evaluation survey is ongoing

Utilization

of MCH

care

services

Interve

ntion

Village

(X)

Contr

ol

Villag

e (Y)

Improv

ement

Z=X-Y

Antenatal

care

85.2% 69.8% 15.4%

T.T.

vaccinati

on

90.7% 88.5% 2.2%

IFA

Consump

tion

91.6% 86.4% 5.2%

Hospital

delivery

41.7% 17.4% 24.3%

Assessing the status of micronutrients with special reference to Zinc in

adolescents of Bhil, Gond, Korku and Pardhi tribes of MP

Objectives: To assess zinc, other micronutrient

status among adolescents of Bhil, Gond, Korku,

and Pardhi tribes of MP

Methodology: Cross-sectional, community based study with Cluster Random Sampling (PPS)

Outcome :

• Prevalence of inadequate dietary intake of zinc, calcium, copper, iron, energy, protein , fat.

• Prevalence of stunting and other clinical profiles of Zn deficiency

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Indigenous knowledge of health care practices during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period among the Karbi tribe of

North East IndiaObjectives:• To find out the different traditional healing practices

around childbirth among Karbi tribe and the sustainable utilization of such resources.

• To find out the interaction between traditional and western medicine system of medicine.

Methodology:• Documentation of Case studies eg. maternal mortality, fetal

loss, child mortality, under 5 mortality, reproductivemorbidity, immunization, dependency on healers, scope ofwestern medical accessibilities, utilization of local medicinalresources etc.

• Genealogy: To trace out the mother-child health disorder infamily

• Interview of allopathic practitioners both public andprivate, nurses, midwives, traditional healers, etc. to co-relate cultural aspects with availability, implementation,and scope of accessibility of different MCH schemes

Literature review of traditional childbirth practices among various tribes in

Maharashtra

Overall Aim: To review all (qualitative and quantitative) published/unpublished articles and annual reports describing the practices during pregnancy, delivery and postnatal period among tribal population of Maharashtra since 1990 onwards

Expected outcome: to categorize useful and harmful practices with a view to encourage good practices and develop interventions to reduce harmful practices.

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Studies on Child Health

Examining Cultural Meanings, Experiences and

Behaviours Associated with Child Malnutrition in Two Tribal Districts of

Maharashtra to Contribute to Malnutrition Control Strategies

Objectives

• To document awareness of community members,mothers, family members and health care providers onbreast feeding practices, nutrient rich foods,micronutrients, sanitary practices, childhood illnesses,immunization and health services specially focussing onmalnutrition related experience, meaning and behaviourof mothers and family members.

• To identify community members, mothers and familymembers understanding on perceived barriers to accessand utilization of health services related to nutrition.

• To identify and propose local control strategies forintervention to mitigate malnourishment amongst tribal

children.

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Study site and study population:• Thane district of Maharashtra• Total ST population :14.75%, with a 63%

proportion of the rural population in 9 talukas are tribal (range

22.62% to 90.56%).• 44 tribes -five major tribes are Warli, Koli

Malhar, Thakur, Katkari and Mahadev Koliconstituting 90.03% of the total ST population

Progress:FGD 6KII 14Mothers of undernourished children 65Mothers of normal children 71Family members of undernourished children 71Family members of normal children 65

Outcome: Cultural epidemiological framework has never been utilised in nutrition studies. This study will help identify how various facets of nutrition are perceived by people, and how

Clustering of infant mortality among primitive tribes of Odisha

Objectives:

• To assess family level death clustering andclustering by socioeconomic risk factorsamong various primitive tribes in Odisha

• To study community level factors influencinginfant and child mortality

• To study the relative role individual motherscompetence/genetic frailty versusenvironmental/community factors influenceon child death clustering

• To assess a comparative pictures of extent ofclustering among various Primitive TribalGroups

Study population: Four major primitive tribal groups(Bondo, Joangs, Dongria khond and PaudiBhuyian)

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Study site and study population:

• Four major primitive tribal groups(Bondo, Joangs, Dongria khondand Paudi Bhuyian)

• Study design: Both quantitative and qualitative study. 600 respondents(400 case and 200 controls groups)

Outcome: • Underlying causes of child mortality among primitive

tribes will be identified

• Fact sheets will be prepared for grass root level workers/ NGOs/ health intervention agencies

• Finding will help Govt / programme managers to design / plan interventions for reducing morbidity / mortality among

primitive tribes

Status: Ongoing since June 2015

Participatory health facilitation intervention to promote maternal health, feeding attitude to

recommended IYCF practices in tribal Gujarat .

Objectives:

• To assess key determinants of infant and young childfeeding practices in the tribal blocks of Dahod district

• 2. To synthesize evidence based and contextuallyrelevant health promotion intervention throughcommunity mobilzation, capacity building andfacilitation of existing government services with specialemphasize on anganwadi centers and ICDS

Target Population: tribal women of childbearing age (15 to49 yrs) mainly pregnant women and mothers havingchildren lees than 9 months of age.

Study area: tribal dominated blocks of dahod, Jhalod andLimkheda. The indigenous tribal community is bhil.

Status : Ongoing since January 2015

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orEmpowerment and Engagement of Community in

Strengthening Child Health among Tribal Population

Objectives:

• To create awareness & build capacity of the Adolescents,Traditional Tribal Healthcare Practitioners, Medical

Practitioner &VHSNCs members on issues related to Child health for

sustainingpositive health seeking behavior in the community

• To enhance the level of awareness, change inattitude, beliefs &

practices/behavior on issues related to child health amongcommunity/ mothers of under-5 children through diverse

‘ChangeAgents’

• To assess the impact of the above interventions in thecommunity

on issues related to child health

Study Area: Tamilnadu (Thiruvallur District) & Karnataka

(Mysore District). Study Population: Irular from Tamilnadu &

Jenu Kuruba from Karnataka Status: Under process for FC

Outcome parameters:

• Change in rates of child health specific awareness, attitudes & practices among the mothers of U5 children

• Increase in rates of Immunization coverage , no.ofwomen feeding

colostrums, early initiation BF and exclusive BF for six months of age & timely complementary feeding

• Decrease in number of children with ARI and Diarrhea, number of children with malnutrition

• Increase in awareness of Adolescent Girls, VHSNC members, Traditional Healthcare Practitioners & Medical Practitioners on issues related to child health resulting in increased community engagement in child healthcare

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Epidemiology of Anemia in Pre-school Tribal Children of Eastern Gujarat with Reference to

Etiological factors.

Objectives:

• To study the epidemiology of anemia in pre-school children of the tribal area

of eastern Gujarat

• To study etiology and pathophysiology of anemia and nutritional impact on

anemia prevalence

Study area and Population:: tribal pre-school children (age 6months to 5 years) from the Taluka santarampur(80%tribal), District Panchmahals in Gujarat

Expected outcome: generating awareness, providing knowledge regarding the symptoms and causes of the anemia, malaria and gastrointestinal infections and malnutrition, willingness to approach the nearer Primary Health Centre (PHC) for disease diagnosis and treatment amongst them.

Status: under process for FC

A study of treatment seeking behaviour for malaria and its management in children less than

5 years of age in tribal population of southern part of Rajasthan, India.

Objectives:

• To study the basis on which the fever was recognizedand classified and find out factors involved in selectionof different treatment options

• To know the management of malaria among children <5years of age in the tribal community

• Intervention to modify the behavior for minimizingtime laps between onset of disease and diagnosisand complete treatment at health facility, vectorbreeding source reduction and personal protection

Study site and population: 3 districts with high tribalpopulation( Banswara 72.3%, Dungarpur 65.1% andUdaipur 47.9%)

Expected outcome: Findings may be useful for tribal malariacontrol programme.

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Testing Efficacy Of Electronic Decision Support System To Improve Adherence to IMNCI Guidelines By Medical Officers And Frontline Workers In Tribal

Settings.

Objectives:

• Rapid Program Appraisal (baseline) and Gap Analysis

• To develop and implement e-DSS prototype based onIMNCI algorithm (eDSS-IMNCI)\

• Design and development of electronic clinical decisionsupport system in a local dialect following iterative designprocess in consultation with IMNCI experts, state andregional health administration and end-users

• Implementing the prototype in study block and testing itsefficacy in terms of usability, utilization, adherence, costand child health outcomes

Target population: children born during the enrollment phase in the tribal villages of Jetpur-Pavi taluka of Vadodaradistrict(indigenous tribal communities ‘Rathva’, ‘Tadvi’ and ‘Nayka’)

Expected outcome: Help strengthening programme implementation, improve coverage and quality of care

Assessment of Haemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency among the tribals of Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu and the impact of genetic counseling and health education programme: task force study

Participating centres:1. School of Public Health, SRM University, Kattankulathur2. PSG Institute of medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore3. School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore

Objectives:• To screen for Haemoglobinopathies and common enzymopathies

like G6PD deficiency and their clinical manifestations.

• To determine the distribution of mutations causing haemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency and to evaluate the effect of genetic modifiers in ameliorating the severity of the disease.

• To provide genetic counseling and health education to young unmarried

adults and newly married couples with Haemoglobinopathies as well as

G6PD deficient individuals and assess their impact.

• To develop and validate a Genetic Disease Risk Scores (GDRS) tool for identifying high risk cases for SCD.

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Thank You

4/28/2016

31

69

56

75

91

92

14

30

50

0 50 100 150

Sugar & Jaggery

Fats & Oils

Milk & MP

Roots & Tubers

Other Veg

GLVeg

Pulses

Cereals

Per cent of RDA

AVERAGE DAILY HOUSEHOLD INTAKE OF FOOD STUFFS AS % OF RDA

Source: NNMB2009

In the 9 NNMB states surveyed, the mean intake of different food

stuffs at household level indicated that the intake of all the food

groups were lower than the suggested levels of ICMR. There was

gross deficit found in the intake of milk and milk products and sugar

and jiggery. The intake of leafy vegetables and other vegetables form

only half of the RDI.

51

110

100

79

77

78

36

46

44

91

0 50 100 150

Free F.Acid

Vitamin C

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamin

Vitamin A

Iron

Calcium

Energy

Protein

Per cent RDA

AVERAGE DAILY HOUSEHOLD INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS AS

% OF RDA

Source: NNMB2009

Expect the intake of Thiamine and Vitamin –C, the intake of

all the other nutrients were lower than recommended

nutrient intakes suggested by ICMR. Gross deficit was

found in the intake of Iron, Riboflavin, Vitamin-A, and Folic

acid.

4/28/2016

32

Median Energy (Kcal) consumption at household level (CU/day)

2034 1550

1840

2002

1802

1743

1702

1840

2416

Pooled:1857

Source: NNMB2009

The median energy intake for all nine states pooled was 1857Kcal/cu/day was

lower than the recommended level of 2425Kcal. Among the states the

maximum intake was observed among the tribes of West Bengal and lowest

found in the tribes of Madhya Pradesh.

Average Protein (g) consumption at household level (CU/day)

The median intake of protein, pooled for the nine states was

47g/cu/day, which forms 78% of RDA. The protein intake was highest in

Gujarat and lowest in Tamil Nadu

Source: NNMB2009

42.767.5

48.9

48.5

40.9

40.5

39.6

42.5

52.5

Pooled: 46.9

4/28/2016

33

Average Iron (mg) consumption at household level (CU/day)

11.8

10.0

11.5

14.3

17.5

9.6

10.0

11.8

13.6

Pooled:12.2

Source: NNMB2009

The median consumption of Iron was 12.2mg/cu/day far below the

recommended level of 28mg and forms only 44% of RDA. The intake

was ranged from 9.6mg in Andhra Pradesh to 17.5 in the state of

Gujarat.

Average Vitamin-A (µg) consumption at household level (CU/day)

187

133

180

268

196

198

133

777

500

Pooled: 277

Source: NNMB2009

The intake of Vitamin –A was 277µg which forms 46% of RDA. The intake

was highest in state of Odisha with 777 µg and lowest in the state of Tamil

Nadu and Maharashtra with each133 µg.

4/28/2016

34

Average Thiamine (mg) consumption at household level (CU/day)

1.1

1.2

1.9

0.9

0.7

1.1

1.5

1.1

1.0

Pooled:1.2

Source: NNMB2009

The median intake of Thiamine was 1.2mg, equal to RDA. It ranged

from 0.7mg in Andhra Pradesh to 1.9 mg in Gujarat.

Average Riboflavin (mg) consumption at household level (CU/day)

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.8

0.5

0.5

Pooled: 0.5

Source: NNMB2009

The median intake of riboflavin was 0.5, ranged from 0.4mg in Kerala to 0.8 in

the state of Gujarat.

4/28/2016

35

Average Niacin (mg) consumption at household level (CU/day)

10.9

11.9

14.3

13.9

11.3

16.0

14.8

17.1

25.4

Pooled: 14.6

Source: NNMB2009

The median intake of niacin for all the states pooled was 14.6mg which

forms 91.3% of RDA. The intake was ranged from 10.9mg in Madhya

Pradesh to 25.4mg in West Bengal.

Average Vitamin -C (mg) consumption at household level (CU/day)

26.1

16.0

42.1

45.1

30.6

34.0

33.4

93.6

52.1

Pooled: 43.8

Source: NNMB2009

The median intake of Vitamin –C was 43.8mg, ranged from 16mg in the state

of Maharashtra to 93.6mg in Odisha.

4/28/2016

36

Average Free folic acid (µg) consumption at household level (CU/day)

40

44

75

48

48

40

47

52

64

Pooled: 51

Source: NNMB2009

The median intake of free folic acid was 51µg, only half of the RDA of 100 µg and

is ranged from 40 µg in the state of Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh to 75

µg in Gujarat.

Average Total fat (g) consumption at household level (CU/day)

13.3

23.3

23.2

30.0

31.1

17.9

21.7

10.8

13.1

Pooled: 20.8

Source: NNMB2009

The intake of total fat was 20.8g , ranged from a low of 10.8g in Odisha to a high

of 31g in Gujarat.

4/28/2016

37

Per cent prevalence of clinical signs of total Vitamin –A deficiency

among preschool children

3.4

0.2

0.5

0.2 5.1

1.1

2.5

0.3

0.7

Pooled: 1.5

Source: NNMB2009

The prevalence of total clinical signs of Vitamin –A deficiency include Night

Blindness, Conjunctival Xerosis and Bitots Spot , for all the states pooled was

1.5%. and the highest prevalence found in the state of Madhya Pradesh followed

by Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.

Prevalence of goitre among adolescent boys (12-18years)

18.0

3.3

0.2 0.3

1.4

0.0

2.2

0.2

0.2

Pooled: 3.0

Source: NNMB2009

The prevalence of Goitre among adolescent boys was 3%, and it was highest in

the state of Andhra Pradesh followed by Maharashtra AND Tamil Nadu.

4/28/2016

38

Prevalence of goitre among adolescent girls (12-18years)

3.6

1.8

0.7 1.2

0.9

2.9

15.4

7.7

3.9

Pooled: 4.4

Source: NNMB2009

The prevalence of goitre among adolescent girls was 4.4% and found highest in

the state of Andhra Pradesh followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil

Nadu.

Prevalence of goitre among adult men (>18years)

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.3

0.1

11.5

0.2

Pooled: 1.8

Source: NNMB2009

The prevalence of goitre among adult males was 1.8% and found highest

in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

4/28/2016

39

Prevalence of goitre among adult women (>18years)

Pooled: 3.9

10.2

6.0

0.4 1.8

2.2

2.3

3.3

2.3

4.5

The prevalence of Goitre among adult women was 3.9%, found highest in

the state of Andhra Pradesh followed by Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka.

Source: NNMB2009

Prevalence of underweight (<median-2SD) among Infants

Pooled:35.7

32.9

43.1

48.8

23.8

32.2

28.3

25.5

45.1

41.6

Source: NNMB2009

The prevalence of underweight among infants was 35.7%, which ranged

from a low of 23.8% in Karnataka and high of 45.1% in the state of

Odisha.

4/28/2016

40

Prevalence of underweight (<median-2SD) among preschool children (1-5Yrs)

52.4

63.7

46.9

42.6

50.7

57.7

52.3

47.2

43.6

Pooled: 51.9

The prevalence of underweight among preschool children was 51.9% for the

states pooled. The prevalence was highest in the state of Maharashtra

followed by Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.

Source: NNMB2009

Per cent prevalence of stunting (<median-2SD) among Infants

POOLED: 34.6

28.4

44.0

45.7

25.8

30.6

41.0

22.2

22.8

50.7

The prevalence of stunting, indicator of chronic under nutrition was 34.6%

among infants. The prevalence was reported to be highest in the state of

Kerala followed by Gujarat, Maharashtra and Odisha.

Source: NNMB2009

4/28/2016

41

Per cent prevalence of stunting (<median-2SD) among preschool children

63.6

60.7

53.8

39.4

52.1

.

53.746.1

64.6

45.9

POOLED:54.7

The prevalence of stunting among preschool children was 54.7% for the

states pooled ,found highest in the states of Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and

Maharashtra and lowest in the state of Karnataka.

Source: NNMB2009

Per cent prevalence of wasting (<median-2SD) among Infants

POOLED:24.1

36.0

20.6

32.2

14.2

22.7

23.1

22.2

15.5

32.4

The prevalence of wasting, indicator of current nutritional status was 24.1%.

The prevalence was highest in the state of Madhya Pradesh followed by West

Bengal and Gujarat.

Source: NNMB2009

4/28/2016

42

Per cent prevalence of wasting (<median-2SD) among preschool children

POOLED:21.9

21.0

29.3

19.2

21.7

23.8

19.0

15.4

19.9

27.2

Source: NNMB2009

The prevalence of wasting among preschool children was21.9% ranged from

a low of 15.4% in Kerala and a high of 29.3% in the state of Maharashtra.

Prevalence of hypertension (SBP>140, DBP>90) among adult men (>20yrs)

POOLED:25.2

20.7

27.7

9.9

28.4

17.0

53.7

29.9

17.8

44.8

The prevalence of hypertension among adult men was 25.2%, highest found

in the state of Odisha and Kerala and lowest Gujarat.

Source: NNMB2009

4/28/2016

43

Prevalence of hypertension (SBP>140, DBP>90) among adult women (>20yrs)

POOLED:23.1

23.9

19.3

6.3

25.5

20.8

48.8

30.1

18.4

35.8

The prevalence of hypertension among adult women was 23.1% with highest

prevalence in the state of Odisha and lowest in Gujarat.

Source: NNMB2009

Nutrition Status of 5-9 years Children based on BMI (SD Classification)

37

26.1

27.6

23.3

43.2

44.6

35

46.3

40.5

28

62.1

72.9

72.1

74.6

54.4

45.1

64.6

53.2

59

71.6

1

1

0.3

2

2.4

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Pooled

West Bengal

Odisha

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharasthra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Obese

Normal

Thiness

The prevalence of thinness among 5-9 years school aged children was 37%

and obesity was 1%. The prevalence of thinness was higher in the state of

Karnataka and lowest in Madhya Pradesh. The prevalence of obesity was high

in Gujarat.

Source: NNMB2009

4/28/2016

44

Nutrition Status of 10-13 years Children based on BMI (SD Classification)

42.2

21.4

28.5

39.8

42.3

59.9

35.4

59.3

52.8

36.4

56.5

76.3

70.9

59.3

54.5

39.9

63.6

40.4

46.5

62.6

1.3

2.3

0.6

0.8

3.2

0.2

1

0.2

0.7

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Pooled

West Bengal

Odisha

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharasthra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Obese

Normal

Thiness

The prevalence of thinness among 10-13 year children was 42.2% with highest

in the state of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, the prevalence of

obesity was high in Gujarat.

Source: NNMB2009

Nutrition Status of 14-17 years Children based on BMI ( SD Classification)

23.1

10.6

11

20.6

17.1

37.4

17.2

43.7

32.6

20.4

76.2

88.2

87.9

78.6

81.7

62.4

82.4

55.8

67.2

77.7

0.8

1.3

1.1

0.8

1.2

0.1

0.4

0.4

0.2

1.9

0 20 40 60 80 100

Pooled

West Bengal

Odisha

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharasthra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Obese

Normal

Thiness

The prevalence of thinness was 23.1% among 14-17 year children, and the

prevalence was highest in Karnataka and lowest in West Bengal. Similarly

the prevalence of overweight and obesity was highest in Kerala and lowest

in Maharashtra.

Source: NNMB2009

4/28/2016

45

Distribution of Adult men (≥18 years) according to BMI (SD classification)(Asian cut-off)

40.2

43.4

38.6

38.8

31.3

52.6

38.4

44.8

39.3

33.9

52.8

51.6

58

57.7

54.7

42

55.1

47.2

50.9

57.4

7

5

3.4

3.5

14

5.4

6.5

8

9.8

8.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Pooled

West Bengal

Odisha

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharasthra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Obese Normal CED

The prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) among adult tribal men

was 40.2% and the prevalence was found highest in the state of Maharashtra

and lowest in Gujarat. Similarly, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was

highest in the state of Gujarat and lowest in Odisha.

Source: NNMB2009

Distribution of Adult Women (≥18 years) according to BMI classification(Asian cut-off)

49

55.6

52.3

45.9

36.6

62.5

48.9

50.4

44

44.2

43

39.6

44.1

49.3

49.9

32.7

44.1

39.6

45.9

43.5

8

4.8

3.6

4.8

13.5

4.8

7

10

10.1

12.3

0 20 40 60 80

Pooled

West Bengal

Odisha

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharasthra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Obese Normal CED

The prevalence of CED among adult tribal women was 49% with highest in

the state of Maharashtra and lowest in Gujarat. The prevalence of

overweight and obesity was high in the state of Gujarat and lowest in

Odisha.

Source: NNMB2009

4/28/2016

46

Prevalence of Hypertension among Adult Men (>20Yrs)

25.2

29.9

53.7

20.7

9.9

27.7

17

28.4

17.8

44.8

42.5

45.2

30.8

40.4

60

45.2

37.7

43.2

37.2

36.7

32.3

24.9

15.5

38.9

30.1

27.1

45.3

28.4

45

18.5

0 20 40 60 80

Pooled

West Bengal

Odisha

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharasthra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Normal

Pre-Hypertension

Hypertension

Among adult men the overall prevalence of hypertension was67.7% with

42.5% of stage1 hypertension and 25.2% of stage 2 hypertension.

Source: NNMB2009

Prevalence of Hypertension among adult Women (>20Yrs)

23.1

30.1

48.8

23.9

6.3

19.3

20.8

25.5

18.4

35.8

39

40.6

33.9

32.5

54.6

39.4

36

38.2

35.4

36

37.9

29.3

17.3

43.6

39.1

41.3

43.2

36.3

46.2

28.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pooled

West Bengal

Odisha

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharasthra

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Normal

Pre-Hypertension

Hypertension

Among adult women the overall prevalence of hypertension was 62.1% with

39% of stage1 hypertension and 23.1% of stage 2 hypertension.

Source: NNMB2009

4/28/2016

47

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS OF

TRIBES OF SOUTHERN

REGION

Dhimsa dance by tribal women of Araku valley-visakhapatnam

Bhagata tribal women of Araku valley

4/28/2016

48

Chenchu mother and child- Andhra Pradesh

Chenchu collecting forest produce- honey, turtle

4/28/2016

49

Tribes of Yarkadu- Tamil Nadu

Tribal dance of Kadu-kuruba , Karnataka

Collection of honey comb by Jenu kuruba tribe, Karnataka

Collection of medicinal tuber in the forest by jenu kuruba tribes,

karnataka

4/28/2016

50

Average Food Intake (g/CU/day) of Household as % RDA amongChenchu – Andhra Pradesh

0 50 100

Sugar & Jaggery

Fats & oils

Milk & milk products

Roots& tubers

Other veg,

Green leafy veg.

pulses&legumes

Cereals& millets

13

89

14

66

77

5

71

96

28

71

18

80

64

19

73

98

AP tribes

Chenchu

Median Nutrient Intake of Households (per/CU/day) as % of RDA among Chenchu – Andhra Pradesh

0 50 100

Free folic acid

Vitamin C

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamin

Vitamin A

Iron

Calcium

Energy

Protein

20

92

71

50

75

30

58

37

84

10

20

85

71

43

58

33

56

52

86

81

AP tribes

Chenchu

Source: Mallikharjuna Rao K et.al., NIN Technical Report, 2013

Except the intake of cereals& millets, the intake of all other foods was lower

than the suggested levels. The intake of GLV, milk, sugar and jaggery was

grossly inadequate. The intake of all the nutrients especially Iron, Vit-

A, Riboflavin and Folic acid were grossly inadequate compared to RDA.

Prevalence (%) of under nutrition among Preschool Children according toSD Classification (<Median - 2SD) among Chenchu – Andhra Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Underweight Stunting Wasting

44.2

54.7

12.5

50.7 52.1

19.2

%Chenchu

NNMB

Except stunting, the prevalence of underweight and wasting was lower among

Chenchu tribal children compared to their tribal counterparts of Andhra Pradesh.

Prevalence (%) of under nutrition among <5 Yr Children according to SD Classification (<Median - 2SD) – By Gender among

Chenchu – Andhra Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Underweight Stunting Wasting

41

54.8

13.7

43.350.4

13.3

%Boys

Girls

Source: Mallikharjuna Rao K et.al., NIN Technical Report, 2013

The prevalence of stunting and wasting was marginally high among

boys of under 5 year age than girls.

4/28/2016

51

Distribution (%) of Adult Males according to BMI Classification among Chenchu – Andhra Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CED Normal Overweight

41.245.9

12.9

38.4

55.1

6.5

%Chenchu

NNMB(AP)

The prevalence of CED as well as overweight and obesity was high

among Chenchu men than their other tribal counterparts of AP.

Distribution (%) of Adult Females according to BMI Classification

among Chenchu – Andhra Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CED Normal Overweight

42.446

10.6

48.944.1

7

% Chenchu

NNMB(AP)

Source: Mallikharjuna Rao K et.al., NIN Technical Report, 2013

Among Chenchu women the prevalence of normal and overweight and

obesity was marginally higher compared to other tribes of AP.

Nutritional Status of adults by tribe and BMI levels in the state of Andhra Pradesh

0

6.6

0 0 0 0

10

20

50 1.5

20

10

26.630

0

6.1

30

80

46.6

65

100

92.3

50

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Bhagata Konda Dora Konds Raj Konds Lambada Yerukula

16-1-17.0 17.1-18.5 18.6-20 21-25

Source: Varadarajan A, Stud Tribes Tribals, 7(2),137-141, 2009.

Nutritionally, Raj Gonds were better than other tribes. The prevalence of

CED was higher in Konda Dora and Yerukala tribe.

4/28/2016

52

Nutritional Status of Tribal Groups in ITDA Bhadrachalam KhammamDistrict – Telangana State

Fig Average Food intake (g/CU/day) of households as % RDA

16.7

70

20

72

83.3

10

85

104.3

27

70

18

80

63

20

72

98

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sugar & jaggery

Fats & Oils

Milk & Milk Products

Roots & Tubers

Other Vegetables

Leafy Vegetables

Pulses &Legumes

Cereals & Millets

NNMB (APTribal Survey

2009)PresentSurvey(2007)

Fig. Median nutrient intake of households (CU/day)as % RDA

39

66.5

72.5

35.7

50

12.5

34.3

65

86.8

81.7

40

85

71

43

58

33

34

78

82

81

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Free Folic Acid

Vitamin C

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamin

Vitamin A

Iron

Calcium

Energy

Protein

NNMB (AP Tribal Survey 2009)

Present Survey (2007)

Source: J.Hum.Eco. 21(2), 79-86,2007

The tribe Konda Reddy is the main inhabitant in the ITDA area. The food and

nutrient intakes were lower than the recommended levels and more or less

comparable with the intakes of other tribal groups.(NNMB-AP)

Fig. Distribution (%) of Preschool children according to standard Deviation

(SD) Classification

50.7 52.1

19.2

65.4

46.4

21.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Underweight Stunting Wasting

NNMB (AP Tribal Survey 2009)Present Survey (2007)

The prevalence of underweight was higher among the tribal preschool

children of ITDA, Bhadrachalam, while the prevalence of stunting was lower

compared to their other tribal counterparters.(NNMB-AP)

Fig. Distribution (%) of Adult Males according to BMI Classification

38.4

55.1

6.5

31

58.3

0.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CED Normal Overweight

NNMB (AP Tribal Survey 2009)Present Survey (2007)

Source: J.Hum.Eco. 21(2), 79-86, 2007

4/28/2016

53

Fig Distribution (%) of Adult Females According to BMI Classification

48.9

44.1

7

58.5

40

1.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CED Normal Overweight

NNMB (AP Tribal Survey 2009)

Present Survey (2007)

Source: J.Hum.Eco. 21(2), 79-86, 2007

The prevalence of CED was less among men while it was more among

women compared to other tribes of AP. The prevalence of overweight and

obesity was low compared to other tribes of AP (NNMB-AP)

Food intake of Tribal Children at Semmannathan village in

Yercaud Taluk, Salem District Tamil Nadu

Age

(years)

Cereals

(g)

Pulses

(g)

Fruits &

Vegetables(g)

Fats and

Sugar(g)

Milk & meat

Products(g)

Mean

intake

%

deficit

Mean

intake

%

deficit

Mean

intake

%

deficit

Mean

intake

%

deficit

Mean

intake

%

deficit

1-3

Boys 69.6 -54 30 -40 4.6 -94 9.6 -81 137 -54

Girls 70.7 -53 20 -60 6.4 -92 8.5 -83 150 -50

4-6

Boys 118 -21 20 -59 14.6 -82 9.7 -81 78.9 -74

Girls 120 -20 19 -61 19.7 -75 19.7 -61 80 -60

7-9

Boys 157 -37 20 -67 28.5 -72 9 -89 85 -58

Girls 135 -46 28 -53 11.6 -88 9 -89 23.3 -88

10-12

Boys 213 -33 26 -56 34.2 -73 2.8 -97 90 -55

Girls 219 -31 22 -63 26.3 -79 2.4 -97 46 -77

13-15

Boys 218 -49 30.5 -56 27.6 -79 2.1 -97 46 -69

Girls 216 -38 20.5 -59 28.3 -84 2.7 -96 25 -83

16-18

Boys 322 -8 30.5 -39 20.6 -89 3.4 -95 85 -43

Girls 317 -9 21.8 -56 19.5 -89 2.4 -97 80 -47

Source: R.Parmalavalli Stud-Tribes Tribals, 10(2): 183-187 (2012)

The intake of fruits and vegetables, fats and sugar was grossly inadequate.

The deficit in the cereal intake was more among 1-3Yr children and school age

children.

4/28/2016

54

26

40

28

6

Nutritional Status for Children under 5 years

Normal

Grade I

Grade II

Grade III

Nutrition Status of under five children among tribes of

Gudalur, Nilgiris,Tamil Nadu

Source: Association for Health Welfare in the Nilgiris, Thottamoola, Gudalur.

The Nilgiris.643212 INDIA .www.ashwimi.org ashwinigudalur@gmail.com

The nutritional status (Based on Gomez classification) of under 5

children in Gudalur block of Nilgiri district indicated the overall

prevalence of underweight was 74%, with 40% of grade I, 28% grade II,

and 6% grade III malnutrition.

Percent Distribution of Thin, Normal, and Overweight based on

Body Mass Index for Age Z-Scores among

Konda Reddi and Koya Dora Offspring.

Age

(yrs)Sex N

BMI for Age (Z-score classification)

Konda Reddi Koya Dora

Thin NormalOverwei

ghtN

Thin NormalOverwei

ght

<-2SD<-2SD-

≤+2SD

>+2SD-

≤+3SD<-2SD

<-2SD-

≤+2SD

>+2SD-

≤+3SD

6Boys 17 11.8 89.2 0 34 14.7 76.47 8.82

Girls 17 17.6 76.5 5.9 29 6.90 86.20 6.90

7Boys 11 18.2 81.8 0 16 12.5 87.5 0

Girls 17 11.8 82.3 5.9 32 6.25 93.75 0

8Boys 22 9.1 77.3 13.6 27 11.1 88.9 3.70

Girls 25 8.0 88.0 4.0 18 5.55 88.9 5.55

9Boys 30 10.0 83.3 6.7 39 10.3 79.4 10.3

Girls 25 12.0 88.0 0 23 8.7 86.9 4.32

10Boys 15 20.0 73.3 6.7 19 10.5 74.8 15.7

Girls 22 27.3 72.7 0 17 5.89 88.2 5.89

11Boys 3 0 66.7 33.3 11 36.4 54.5 9.09

Girls 13 7.7 84.6 7.7 18 22.2 72.2 5.55

12Boys 11 18.2 63.6 18.2 17 23.5 70.6 5.9

Girls 22 18.2 72.7 9.1 22 27.3 72.7 0

13Boys 6 16.7 83.3 0 17 11.8 58.8 29.4

Girls 25 20.0 82.0 8.0 22 18.7 78.1 3.12

Source: Appalanaidu P & Others , DJ The Daws Journal , vol.2,No.2, July –December 2013.

The table provides the prevalence of under nutrition (based on BMI) among

school age children of Konda Reddi and Koya Dora tribes. The prevalence of

thinness was relatively higher in the age group of 10-13 Yrs than 6-9 Yrs. in

both the tribes. The overweight and obesity was more or less similar in both

the tribes.

4/28/2016

55

Average daily nutrient intake of Jenu Kuruba children,Karnataka

56.2

99.6

106.4

75.5

51.4

56

82.5

82.2

74

51

55.3

57.2

88

89

46.8

44.3

50.8

117.7

99.5

47.7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

β Carotene

Iron

Calcium

Protein

Energy

6

7 to 9

10+(B)

10+(G)

Source: Jai Prabhakar and Gangadhar, Anthropologist,13(2)159-162,2011.

The energy intake was more or less 50% of RDA among Jenu Kuruba

children. The protein intake was better among 6-9 year children than

10+Yrs children. The intake of iron and β carotene was lower in younger

group than older age group.

Average daily nutrient intake of Yerava Children

76.7

79.6

85.6

59

63.2

82.6

65.6

72.6

67.6

53.9

83.2

44.8

93.7

69.5

40

53.1

39

90.9

87.7

42.7

0 20 40 60 80 100

β Carotene

Iron

Calcium

Protein

Energy

6

7 to 9

10+ (B)

10+ (G)

Source: Jai Prabhakar and Gangadhar, Anthropologist,13(2)159-162,2011.

The intake of energy was comparatively lower in 6-9 yrs than 10+ yrs Yeruva

tribal children. Similar observation was also made with regard to the intake of

iron and β carotene. However, the intake of protein was higher in 6-9 Yrs

children than 10+ children.

4/28/2016

56

Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among under five

children of Kadu kuruba tribe of Mysore district, Karnataka

46.2 46.2

30.8

80

60

45

84.2

78.9

47.4

61.1

66.7

47.1

38.735.5

41.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Underweight Stunting Wasting

0-11

.12-23

24-35

36-47

48-59

Source: J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Jul:8(7);JC01-JC04, Published online 2014 Jul 20.

Among Kudu Kuruba tribe, it was observed that, the prevalence of

underweight, stunting and wasting was increased with increase in age up to 36

months and then come down by 48-60 months of age. The prevalence of all the

types of under nutrition was higher at age 24-47 months‟ children

Prevalence of Hypertension among Jenu Kuruba Tribe of

Mysore District, Karnataka

Age –Wise Prevalence of Hypertension

23.4

26.7

24.4

21.3

11.8

17.7

25.9

30.9

1

3.55.4

11.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

Pre-hypertension

Hypertension Stage 1

Hypertension Stage 2

Source: Basavanagowdappa Hathur, Internation Journal of Halth & Allied Sciences-Vol.2-2013

Sex Wise Prevalence of Hypertension

29.8

23.5

4.7

19.5

13.6

2.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Pre-hypertension Hypertension stage 1 Hypertension stage 2

Male

Female

Source: Basavanagowdappa Hathur, Internation Journal of Halth & Allied Sciences-Vol.2-

Issue 4. Oct-Dec 2013

The overall prevalence of hypertension among Jenu Kuruba was 21.7%.The

prevalence among men was higher with 28.2% than women (16.5%). The

prevalence was increased with increase in age.

4/28/2016

57

Nutritional Status among Adult Mannan Tribes of Iddukki District, Kerala

23.1

75.8

1.1

52.5

44.8

2.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Underweight Normal Oveweight

Men

Women

Source:Philomenamma John and Saradha Ramadas,Department of Food Service Management

and Dietetics, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, 641 043, India

The chronic energy deficiency among women was higher than men. The

prevalence of overweight was marginally high in women of Mannan tribe.

Prevalence of Anemia among Tribal Women of Reproductive age-group in

Wayanad district of Kerala

BMI/grades

of anemia

Underweight

(%)Normal (%)

Overweight

(%)Total (%)

Severe 10.8 9.7 0 10.1

Moderate 64 46.1 57.1 55.9

Mild 22.6 40.3 28.6 30.5

Normal 2.7 3.9 14.3 3.5

The prevalence of severe and moderate anaemia was higher in individuals with

chronic energy deficiency than other grades of nutritional status among tribal

women of Wynad district.

Source: Shrinivasa BM, et.al., International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences –Vol

3.Issue 2. Apr-Jun 2014

Rapid Assessment of Nutritional Status of under 5 children and mothers of

Attappady hills, Palakkad district of Kerala

Average intake of Food Stuffs as Percent of RDA

33

45

8

146

75

33

49

72

43

50

56

118

85

25

53

62

67

70

32

114

40

33

158

79

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Sugar & Jaggery

Fats & oils

Milk & milk product

Roots & Tubers

Other veg.

Green leafy veg.

Pulses & Legum

Cereals & Millets

Attappady Rural All tribes

Source : NIN report 2013

Except pulses and legumes and roots and tubers, the intake of all other

foodstuffs was lower than the RDA among the tribes of Attappady hills. The

intake of Green leafy vegetables and milk &milk products were not even 50% of

RDA.

4/28/2016

58

Average intake of Nutrients as percent of RDA

39

70

81

43

75

16

59

64

67

67

77

48

113

93

29

83

33

59

54

73

75

68

29

110

96

54

131

26

98

64

81

61

92

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Free Folic Acid

Vit C

Niacin

Ribo flavin

Thiamin

Vit A

Iron

Calcium

Energy

Total fat

ProteinAttappady

Tribes

Percent of RDA

Source : NIN report 2013

The intake of all the nutrients, except Thiamine and Vitamin –C was lower than

the recommended level. The intake of micronutrients such as iron, Vitamin-

A, Riboflavin and free folic acid were grossly inadequate.

Prevalence (%) of undernutrition (<Median - 2SD) among Preschool Children

according to SD classification*

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Weight for Age Height for Age Weight for Height

57.559.1

26.5

40

53

15.3

Attappady Tribes

NNMB Kerala Tribes

Source : NIN report 2013

The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was higher among

preschool children of tribes in Attappady compared to tribes of Kerala (NNMB).

Distribution (%) of Reproductive age women (15-45 years) according to

BMI Classification*

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

CED Normal Overweight

48.4

42.3

9.3

44.2 43.5

12.3

Attappady Tribes

Kerala Tribes

Source : NIN report 2013

The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was higher in tribal women

of Attappady compared to tribal counterparts of Kerala (NNMB).

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59

Prevalence of Anaemia among Women of Reproductive age (15-45yrs)

2.0

36.6

50.6

10.8

1.1

27.8

56.3

14.8

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Severe

Moderate

Mild

Normal Attappady Kerala

Percent

Source : NIN report 2013

The overall prevalence of anaemia was 85% with56% had mild

anaemia, 28% had moderate anaemia and 1% had severe anaemia. The

prevalence of anaemia was marginally lower than figures reported for

Kerala tribes.

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS OF

TRIBES OF CENTRAL

REGION

4/28/2016

60

Baiga tribe of Madhya Pradesh

Bison Horn Maria of Chhattisgarh

Hand pounding of millet grain by tribal women

4/28/2016

61

Collection of toddy by the tribe

Nutritional Status of Kamar Tribal Children in Chhattisgarh

95.7784.51 87.3291.8

47.54

83.61

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Underweight Stunting Wasting

Boys

Girls

54.5557.58

45.45

56.7259.7

50.76

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Underweight Stunting Wasting

Boys

Girls

33.33

66.67

25

15

65

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Underweight Stunting Wasting

Boys

Girls

Among Kamar tribal children of 4-6 Yrs, the prevalence of underweight, stunting and

wasting was higher among boys than girls. Among 7-9 Yrs children

underweight, stunting and wasting was less among girls compared to boys.

Among 10-12 Yrs children, the prevalence of underweight among boys and wasting

among girls was high, while stunting was comparable.

Source: Mitashree Mitra, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 74-April, 2007,Pg.381-384

4/28/2016

62

Nutritional Status of Korku Tribes in Betul District of Madhya Pradesh

Mean nutrient intake of Adult male Korku

StudiesCalories

(kcal)

Protein

(g)

Total

Fat (g)

Carbohyd

rate(g)

Calcium

(mg)

Iron

(mg)

Carotene

(ig)

Thiamin

(mg)

Ribo-

flavin

(mg)

Niacin

(mg)

Ascorb

ic acid

(mg)

RDA* 2875 60 20 614 400 28 2400 1.4 1.6 18 40

I group* 2260 46.65 8.82 490.74 188.56 24.15 753.1 1.02 1.2 12.21 22.82

Adequacy (%)

78.61 77.75 44.1 79.92 47.14 86.25 31.38 72.86 75 67.83 57.05

II group** 2105 45.13 8.13 492.21 191.73 23.41 752.38 1 1.04 13.87 24.77

Adequacy (%)

73.22 75.22 40.65 80.16 47.93 83.61 31.35 71.14 65 77.05 61.92

III group *** 2105 40.32 7.95 486.32 189.01 20.83 748.93 1.01 1 11.29 22.05

I group*=19-35 years; II group**=36-55 years

III group ***=above 55 years; RDA (ICMR 1991)

Mean nutrient intake of adult female Korku

StudiesCalorie

s (kcal)

Protei

n

(g)

Total

Fat (g)

Carbo-

hydrate

(g)

Calciu

m

(mg)

Iron

(mg)

Caro-

tene(ig)

Thia-

min

(mg)

Ribo-

flavin

(mg)

Niaci

n

(mg)

Asco

rbic

acid

(mg)

RDA* 2225 50 20 461 400 30 2400 1.1 1.3 16 40

I group* 1822 38.26 6.5 403.21 169.98 16.13 742.32 0.68 0.58 9.13 16.58

Adequacy (%)

81.89 76.52 32.5 87.46 42.49 53.77 30.93 61.81 44.61 65.21 41.45

II group** 1820 37.24 7.1 408.21 170.56 15.29 745.12 0.69 0.63 9.28 17.32

Adequacy (%)

1814 37.7 6.64 404.92 170.21 15.69 743.38 0.68 0.59 9.15 16.82

III group ***

81.15 75.4 33.2 87.83 42.55 82.3 30.97 61.82 45.38 65.36 42.05

I group*=19-35 years; II group**=36-55 years

III group ***=above 55 years RDA (ICMR 1991)

Source: Megha Das, Stud Tribals, 8(1):31-36 (2010)

The intake of all the nutrients among adults of in both gender were lower than

recommended levels among Korku tribe of Betul district.

Nutritional status of Pandu tribe in Central India

Percent prevalence of malnutrition (SD classification) in pre-school children

52 51.8

20.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Underweight Stunting Wasting

Pe

rce

nta

ge

The prevalence of underweight and stunting was 52%each, and wasting

was 20%, among Pandu tribal preschool children of Central India.

Percent distribution of adult male and females according to BMI classification

48.351

0.7

55.5

43.4

1.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CED Normal Overweight

Male

Female

The prevalence of CED was higher among females than males of Pandu tribe.

Source: CK Dolla et al., Indian J.Prev. Soc. Med, Vol.37 No.3 & 4, Pg.110-114, 2006

4/28/2016

63

Nutritional and Health Status of Gond and Kawar Tribal

Pre-school Children of Chhattisgarh, India

Mean nutrient intake per consumption unit per day among

Gond and Kawar children with RDA

Nutrient

intake

1-3 years 3-5 years

Gond Kawar RDA Gond Kawar RDA

Calories (kcal) 1009.4 1012.5 1220.0 987.5 1010.0 1220.0

Protein (gm) 30.4 32.2 22.0 31.2 32.4 22.0

Fat (gm) 5.6 5.6 25.0 4.2 4.2 25.0

Calcium (mg) 103.4 109.4 400.0 97.4 97.4 400.0

Iron (mg) 12.3 13.7 12.0 10.5 10.5 12.0

Carotene mg) 201.3 215.4 1600.0 197.4 197.4 1600.0

Thiamine (mg) 0.66 0.68 0.60 0.78 0.78 0.60

Riboflavin(mg) 0.23 0.33 0.70 0.23 0.23 0.70

Niacin (mg) 10.2 10.1 8.0 8.9 8.9 8.0

Vitamin

“C”(mg)23.2 26.5 40.0 20.3 20.3 40.0

RDA=Recommended Dietary Allowances (Gopalan et al., 2002)

The intake of all the nutrients was lower than the RDA among preschool

children in both Gonds and Kawar tribes.

Gradations of malnutrition among Gond and Kawar Pre-school children

Gradation of

malnutritionGond Kawar

Boys Girls Boys Girls

Normal 43.48 36.36 57.28 45.83

Grade I 29.35 23.86 20.39 26.04

Grade II 16.30 19.32 14.56 21.87

Grade III 10.87 20.46 7.77 6.26

Source: Mitashree Mitra, et. al, J.Hum. Ecol., 21(4):293-299 (2007)

The prevalence of grade III under nutrition was higher in Gonds

than Kawar children. The overall prevalence of underweight was

higher among girls than boys in both the tribes.

Dimensions of Nutritional Vulnerability: Assessment of women and Children in

Sahariya Tribal Community of Madhya Pradesh in India

Anthropometric indicators of children (<5 years) in the tribal population

of Sahariya

Comparison of the nutrient intake of Sahariya women (15-49 years) with Indian RDA (n=209)

Nutrient Mean intake RDA (2010) Inference (%)

Energy (kcal) 1478 2234 Low (33.8 deficit)

Protein (g) 51.7 55 Comparable

Fat (g) 12.9 15-20 Low (26.3 deficit)

Iron (mg) 20.5 21 Comparable

Calcium (mg) 254 600 Low (57.7 deficit)

Folic acid (free

)(µg)

55.21 200 Low (72.4 deficit)

Vitamin A (µg) 45 (29,70)**

(Min,

max:4,1503)

600 Low (77 deficit)

Vitamin C (mg) 6 (2,13)**

(min, max:0,72)

50 Low (80 deficit)

Thiamin (mg) 1.99 1.1 Comparable

Riboflavin (mg) 0.72 1.3 Low (55.4 deficit)

Niacin (mg) 17.29 14 Comparable

All the nutrients except iron and thiamine was lower than the RDA.The

highest deficit was found in case of Vitamin –C, followed by Vitamin–A,

folic acid and riboflavin.

Source: Suparna Ghosh, Indian Journal of public Health volume 57,Issue 4, October-December, 2013

4/28/2016

64

Health and Nutritional Status of a Primitive Tribe of

Madhya Pradesh: BhumiaPercent prevalence of malnutrition according to SD classification in pre-school children

58.8

43.2

36.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Underweight Stunting Wasting

The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was

58.8%, 43.2% and 36.2% respectively among preschool children..

Percent Distribution of Bhumia Adult according to Body Mass Index

77.8

21.4

0.2

73.6

26

0.40

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CED Normal Overweight

Male

Female

Among adult Bhumia tribe the prevalence of CED was higher in males

than females

Average consumption of Food stuffs in the Bhumias (gm/cu/day)

Food items Mean ± SD (n=475) RDA (ICMR)

Cereals 475.4*±185.5 460

Pulses 28.8* ± 13.6 40

Green leafy vegetables 29.7* ± 12.7 40

Roots and Tubers 13.2* ± 4.6 50

Other Vegetables 46.5* ± 24.4 60

Flesh food 1.7* ± 1.6 40

Milk and milk products 5.5* ± 3.2 150

Oils and fats 2.2* ± 3.6 40

Sugar and jaggery 0.4* ± 0.1 30

Average Nutrient intake in the Bhumias (cu/day)

Food items Mean ± SD (n=475) RDA (ICMR)

Energy(Kcal) 1810.5 *± 739.6 2425

Protein (g) 50.4* ± 21.1 60

Fat (g) 11.1* ± 6.4 20

Calcium (mg) 435.5 ± 232.2 400

Iron (mg) 15.7* ± 13.3 28

Carotene (µg) 368.1* ± 256.2 2400

Thiamine (mg) 1.3 ± 0.4 1.2

Riboflavin (mg) 0.4* ± 0.3 1.4

Vitamin C (mg) 17.8* ± 13.7 40

Except the intake of cereals the intake of all other foods was lower

than RDA. The deficit was more with regard to intake of milk, oils& fats

and sugar.

With regard to intake of nutrients, except calcium the intake of all

other nutrients were lower than the RDA.

Source: Ajeet Jaiswal, Global Journals of Human social science,

Volume 13 issue 1 Version 1.0 year 2013,

4/28/2016

65

Emerging health threats among a primitive tribal group of Central India

Physical and physiological characteristics of Saharia according to

random blood sugar level.

Variables

Males Females

Normal sugar

level

(<=140mg/dl)

n=153;91.08%

) mean ± SD

High sugar

level (>140

mg/dl)

(n=158,92%)

Mean ± SD

„t‟

Normal sugar

level

(<=140mg/dl)

n=153;91.08%

) mean ± SD

High sugar

level (>140

mg/dl)

(n=158,.92%)

Mean ± SD

„t‟

BMI (kg/m2) 18.7±2.18 22.7 ± 3.34 4.55*** 19.1 ± 1.87 18.1 ± 1.193.03*

*

GMT (mn) 7.8 ± 3.06 10.8 ± 2.33 4.60*** 8.9 ± 2.75 9.1 ± 1.65 0.40

WSR 0.42 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.03 4.01*** 0.43 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.03 0.33

Fat percent (%) 10.4 ± 5.53 17.3 ± 7.08 3.60*** 22.2 ± 5.68 23.2 ± 0.74 1.53

WHR 0.84 ± 0.04 0.89 ± 0.05 3.36** 0.78 ± 0.05 0.81 ± 0.06 1.57

Systolic blood

pressure (mm/Hg)119.9 ± 11.85 124.7 ± 6.78 2.39* 114.7 ± 10.23 119.1 ± 12.7 1.29

Diastolic blood

pressure(mm/Hg)79.4 ± 8.68 82.1 ± 6.56 1.47 73.2 ± 6.61 72.9 ± 7.67 0.18

Blood sugar

(mg/dl)99.9 ± 16.3 159.3 ± 10.45 19.77*** 107.5 ± 17.49 179.7 ± 39.74

6.7**

*Source: Satwanti Kapoor., et. al., Journal of public Health and Epidemiology Vol.2(2),

pp.13 -19, April 2010

Those subjects who had high physiological characteristics were elevated blood sugar

levels

Nutritional Status of Baiga Tribe of Baihar, District Balaghat,

Madhya Pradesh

Distribution (%) of 0-5 years Baiga Children of Baihar, Balaghat

According to SD Classification

65.9

49.6

42.3

57.5

48.8

23.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Weight for Age Height for Age Weight for Height

Present Study

Rural MP

The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was higher among

under 5 year children of Baiga tribe compared to their rural counterparts of

Madhya Pradesh.

4/28/2016

66

Distribution of Adults male according to BMI Classification

55.8

43.9

0.3

28.6

68.8

2.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CED Normal Overweight

Present study

Rural MP

Distribution of Adults female according to BMI Classification

62.9

35.6

1.5

30.8

64.4

4.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

CED Normal Overweight

Present study

Rural MP

The prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency was higher among adult

men and women of Baiga tribe compared to rural adults of Madhya

Pradesh. Correspondingly, the prevalence of normal grade and

overweight & obesity was higher in rural adults of both sexes than Baiga

tribe.

Average food consumption (g/day) of Baiga Tribe of Baihar, Balaghat (n=114)

Food items Mean Intake RDI

Cereals 491 460

Pulses 23.3 40

Green leafy vegetables 21.4 40

Roots and Tubers 46.4 50

Other Vegetables 28.2 60

Flesh food 8.2 40

Milk and milk products 5.4 150

Oils and fats 7.2 40

Sugar and jaggery 6.7 30

Average Nutrient intake (per day) of Baiga Tribe, Baihar, Balaghat

Food items Mean Intake RDA

Energy(Kcal) 1821 2425

Protein (g) 43 60

Fat (g) 11.5 20

Calcium (mg) 161 400

Iron (mg) 14.8 28

Carotene (µg) 922 2400

Thiamine (mg) 1.0 1.2

Riboflavin (mg) 0.9 1.4

Vitamin C (mg) 23.2 40

Source: Chakma T, et.al., J. Nutr Food Sci, volume 4 issue 3. 1000275

Barring, the intake of cereals the intake of all the other foods

were lower than the recommended levels, especially, the

intake of milk and milk products, oils& fats and sugar &

jiggery among the Baiga tribes. The intake of all the nutrients

were also lower compared to RDA, especially micronutrients

such as Iron, Riboflavin, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C.

4/28/2016

67

Diet and Nutrition Status of Children in Four Tribal Blocks of

Thane District of Maharashtra, India

Average household consumption of foodstuffs (g/CU/day)

Food items Mean Intake RDA

Cereals 505 460

Roots and Tubers 73 50

Other Vegetables 68 60

Flesh food 10 -

Milk and milk products 27 150

Average household intake of nutrients (CU/day) as compared to RDA

Food items Mean Intake RDA

Energy(Kcal) 1857 2425

Protein (g) 42 60

Fat (g) 8 20

Calcium (mg) 881 400

Iron (mg) 14.6 28

Vitamin A (µg) 75 600

Thiamine (mg) 1.3 1.2

Riboflavin (mg) 0.7 1.4

Vitamin C (mg) 27.2 40

Distribution (%) of 0-6 year children according to SD classification (<Median-2SD)

N 40

Under weight (weight for age) 68.7

Wasting (Weight for height) 30.2

Stunted (Height for age) 60.4

Source :AL. Khandare et.al., Pakistan Journal of Nutriton 7 (3): 485-488,2008

Except milk &milk products the consumption of all other foods was

meeting the suggested levels. The intake of all the nutrients was lower

than the RDA. The prevalence of underweight was higher followed by

stunting, wasting among under five children of tribes in Thane district of

Mharashtra..

Health and Nutrition status of Warli Tribal children in Thane district of Maharashtra

12

30

36

22

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Normal Grade I Grade II Grade III

Source : N.S Tekala. Proceeding of National Symposium on Tribal Health.

The overall prevalence of under nutrition was 78% with 30% of grade

I, 36% of grade II, and 22% of grade III , among Warli tribal children of

Thane district in Maharashtra.

4/28/2016

68

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS OF

TRIBES OF EASTERN

REGION

Tribal women of odisha

Harvesting of finger millets

4/28/2016

69

Distribution of Body Mass Index of Tribal Women in

Singhbhum district of Bihar

BMI Nutritional status Total No. %

16.0 CED Grade III (severe) 21 9.5

16.0-17.0 CED Grade II (Moderate) 38 17.1

17.0-18.5 CED Grade I (Mild) 99 44.6

18.5-20.0 Low weight Normal 46 20.7

20.0-25.0 Normal 18 8.1

25.0-30.0 Obese Grade I 0 0

>30 Obese Grade II 0 0

Total 222 100. (X=17.9)

Authors: Tanuja, D, Karmarkar, V, Sampath kumar, S. Jeyalakshmi & R. Abel

Distribution of Body Mass Index of tribal women of Singbhum

district of Bihar indicated that about 71% had Chronic Energy

Deficiency with 9.5% had CED grade III, 17.1% had CED grade II

and 44.6% had CED grade I. The women with overweight and

obesity were absolutely nil.

4/28/2016

70

Mean Nutrient Intake of the Selected Pregnant Tribal Women of

Purnia East Block -Bihar

Nutrient

RDA (ICMR)

Moderate

Activity

Oraon

Tribe

Santhal

Tribe

Munda

Tribe

Energy (K Cal) 2525 1850.62 1896.71 1750.42

Protein (gm) 65 50.41 52.32 46.28

Fat (gm) 30 24.50 23.90 18.60

Calcium (mg) 1000 315.3 464.28 539.24

Iron (mg) 38 22.12 29.30 26.82

Thiamine (mg) 1.3 3.12 3.75 2.80

Riboflavin (mg) 1.5 1.12 1.15 1.10

Niacin (mg) 16 3.92 3.85 3.2

Ascorbic acid (mg) 40 12.25 48.56 54.52

Β-Carotene(µg) 3600 475.56 1920.41 2425.45

•Usually Oraon pregnant women do not consume green leafy vegetables

•during their last trimester of pregnancy.

Ref: J Obstet Gynecol Ind Vol. 54, No.1: January/February 2004, pg 42-46

The intake of all the nutrients was lower than the RDA among pregnant

women of Oraon, Santal and Munda tribes.

Nutritional Status of Preschool Children among the

Shabar Tribal Community in Orissa

Age

( months)

Underweight <-2SD of

weight for age

Normal

0-12 21.1 79.9

13-24 52.6 47.4

25-36 54.5 45.5

37-48 55.6 44.4

48-60 71.4 28.6

Sex

Male 58.6 41.4

Female 39.5 60.5

Ref: Suman Chakrabarty, et.al., Proceeding of National Symposium on Tribal Health

The prevalence of underweight among Shabar tribal preschool

children was increased with increase age. The prevalence was more

among boys than girls.

Body Composition of two tribal populations of Keonjhar, Orissa, India:

A Comparison

Variable Males

P-values Females

P-values Bathudis Savars Bathudis Savars

Age (years) 38.01 38.90 0.4977 35.57 38.01 0.0579

Height (cm) 159.37 159.60 0.6867 149.17 148.50 0.2368

Weight (kg) 46.94 49.09 0.0002 39.82 41.60 0.0031

BMI (kg/m2) 18.45 19.26 0.0001 17.90 18.84 0.002

Sum of Skin folds (mm) 24.42 31.19 0.0001 32.31 35.87 0.0001

PBF (%) 10.55 14.28 0.0001 21.70 23.20 0.001

FM (kg) 5.12 7.12 0.0001 8.77 9.80 0.001

FFM (kg) 41.82 41.97 0.7201 31.05 31.80 0.0497

FMI (kg/m2) 2.00 2.79 0.0001 3.94 4.43 0.0001

FFMI (kg/m2) 16.45 16.47 0.8769 13.96 14.41 0.0036

Ref: K Bose, S Bisai, F Chakraborty, A Khatun, H Bauri

The internet Journal of Biological Anthropology. 2007 Volume 1 Number 2.

The per cent body fat and fat mass were significantly higher among Savaras

compared to Bathudis in both males and females.

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71

Nutritional Status of Kora-Mudi Tribal Adolescent girls in

Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal

Age(year) BMI (Mean±SD) Thinness (%)

9 13.02±2.25 54.5

10 13.94±3.08 48.8

11 14.23±2.28 35.0

12 15.29±3.66 40.0

13 16.14±3.70 36.3

14 16.27±2.92 42.8

15 19.72±2.49 40.7

16 16.36±2.15 52.1

17 16.03±1.93 44.4

18 17.43±2.89 47.6

19 17.38±2.51 45.8

Total 15.38±3.18 45.1

Soumyajit Maiti et.al., IntJ Prev Med.2012 Apr:3(4):298-299

The mean BMI was increase with increase in age among

Kora mudi tribal adolescent girls of Paschim Medinipur

district of West Bengal.

Habitation –wise nutritional status amongst children aged 5-19 years

using reference standards WHO and NCHS.

20.16

39.9

4.65

44.57

24.62

35.38

8.72

50.77

33.87

45.16

12.1

52.42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Weight for Age Height for age Weight for height BMI for age

Urban Rural Forest

Ref: Suman Chakrabarty, et.al., IJPH- year8, Volume 7, number 3,2010

The prevalence of under nutrition was higher among the children of

forest dwellers compared to rural and urban population.

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72

Prevalence of under-nutrition based on BMI among Adult Juang tribe

51.9

62.9

57.5

45.6

36.2

40.9

2.4 0.95 1.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Men Women Combined

Undernutrition Normal Overweight

Ref: M. Goswami, Journal of Anthropology 2013, Vol 9.

The prevalence CED was high among adult Juang tribe. The

prevalence was high among females than males.

Mean BMI and prevalence of under-nutrition

among the tribes of Eastern India

Tribe SexMean BMI

(Kg/m2)(SD)

Under-

nutrition

(BMI<18.5kg

/m2) (%)

Study area Reference

Oraon

Male 18.8 47.0

Jalpaiguri

Mittal and

Srivastava

92006)Female 19.7 31.7

Lodha

Male 19.5 45.2Paschim

Medinipur

Mondal(2007)

Adhikary

(2007)Female 19.3 40.7

DhimalMale 19.5 27.0

DarjeelingDatta Banik et

al (2007)Female 19.1 46.4

SantalMale 18.5 55.0

BankuraGhosh and

Mallik(2007)Female 18.7 52.5

BhumijMale 18.9 48.4

BalasoreGoswami

(2012)Female 18.5 58.3

MankidiaMale 19.3 48.4

MayurbhanjGoswami

(2011)Female 18.6 59.5

JuangMale 19.4 51.9

Keonjhar Present studyFemale 18.3 62.9

Bathudi

Male 18.4 52.7

Keonjhar

Bose &

Chakraborty

(2005)Female 17.9 64.5

Ref: M. Goswami, Journal of Anthropology 2013, Vol 9.

The mean BMI among male was highest among Lodha and Dhimal

tribes with 19.5 Kg/m2 and low with 18.4 among Bha thudi. Similarly,

among females it was high with 19.7 among Oraon tribe and low in

Bathudi with 17.9 Kg/m2.

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Diet and Nutrition status and food related traditions of

Oroan tribe of New mal (West Bengal, India)

67.5

31.530

22.5

0.5

5.48

17.3

27.3

38.7

3.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

<16.0 16-17 17-18.5 18.5-20 20-25 25-30

Men

women

Ref: PCMittal, S, Srivastava, Rural and remote Health 6:385,2006

The prevalence of CED was high among males, while the prevalence

of overweight and obesity was high in females among Oroan trbe of

New mal, West Bengal.

Health and Nutritional Status of three adult male populations of

Eastern India: An anthropometric appraisal

6.55

14.48

32.07

46.55

0.34

5.77.59

14.56

65.19

6.96

2.52 3.77

20.75

71.07

1.89

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

<16 16-17 17-18.5 18.5-25.0 25-30.0

Oraon Sarak Dhimal

The prevalence of CED was higher in Oroan tribe followed by Sarak

,Dhimal.

Ref:Sudip Dutta Banik

Nutritional Status of adult male Oraon tribe of Gumla, Jharkhand

7.3

17.6

39

35.6

0.50

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

<16.0 16-16.9 17-18.4 18.5-24.9 ≥25.0

The prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency was 64% with 7.3% of grade

III CED among male Oroan tribe of Gumla district, Jharkhand.

Ref: R. Chakraborty, K.Bose. The internet Journal of Biogical Anthropology,vol2(1) 2007aa

4/28/2016

74

Nutritional status of Adult Men from the Oraon Tribe in

Ranchi district of Jharkhand, India.

6.55

14.42

32.07

46.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

<16.0 16-16.49 17-18.49 18.5-24.99

Sudip Datta Bani K, Mal.J.Nutr.14(1),91-88,2008

The prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency was 53% with 6.6% of

grade III CED among male Oroan tribe of Ranchi district, Jharkhand

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS OF

TRIBES OF NORTH

EASTERN REGION

4/28/2016

75

4/28/2016

76

Prevalence of underweight (<Median -2SD) among under 5 children

The prevalence of underweight among children of Meghalaya was

21%, ranged from a low of 14.3% in East Garo hills to a high of 30.8%

in West Khasi hills.

Prevalence of Stunting (<Median -2SD) among under 5 children

Pooled : 44.0

The prevalence of stunting among children of Meghalaya was

44%, ranged from a low of 29.1% in South Garo hills to a high of 63.3% in

East Khasi hills.

Prevalence of Wasting (<Median -2SD) among under 5 children

Source: Nutritional status of below five year children in the state of Meghalaya.

NIN Technical Report-2013

The prevalence of wasting among children of Meghalaya was 4.8%, ranged

from a low of 1.9% in East Khasi hills to a high of 11.2% in West Khasi hills.

4/28/2016

77

Mean Diet intake among Tribes of Tripura in select villages of West District-

(Village survey 2005)

Food groups

Non-Tribal Tribal

Sachindra

Nagar

Kaichand Bari

Cereals and millets 109.0 102.3

Pulses and Legumes 109.7 27.0

Leaf Vegetables 75.3 108.7

Roots and tubers 32.1 92.4

Other Vegetables 180.9 135.1

Milk And Milk products 22.7 4.0

Fats and oils 92.5 20.0

Sugar and Jaggery 128.4 1.2

Ref: Sanjoy Deka 2011, Vol.3 No.03, health and Nutritional Status of the Indian

Tribes of Tripura and Effects on Educationa

Except the intake of roots & tubers, all the other foods were lower

among tribes than non tribes in West district of Tripura.

Edible insects consumed by Galo Tribe in Arunachal Pradesh

Scientific name Local nameSeasonal

availabilityParts used

Mode of

consumption

Pentatomid sp Tari Dec-Feb Whole body Raw/Cooked.etc

Locusta SP Mirbo Aug-Sept Whole body Cooked

Apis Indica Tangik Oct-Nov Hive/Larva Raw

Apis dorsata Tair Oct-Sept Hive/Larva Raw

Vespa Mandrinia Iddum Aug-Sept Larva Raw

Vespa Tropicana Ille Sept-Oct Larva Roasting

Polistinae SP RegoReto Aug-Sept Larva Roasting

Polistes SP Reli Aug-Sept Larva Roasting

Vespa bicolour Gapu Aug-Sept Larva Roasting

Cyrtotrechelus buqueti Tak Tapum Sept-Oct Larva Roasting

Belostoma indicus Mosap Whole year Whole body Roasting/Cooked

Katydids SP Takom Aug-Sept Adult Cooked

Unidentified Belum Tapum Aug-Sept Larvae Cooked

Unidentified Tanyi Sept-Oct Larva Cooked

Unidentified Pagap Whole year Larva Cooked

Unidentified Oso Nyobuk Whole year Adult Cooked

Dagyom Kato * & Gopi GV ,Indian Traditional knowledge, Vol.8,No.1,Janurary 2009, pp.81-83

Dung PO- Steam Rice speciality of Arunachal:

One of the incredible features of tribal Arunachal recipes is that

there is little oil and other dry or packed Indian spices. Arunachal

cuisines are nutritious and healthy as the tribes regularly use

herbs with medicinal properties and indigenous fresh spices

which are not found in rest of Indian except in some part of the

hilly areas of the Northeast. Organic vegetables, curative herbs

and fermented bamboo shoots with couple of fresh scented

leaves are the integral ingredients of tribal food habits.

Rice which is the staple food of the state is prepared in a variety

of ways. One such is Dung PO. Two brass utensils are used for

this purpose. In the local lore there is a belief that food cooked

in brass utensils are always delicious. On the top, the rice is

filled with some leaves to secure it from scattering as the pot is

hollow from beneath and the 2nd pot is filled with water to

generate steams to cook the rice. The cooked rice is wrapped in

leaves to serve.

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Nutritional Status of under 5 children belonging to tribal Population Living in

Riverine (Char) Areas of Dibrugarh District, Assam

29 30.4

21.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

underweight Stunting Wasting

underweight

Stunting

Wasting

Safikul Islam et.al. Indian J Community Med. 2014 Jul-Sep; 39 (3): 169-174

The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 29%, 30.4% and

21.6% respectively among under 5 children of tribal population inhabiting

Reverine areas of Dibrugarh district, Assam .

Distribution of body mass index (BMI) among Ao Naga Children of Nagaland

Boys Girls

Age

(years )

Under-

weightNormal

Over-

weight

Under-

weightNormal

Over-

weight

8 22.86 77.14 0.00 22.22 77.78 0.00

9 40.00 57.14 2.86 31.43 65.71 2.86

10 36.11 61.11 2.78 38.24 61.76 0.00

11 44.44 52.78 2.78 47.22 44.44 8.33

12 42.11 55.26 2.63 29.41 70.59 0.00

13 30.56 69.44 0.00 16.22 81.08 2.70

14 31.58 68.42 0.00 17.65 79.41 2.94

15 25.71 68.57 5.71 5.56 91.67 2.78

The prevalence of underweight was higher in peak adolescence period

in both the gender among Ao Naga children of Nagaland.

Temsumongla Longkumer, Journal of Anthropology , Article ID 291239

Distribution of BMI among women of Tangkhul Naga of Manipur

Classification Asian International

Underweight 16.2 16.2

Normal 56.6 74.0

Overweight 25.1 9.2

Obesity 2.1 0.6

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was high with 27%

(Asian) among women of Tangkul Naga of Manipur compared

to other tribal groups especially in the main land.

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79

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS OF

TRIBES OF NORTHERN

REGION

Kinnaura tribal women of Himachal

Bakkerwalas Jammu & Kashmir

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80

Gujjar tribe Jammu & Kashmir

Nutritional Status of Adolescent Gujjar Tribal Girls of Jammu District

88.1

50

30

11.9

48.2

67.1

0 1.9 2.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

13 yrs 14 yrs 15 yrs

Low Normal High

Ref: Rajni Dhingra , Stud tribes Tribals, 9(2): 133-138 (2011)

The prevalence of under nutrition was high and increased with

increase in age among Gujjar adolescent girls of Jammu district.

Body Mass Index Adolescent girls of Gaddi tribes of Chamba and

Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh

BMI Grade Diagnosis Percent

<16.0 CED grade III 22.25

16.0-17.0 CED grade II 17.5

17.0-18.5 CED grade I 21.5

18.5-20.0 Low weight-normal 18.75

20.0-25.0 Normal 19.75

25.0-30.0 Obese Grade I 0.25

Ref: Shubhangna ,et.al., Stud. Tribes Tribals, 5(2):139-142 (2007)

The overall prevalence of CED was 61% with 55.3% of CED grade

III, 17.5% of CED grade II, and 21.5% of CED grade I. Among

adolescent Gaddi girls of Chamba and Kangra districts of Hmachal

Pradesh.

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81

Haemoglobin level of adolescent Gaddi girls

Haemoglobin level

(g/dl)

Categories Percent

Less than 7 Severe 11.5

7-10 Moderate 72.0

10-12 Mild 16.5

Greater than 12 Normal -

Ref: Shubhangna, et.al, Stud. Tribes Tribals, 5(2):139-142 (2007)

All the Gaddi tribal adolescent girls surveyed were anaemic,

with 11.5% were severe anaemia

BMI Distribution of Rural Hill women in Nainital District of Uttarakhand

BMI Grade Diagnosis Percent

<16.0 CED grade III 0.0

16.0-17.0 CED grade II 1.35

17.0-18.5 CED grade I 12.56

18.5-20.0 Low weight-normal 18.83

20.0-25.0 Normal 58.29

25.0-30.0 Obese Grade I 8.97

>30 Obese Grade II 0.0

Shweta Upadhyay et.al., J Hum Ecol 33(1): 29-34 (2011)

The BMI distribution of rural hill women of Nainital district of

Uttara Khand indicated that a majority of women were in

normal grade and 9% had overweight.

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS OF

TRIBES OF WESTERN

REGION

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82

Nutritional Status of the Children Below 3 Years of Age in Tribal Villages

Chikhli Taluka, Gujarat

40.5

50.4

58.5 56.5

69.4

45.149.6

63.9

56.5

72.2

22.2

32.8

27 25

33.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

6 to 12 13 to 18 19 to 24 25 to 30 31 to 36

Underweight Stunted Wasted

Ref: Shriya A. Seksaria Dr. Mini K Sheth , Indian Journal of Research, Volume :2

Issue :12 Dec 2013

The prevalence of underweight, stunting was increase with age among

below 3 year tribal children of Chikli taluk of Gujarat.

4/28/2016

83

Average Household consumption (g/CU/day) of Food stuffs

among Saharia tribes in Rajasthan

11

11

46

32

23

15

15

556

30

20

150

60

50

40

40

460

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Sugar & Jaggery

Fats & Oils

Milk & Milk Products

O Veg

Roots & Tubers

Green Leaf Veg

Pulses & Legumes

Cereals & Millets

RDI

Sahara Tribe

Source: NIN Tech Report,

At household level, barring the intake of cereals &millets the intake of

all other foods was lower than RDI among Saharia tribal community of

Rajasthan.

Average household intake (CU/day) of nutrients by Saharia Tribe

78

23

24

1.2

2.8

225

33

407

2211

26

76

100

40

16

1.4

1.2

600

28

400

2425

40

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Free Folic Acid

Vitaim C

Niacin

Riboflavin

Thiamin

Vitamin A

Iron

Calcium

Energy

Total Fat

Protein

RDA

Saharia Tribe

At household level, the intake of protein, calcium, iron, thiamine

were above RDA, while the intake of remaining nutrients were lower

compared to RDA.

Nutritional Status of 1-5 year children among Saharia Tribes of Rajasthan

72.167.8

13.40

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Underweight Stunting Wasting

Source: NIN Tech Report,

The per cent prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was

72%, 67.8% and 13.4% respectively among preschool children of Saharia

tribe of Rjasthan.

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84

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS OF

TRIBES OF ISLAND

REGION

4/28/2016

85

Nutritional Status of Pre-school children of Nicobarese

of Andaman & Nicobar Islands

4837

16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Under weight Stunting Wasting

The per cent prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was

48%, 37% and 16% respectively among preschool children of Nicobare tribe

of Andaman &Nicobar Islands..

Ref: NIN Tech. Report on Tsumani affected areas

Prevalence of Thinness (<5 centile of BMI) among adolescent Nicobarese

22

16

0

5

10

15

20

25

Boys Girls

The prevalence of thinness was 22% among adolescent boys and 16%

among girls of Nicobarese.

Ref: NIN Tech. Report on Tsumani affected areas

4/28/2016

86

Prevalence (%) of Undernutrition among pre-school children by Gomez grades

14

29

43

14

Andamanese

Normal

Mild

Moderate

Severe

The overall prevalence of underweight was 86% with 14% severe grade and

43% of moderate grade and 14% mild grade among preschool children of

Andamanese .

Prevalence (%) of Undernutrition among pre-school children by Gomez grades

5

15

70

10

Onges

Normal

Mild

Moderate

Severe

Ref: V G Rao et.al., Tribal Healt Bulleten ,2003 Vol 8, RMRC Jabulpur

Among Onge preschool children, the prevalence of mild grade under

nutrition was 15%, moderate was 70% and severe grade was 10%.

Percentage Distribution of Jarawas Adults above 18 years according to BMI

Nutritional Status from BMI Male Female

Obese 0 4.5

Normal & Low Normal 79.4 79.3

CED-I 13.8 12.6

CED –II 5.2 2.7

CED-III 1.6 0.9

Among adult Jarwas, the prevalence of CED was 21% among men and

15.3% among women. The overweight and obesity was 5% among women.

Major Food groups intake (gm/CU/day) among Jarawas

Food Group Boaib area Thidong

area

Tanmad

area

Average

Flesh Food:

Pig Meat 567 471 515 533

Pig fat and oil, turtle oil 170 140 154 155

Larva, Mollusc, Fish, Turtle egg 165 146 185 165

Honey 115 125 150 130

Roots and Tuber 78 60 120 85

Fruits

Banana, Omin, Tuyia 115 125 150 130

Processed food

Biscuit, Bread, Rice 26 96 44 55

Mean intake of Nutrients (CU/day) Among Jarawas

Nutrients RDA

Mean Intake

Boaib area Thidong

area

Tanmad

area

All

Energy (Kcal/day) 2425 2770 2421 2436 2542

Protein (gm/day) 60 79 45 54 55.8

Fat (gm/day) 54 195 111 138 148

Calcium (mg/day) 400 208 119 306 217.8

Iron (mg/day) 28 11 16 9 12.0

B1 (mg/day) 1.2 2.39 3.12 1.14 2.11

B2(mg/day) 1.4 3.59 1.78 0.33 1.52

Niacin (mg/day) 16 75.93 42.88 17.33 38.83

Vitamin C (mg/day) 40 55.2 63.26 98.7 76.95Book Chapter 6

Among Jarawas the intake of flesh foods was high, followed by honey,

banana, and roots and tubers. Other foods such as rice, bread etc., were

minimal. With regard to the intake of nutrients energy, fat, vitamins B1&B2,

Niacin and Vitamin –C were meeting the RDA.

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87

Distribution of body mass index according to WHO classification (1995)

BMI

GradeDiagnosis

Male Female

Jarawas Onges

Great

Andama

nese

Jarawas Onges

Great

Andama

nese

<16.0 CED grade III 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

16.0-17.0 CED grade II 12.00 7.41 0.00 18.75 10.00 0.00

17.0-18.5 CED grade I 28.00 0.00 0.00 12.50 15.00 0.00

18.5-25.0 Normal 52.00 81.48 81.82 68.75 50.00 75.00

25.0-30.0 Overweight 0.00 7.41 18.18 0.00 5.00 25.00

32.0-35.0 Overweight I 0.00 3.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

35.0-40.0 Overweight II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00

The prevalence of CED was high among Jarwa male and females compared to

Onges and Great Andamanese. However, overweight and obesity was high in

both males and females of Great Andamanese followed by Onges and it was nil

in Jarwas.

Ref: Ramesh Sahani, Journal of Comparative Human Biology 2013 (In press)

Prevalence of hypertension among Nicobarese population

50.7 50.3

20

30

40

50

60

Male Female

Male

Female

Ref: Satya Prakash M et.al., I JMR,133,287-293,2011

The prevalence of hypertension was 51% and 50% among Nicobarese of

Andaman &Nicobar islands.

Prevalence of hypertension among Nicobarese population

28.9

43.4

60.2

69.173.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 ≥60

Ref: Satya Prakash M et.al., I JMR,133,287-293,2011

The prevalence of hypertension was increase with age among Nicobarese

similar to observed in Main land.

For many tribal and indigenous peoples, their food systems are complex, self

sufficient and deliver a very broad-based, nutritionally diverse diet.

But the disruption of traditional lifestyle due to environmental

degradation, and the introduction of processed foods, refined fats and

oils, and simple carbohydrates, contributes to worsening health in indigenous

populations.

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88

DIET AND NUTRITIONAL

STATUS IN DIFFERENT STATES

BY TRIBE

Prevalence of under nutrition (<-2SD) among tribal pre-school children

State TribeNutritional status #

Underweight Stunting Wasting

Kerala

KANI 32.8 45.3 15.4

PANIYA 46.0 56.3 16.7

MANAN 49.3 54.7 26.7

KURICHOR 36.8 55.3 10.5

IRULOR 34.9 43.4 21.7

KURUMBAR 49.3 64.4 22.2

ADIYAN 36.1 55.6 11.1

Tamil NaduMALAYALEE 43.7 40.2 20.0

IRULAR 20.6 32.4 8.8

Karnataka

M. NAIK 34.7 31.0 21.6

KORAGA 39.3 34.6 17.8

HASALARU 47.3 54.5 21.8

MALIAKUDIAS GOWDA 51.4 48.6 27.0

Andhra Pradesh

KOYA 46.1 49.0 18.9

GOND 56.6 45.0 30.2

BHAGATHA 44.0 48.9 15.2

VALMIKI 27.4 45.2 6.9

KONDADORA 53.1 52.4 18.6

POORJA 46.3 49.5 22.1

JATAPU 46.9 49.4 14.8

Maharashtra

WARLI 60.4 52.5 30.2

KOKNA 67.1 58.4 34.2

MAHADEV KODI 59.6 55.6 20.2

BHIL 66.9 65.7 28.8

M. KOLI 52.4 51.8 28.3

THAKAR 57.3 55.5 30.8

KORKU 61.5 62.8 25.7

GOND 54.9 55.6 20.3

Madhya Pradesh KOL 36.4 58.2 20.0

GOND 43.5 52.4 23.7

KANWAR 43.1 46.6 22.4

BHILALA 66.1 69.9 29.0

BAIGA 58.9 60.0 24.4

West Bengal SANTAL 50.4 40.0 32.8

MUNDA 53.4 50.0 22.4

BHUMIYA 43.0 45.0 14.8

#: WHO Growth Standards NNMB report 2009

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Distribution of tribal adult men according to BMI grades & Hypertension

State Tribe

BMI Grades # Hyper-

tension CED NormalOverweight/

Obesity

Kerala

KANI 36.4 54.6 9.0 42.5

PANIYA 36.5 56.4 7.1 41.8

MANAN 33.4 58.0 8.6 53.3

KURICHOR 34.3 55.8 9.9 34.4

IRULOR 41.7 51.7 6.6 41.9

KURUMBAR 43.0 45.4 11.6 45.9

ADIYAN 29.1 61.4 9.5 42.3

Tamil NaduMALAYALEE 37.9 51.6 10.5 15.4

IRULAR 45.7 50.0 4.3 8.5

Karnataka

M. NAIK 46.6 45.0 8.4 31.6

KORAGA 39.8 52.1 8.1 25.3

HASALARU 41.2 53.9 4.9 28.3

MALIAKUDIAS GOWDA 42.6 50.0 7.4 32.8

Andhra Pradesh

KOYA 39.6 52.2 8.2 15.1

GOND 55.3 41.8 2.9 12.1

BHAGATHA 31.8 62.7 5.5 22.6

VALMIKI 33.9 51.3 14.8 18.5

KONDADORA 29.9 66.3 3.8 23.1

POORJA 29.2 67.3 3.5 19.0

JATAPU 33.3 60.5 6.2 14.8

Maharashtra

WARLI 55.3 40.0 4.7 26.7

KOKNA 51.8 41.1 7.1 27.4

MAHADEV KODI 51.5 43.7 4.8 24.8

BHIL 56.2 39.9 3.9 30.1

M. KOLI 50.8 42.9 6.3 29.1

THAKAR 58.4 36.0 5.6 26.6

KORKU 27.4 63.8 8.8 15.6

GOND 45.8 48.9 5.3 32.3

Madhya

Pradesh

KOL 27.6 70.8 1.6 13.6

GOND 38.0 58.0 4.0 22.1

KANWAR 30.7 64.8 4.5 29.1

BHILALA 47.5 49.2 3.3 7.4

BAIGA 35.2 63.6 1.2 32.8

West Bengal

SANTAL 43.5 52.1 4.4 28.0

MUNDA 52.3 41.9 5.8 45.9

BHUMIYA 46.9 46.9 6.2 33.3

#: WHO Growth Standards NNMB report 2009

Distribution of tribal adult women according to BMI grades & Hypertension

State Tribe

BMI Grades # Hypert-

ensionCED NormalOverweigh

t/Obesity

Kerala

KANI 39.7 45.5 14.8 34.2

PANIYA 59.6 34.4 6.0 33.3

MANAN 31.4 46.9 21.7 41.8

KURICHOR 38.3 49.7 12.0 43.3

IRULOR 45.5 46.3 8.2 23.7

KURUMBAR 47.8 42.1 10.1 27.4

ADIYAN 44.7 41.2 14.1 35.5

Tamil NaduMALAYALEE 42.1 47.2 10.7 18.5

IRULAR 39.5 46.2 14.3 13.1

Karnataka

M. NAIK 51.1 37.8 11.1 26.5

KORAGA 50.3 43.1 6.6 22.9

HASALARU 47.8 42.5 9.7 19.2

MALIAKUDIAS GOWDA 50.1 38.9 11..0 32.4

Andhra

Pradesh

KOYA 52.6 37.8 9.6 17.5

GOND 56.9 40.4 2.7 17.0

BHAGATHA 40.5 52.7 6.8 24.9

VALMIKI 38.9 48.9 12.2 31.7

KONDADORA 42.3 51.9 5.8 29.8

POORJA 42.4 53.0 4.6 22.1

JATAPU 47.7 43.3 9.0 23.5

Maharashtra

WARLI 63.7 32.1 4.2 26.5

KOKNA 62.0 33.5 4.5 22.3

MAHADEV KODI 67.9 28.1 4.0 19.4

BHIL 63.6 32.4 4.0 18.1

M. KOLI 56.8 35.8 7.4 25.3

THAKAR 69.9 25.0 5.1 20.8

KORKU 30.1 57.7 12.2 1.6

GOND 57.0 39.5 3.5 14.9

Madhya

Pradesh

KOL 35.7 59.7 4.6 22.4

GOND 45.4 49.4 5.2 25.5

KANWAR 43.7 50.4 5.9 26.1

BHILALA 50.0 46.3 3.7 10.5

BAIGA 43.5 52.2 4.3 33.8

West Bengal

SANTAL 56.9 38.9 4.2 28.9

MUNDA 60.7 35.2 4.1 35.6

BHUMIYA 57.5 37.4 5.1 35.2

#: WHO Growth Standards NNMB report 2009

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90

Second repeat survey was carried out by NNMB among tribal

population in 9 States of India and the report was published in the

year 2009. However, information was not available on nutrition profile

by tribe in these States. Hence an attempt was made to decode the

data by tribe and analysis was carried out and results were presented.

The salient observations are as follows:

Kerala: The overall prevalence of underweight (<Median -2SD

of weight for age) among preschool children was higher among

Kurumbar, Manan, and Paniya (46%-49%), followed by Kunichor,

Adiyan, Irular (36%-37%) and lowest in Kani tribe (32.8%). The

prevalence of stunting was also higher (64.4%) in Kurumbar, while

wasting was higher in Manan tribal children. The prevalence of CED

was higher among men (43%) and women (47.8%) of Kurumbar and

was comparatively low among Manan tribe (33% and

31%respectively). The prevalence of hypertension was highest among

adult men (53.3%) of Manan tribe and among women of Kurichor tribe

(43.3%).

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Tamil Nadu: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting

was higher among preschool children of Malayalee tribe (43.7%,

40.2%, 20% respectively) compared to Irular (20.6%, 32.4%, 8.8%

respectively). The prevalence of CED was higher among men of Irular

(45%), while the same was higher among women of malayalee

tribe(42%). The prevalence of hypertension was higher among

malayalee men (15.4%) and women (18.5%) as compared to Irular

men and women (8.5%&13%).

Karnataka: The prevalence of underweight and wasting among

preschool children was higher in Maliakudias Gowdas and stunting

was higher in Hasaluru tribal children.The prevalence of CED was

higher in adult men and women of M.Naik (46.6% & 51.1%

respectively), while the prevalence of hypertension was highest

Maliakudias Gowdas.

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Andhra Pradesh: The overall prevalence of underweight was higher

among preschool children of Gonds (56.6%) followed by Konda Dora

(53.1%), Porja, Jatapu and Koya(46%each) Bhagata (44%), and

lowest in Valmiki tribes (27.4%).Similarly, the prevalence of stunting

was higher in Konda Dora (52.4%) and lowest in gonds and valmiki

(45% each). The prevalence of CED was highest among adult men of

Gonds (55.3%), while overweight and obesity was higher (14.8%) in

Valmiki tribe. Among adult women, the prevalence of CED was higher

among Gonds ( 56.9%), while it was lowest in the women of Valmiki

(38.9%).The prevalence of hypertension among men was highest in

Konda Dora and Bhagatas (23%each) while, it was highest among

women of valmiki (31.7%) and konda dora (29.8%).

Maharashtra: The preschool children of Bhil and Kokna tribes had the

highest prevalence of underweight (67% each), while it was lowest

(52.4%) in M.Koli. Similarly stunting was also highest in children of

Bhil tribe (65.7%) followed by Korku (62.8%), Kokna 55.8%) Mahadev

koli, Gond and Thakar(55%each). The prevalence of wasting was

highest in Kokna children (34.2%). Chronic Energy Deficiency was

higher among men of Thakar (58.4%) and Bhils (56.2%), while the

same was observed to be higher in Thakar(69.9%), and Mahadev

Koli(67.9%).The prevalence of hypertension among men was highest

in Gond (32.3%) followed by Bhil (30.1%),M.Koli(29.1%) and lowest in

Korku tribe(15.6%). Among women, the same was higher in Warli

(26.5%) and lowest in Korku tribe (1.6%).

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Madhya Pradesh: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting

was highest (66.1%,69.9%, and 29%respectively) among children of

Bhilala, and lowest in Kol tribe (36.4%, 58.2%, 20% respectively).

Similarly, the prevalence of CED was highest in men and women of

Bhilala (47.5% and 50%). The prevalence of hypertension was found to

be highest in adult men and women of Baiga tribe (32.8%&33.8%) while

it was lowest in Bhilala(7.4%&10.5%).

West Bengal: Munda tribal preschool children had highest prevalence

of underweight (53.4%), while children of Santal tribe had highest

stunting (50%) as well as wasting (32.8%). The prevalence of CED

was highest among Munda men (52.3%) and women (60.7%).

Similarly,the prevalence of hypertension was also observed to be

highest in Munda men(45.9%) and women (35.6%) compared to other

tribes of the state.