45,000 BC

M89

As the Out of Africa lineage migrated across northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula another mutation occurred on the Y-chromosome of one of M168’s male descendants. This marker, called M89, arose about 45,000 years ago, somewherein the Middle East and is carried by all Eurasian and Native American men (Haplogroups G through R).

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45,000 BC

M89

The following few screens show four of thehaplogroups that arose directly from theearly M89 mutation, as well as some of theCSUEB men that represent the haplogroups.

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M89

M168

M89

M60

M91

M130

M96

M201

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yDNA Haplogroup G

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Men carrying the M201 mutation (haplogroup G) are quite rare. The mutation probably arose some 30,000 years ago in northern India and from there spread in small numbers to both the Near East and Asia. After the Neolithic Revolution a few haplogroup G men may have migrated into Europe but the majority of present-day G-men in Europe probably arrived during the historic period. The highest concentration of haplogroup G today is north of the Black Sea in Georgia and Ossetia, the area occupied duringRoman times by such warrior nomads as the Sarmatians.After being subdued by Roman legions in the first centuryA.D., many Sarmatian mounted cavalry were deployed towestern territories as far away as Britain, France and Switzerland. The ancestors of George, Michael, Rodolfo, and Stan may have come from such Sarmatian stock.

GeorgeSwitzerland

RodolfoSwitzerland

MichaelPortugal

EricGermany

The End

A kiosk presentationprepared for the exhibition

March 2 to June 15, 2007

For more information visit our web site:

http://class.csueastbay.edu/anthropologymuseum