Sustainable River Basin Management

Module 4-2 Part 1

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River Basin Management

Planning Construct

water facilities

Maintain water facilities

Allocate water

Distribute water Monitor and

enforce water quality

Preparedness against water

disasters

Resolve conflicts

Protect ecosystems

Coordinate between state and non-state

actors

Towards sustainability in river basin management

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Land use and water planning

Planning of land use and water resources should take place in conjunction

Land use and water planning includes Mapping water protection areas Mapping vulnerabilities and assess the risks Water budgeting (realistic data and forecasts) Climate proofing Zoning plan Licenses for specific land uses in high risk areas Inventory of water supply systems and groundwater resources Planning horizon is usually long 15 years, Preventive protection of potential source water areas (in some countries legally enabled) 4

Objectives of land planning to: • Serve citizens, investors and attract visitors • enable living, working , recreation and

transport • meet the existing and emerging needs • complement each other, and avoid

disturbance • secure the necessary land for the various

uses • bring together the many different interests • meet legal and professional requirements

Land use and water planning in Practice Example: City of Dresden

http://stadtplan2.dresden.de

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Land use and water planning in Practice

http://stadtplan2.dresden.de

Information Dissemination Stakeholder Participation Transparency and accountability

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Land use and water planning in Practice

http://stadtplan2.dresden.de

Source water protection areas are mapped Zone I, II, IIIA, IIIB

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Vulnerability and Risk Assessment - definition In general terms, ‘vulnerability’ is the likelihood of an environmental or human system to experience harm due to stress and can be identified for a specified system, hazard, or group of hazards (Popescu et al., 2008) In context of water management: Vulnerability is the tendency or likelihood for contaminants to reach a specified position in the water system after its release at the earth surface (modified Focazio et al., 2002)

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Hydrological systems – Vulnerability assessment - definition Intrinsic vulnerability considers the inherent susceptibility of a hydrological system and is valid for every type of contamination as a result of human activity. Specific vulnerability considers varying transport processes of different contaminants (e.g. diffusion, sorption, degradation). In case of groundwater vulnerability assessments: •hydraulic inaccessibility of the aquifer and •the contaminant attenuation capacity of the overlying unsaturated zone are considered as the most important intrinsic factors for aquifer protection Various methods and indices developed for different regions 9

Importance of vulnerability assessments

Risk management will increasingly become a core process in water planning. Water planning has to meet environmental, economic and social objectives Activities and processes that put these objectives at risk need to be managed. e.g., activities and processes that reduce water availability (e.g. changes in land use) or Impact on the planned objectives, e.g. water quality, in-stream and near stream structures, and information gaps.

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Summary – Vulnerability Analysis

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Impact / Hazard Risk = Vulnerability x Exposure

Source – Pathway – Receptor - Analysis

V = DS x DW + RS x RW + AIS x AIW + SS x SW + TS x TW + CS x CW

D: Depth to water table V: Vulnerability score

R: Groundwater Recharge S (subscript): Score

AI: Aquifer Media + Impact of Vadose Zone W (subscript): Weight

S: Soil Media (+Land Cover)

T: Topography

C: Hydraulic Conductivity

Vulnerability and Risk Assessment example: Shallow aquifer of Chennai

(Tim Wolters, 2013)

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Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Shallow aquifer of Chennai (Tim Wolters, 2013)

Normalized scale 1-10 13

Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Shallow aquifer of Chennai

Exposure Type Weighting

factor H

Addition

factor Af

Hazard

Index HI

Hazard Index

Class HIC

Hazard Index

Level

Chemical Industry Polygon 65 1,6 98 5 very high

Oil Storage Tanks Polygon 65 1,6 98 5 very high

Iron/Steel Industry Polygon 40 1,4 56 3 moderate

Rubber and Tire Industry Polygon 40 1,4 56 3 moderate

Electroplating Industry Polygon 55 1,4 77 4 high

Food Industry Polygon 45 1,4 63 3 moderate

Warehouse Polygon 60 1 60 3 moderate

Coach/Truck Park Polygon 35 1,2 42 2 low

Graveyard Polygon 25 1 25 2 low

Sewer Canals Line 75 4 high

Storm Water Drains Line 75 4 high

Rails Line 30 1,2 36 2 low

Railway Station Polygon 35 1,2 42 2 low

Urbanisation without sewage

(Tim Wolters, 2013)

Anthropogenic sources of contamination in one suburb of Chennai

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Sustainable River Basin Management

Module 4-2 Part 5

16

17

River Basin Management

Planning Construct

water facilities

Maintain water facilities

Allocate water

Distribute water Monitor and

enforce water quality

Preparedness against water

disasters

Resolve conflicts

Protect ecosystems

Coordinate between state and non-state

actors

Towards sustainability in river basin management

18

Stakeholder engagement - definition

“...persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively.” (International Finance Corporation, 2007)

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“Stakeholders may include: •locally affected communities or individuals and their formal and informal representatives, •national or local government authorities, politicians, •religious leaders, •civil society organizations and groups with special interests, •the academic community, or •other businesses” (International Finance Corporation, 2007)

Stakeholder - definition

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Stakeholder in water resources Core stakeholders: governments, service providers, river basin organizations, business, civil society, farmers, legislators, and trade Unions Newcomers in the water sector, e.g.: property developers or long-term institutional investors Under-represented groups: women, youth, poor, indigenous groups, nature and non-consumptive users

(OECD Studies on Water, 2015)

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Engagement versus Participation

Participation is a part of engagement It does not entail that participants take part in any way in decision making and implementation Purposes: informed, agreements obtained, concerns collected which may or not be incorporated in decision making, emotions vented, etc.) Engagement is characterized by meaningful inputs to a process (water resources management related) Shifting from response to water supply issues to collective decision making

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Water governance is a highly fragmented sector Growing complexity of water challenges (multi-stakeholder demands) Financial constraints of the public sector Increased demands from citizens tax payers holding governments accountable asking for engagement in how public policy decisions are taken

Reasons for stakeholder involvement

Growing complexity: Example Jordan River

Growing complexity: Example Jordan River 1950s 2000s

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Stakeholder engagement, especially in the early stages of decision-making is critical to: secure support for reforms raise awareness about water risks and costs, increase water users’ willingness to pay for services be able to manage conflicts

Purpose of stakeholder engagement

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to create an enabling institutional environment for: •conflict management •exchange, •decision-making processes Principle of good water governance Key to success Key to legitimize governance

Role of governments

(Molle, F. et al. 2007)

Kinds of water governance – River Basins

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Stakeholder strategy

identify stakeholders and their motivations Identify responsibilities and performance gaps in water resources management and identify roles of stakeholders Overcome mismatch between administrative and hydrological scales Fitting stakeholder engagement to place-based needs Identify appropriate mechanisms of involvement (informal, institutionalized, online-platforms, etc.) Identify when and for what purpose to engage stakeholders Make time, financial and human resources available for stakeholder involvement

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Leads to adapted and more effective solutions Brings together experts, implementers, end-users and policy maker enabling knowledge exchange and enhancement Social inclusion can form a foundation for successful sustainable water management Achieving change as a result of cooperative efforts Bundled knowledge and resources can increase effectiveness, making most out of scarce resources base (UN Water for Life, Stakeholder experiences, 2010 )

Benefits from stakeholder engagement

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Sustainable River Basin Management

Module 4-2 Part 5

31

32

River Basin Management

Planning Construct

water facilities

Maintain water facilities

Allocate water

Distribute water Monitor and

enforce water quality

Preparedness against water

disasters

Resolve conflicts

Protect ecosystems

Coordinate between state and non-state

actors

Towards sustainability in river basin management

33

Stakeholder engagement - definition

“...persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively.” (International Finance Corporation, 2007)

34

“Stakeholders may include: •locally affected communities or individuals and their formal and informal representatives, •national or local government authorities, politicians, •religious leaders, •civil society organizations and groups with special interests, •the academic community, or •other businesses” (International Finance Corporation, 2007)

Stakeholder - definition

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Stakeholder in water resources Core stakeholders: governments, service providers, river basin organizations, business, civil society, farmers, legislators, and trade Unions Newcomers in the water sector, e.g.: property developers or long-term institutional investors Under-represented groups: women, youth, poor, indigenous groups, nature and non-consumptive users

(OECD Studies on Water, 2015)

36

Engagement versus Participation

Participation is a part of engagement It does not entail that participants take part in any way in decision making and implementation Purposes: informed, agreements obtained, concerns collected which may or not be incorporated in decision making, emotions vented, etc.) Engagement is characterized by meaningful inputs to a process (water resources management related) Shifting from response to water supply issues to collective decision making

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Water governance is a highly fragmented sector Growing complexity of water challenges (multi-stakeholder demands) Financial constraints of the public sector Increased demands from citizens tax payers holding governments accountable asking for engagement in how public policy decisions are taken

Reasons for stakeholder involvement

Growing complexity: Example Jordan River

Growing complexity: Example Jordan River 1950s 2000s

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Stakeholder engagement, especially in the early stages of decision-making is critical to: secure support for reforms raise awareness about water risks and costs, increase water users’ willingness to pay for services be able to manage conflicts

Purpose of stakeholder engagement

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to create an enabling institutional environment for: •conflict management •exchange, •decision-making processes Principle of good water governance Key to success Key to legitimize governance

Role of governments

(Molle, F. et al. 2007)

Kinds of water governance – River Basins

43

Stakeholder strategy

identify stakeholders and their motivations Identify responsibilities and performance gaps in water resources management and identify roles of stakeholders Overcome mismatch between administrative and hydrological scales Fitting stakeholder engagement to place-based needs Identify appropriate mechanisms of involvement (informal, institutionalized, online-platforms, etc.) Identify when and for what purpose to engage stakeholders Make time, financial and human resources available for stakeholder involvement

44

Leads to adapted and more effective solutions Brings together experts, implementers, end-users and policy maker enabling knowledge exchange and enhancement Social inclusion can form a foundation for successful sustainable water management Achieving change as a result of cooperative efforts Bundled knowledge and resources can increase effectiveness, making most out of scarce resources base (UN Water for Life, Stakeholder experiences, 2010 )

Benefits from stakeholder engagement

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