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PHILOSOPHY Some Basic Standards

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Page 1: 460.01 introduction

PHILOSOPHYSome Basic Standards

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THALES 624-545 BCE

Mythos

Logos

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MYTHOS LOGOS

Echo and Narcissus by John William Waterhouse

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MYTHOS LOGOSNarcissus by

Dali

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LOGOS

Mythos

Logos: an attempt to answer the question How do you know?

Logos: giving reason, without supernatural explanation, to support an answer.

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HOW DO YOU KNOW?

It is the Epistemological Question.

Epistemology is the branch of Philosophy that tries to answer the question “How do you know?”

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PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON

For any claim, give a reason why it is true or false.

This is what separates knowledge from other meaningful practices (or logos from mythos).

Leibniz, 1646 – 1716

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PYTHAGORAS 580-500 BCE

Gnomon

Round or Square

Rectangle or Oblong

The nature of reality

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GNOMON

Round or Square

Rectangle or Oblong

The forms of reality

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GNOMON

Round or Square

Rectangle or Oblong

The forms of reality

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PYTHAGORAS 580-500 BCE

Gnomon

Round or Square

Rectangle or Oblong

The forms of reality

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PYTHAGORAS 580-500 BCE

Gnomon

Round or Square

Rectangle or Oblong

The forms of reality

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GEOMETRY OF THE REAL

Forms of reality

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GEOMETRY OF THE REAL

Forms of reality

Leonardo: Fetus Study

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WHAT IS REAL?

It is the Metaphysical Question.

Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy that tries to answer the question “What is real?”

Leonardo: Vetruvian Man

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PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON

For any claim, give it the strongest possible interpretation.

This can help separate what is real from mere appearances and illusions.

Quine, 1908–2000

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SOCRATES 470-399 BCE

Jacques Louis David: Death of Socrates

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HOW TO LIVE?

The Ant and the Grasshopper In a field one summer's day a Grasshopper was hopping about, chirping and singing to its heart's content. An Ant passed by, bearing along with great toil an ear of corn he was taking to the nest. "Why not come and chat with me," said the Grasshopper, "instead of toiling and moiling in that way?" "I am helping to lay up food for the winter," said the Ant, "and recommend you to do the same." "Why bother about winter?" said the Grasshopper; we have got plenty of food at present." But the Ant went on its way and continued its toil. When the winter came the Grasshopper had no food and found itself dying of hunger, while it saw the antsdistributing every day corn and grain from the stores they had collected in the summer. Then the Grasshopper knew:

It is best to prepare for the days of necessity.

—Aesop, 620-564 BCE

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HOW TO LIVE?

Josh Staub, The Mantis Parable

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HOW TO LIVE?

It is the Ethical Question.

Ethics is the branch of Philosophy that tries to answer the question “How to live?”

Parable of the Good Samaritan,Church of Saint-Eutrope

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DEFINING ‘PHILOSOPHY’

Philosophy is the attempt to answer, with reason, the epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical questions.

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SPRING

Arcimboldo

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THE FACE OF WAR

Dalí

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MOUTH FLOWER

Ocampo

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DRAWING HANDSEscher

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TRUE FALSEScott Kim

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Rob Gonzalves Unfinished Puzzle

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Ken Knowlton

Helen Keller

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NORTON WISDOM WITH MAGIC BOX

Whojaba

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