4644hydrologic simulation models
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Hydrologic Simulation
An-Najah National University
College of Graduate Studies
Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed1
Models
Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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Rainfall-runoff analysis and modeling is
concerned with the physical processes that
occur within a catchment and lead to the
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis and
Modeling
Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed2
rans orma on o ra n a n o s ream runo :
(1) Rainfall Hyetograph: Time-series of rainfall
in a catchment.
(2) Streamflow Hydrograph: Time-series of
stream discharge at catchment outlet.
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The transformation between rainfall andstreamflow is known as rainfall-runoff analysis
or modeling
It is typically complex and site dependant
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis and
Modeling
Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed3
surface, vegetation, stream channel and human
infrastructure (flood control, irrigation, dams,
roads, etc).
The rainfall-runoff transformation is consideredto be: (a) non-linear, (b) scale-dependant, (c) site-
specific and (d) complex.
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The rainfall-runoff transformation is the reflection of:
1. Excess rainfall input
2. A complex transfer function determined by
catchment characteristics
3. Event runoff out ut
Rainfall-Runoff Analysis and
Modeling
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Rainfall-Runoff Analysis and
Modeling
Streamflow is spatially and temporallyvariable, as determined by:
1. Spatial and temporal variation ofrainfall input
2. Travel time across hillslope pathways
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, ,vegetation cover, geology
3. Travel time through the channel network
determined by length, cross sectional area,
flow resistance and surface-groundwaterinteractions
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Rainfall-Runoff (Hydrological Models)
The rainfall-runoff model is a hydrological model thatdetermines the runoff signal that leaves the catchment from
the rainfall signal received by this catchment.
The tasks for which rainfall-runoff models are used are
varied
1. Modeling existing catchments for which input-output data
Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed6
exist
2. Runoff estimation on ungauged catchments
3. Prediction of effects of catchment change e.g. land use
change, climate change
4. Coupled hydrology and geochemistry e.g. nutrients, acid
rain5. Coupled hydrology and meteorology e.g. global climate
models
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Hydrological Models
StochasticDeterministic
Classification of Hydrological
Models
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Space-independent Space-correlatedDistributedSemi-distributedLumped
Empirical Conceptual Physically-based
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(1) Stochastic or deterministic model: models that
always provide the same result for a given set of
Classification of Hydrological
Models
Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed8
.
accounts of uncertainty in these quantities and
provides a measure of the distribution of possible
outcomes, it is stochastic.
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(2) Lumped or distributed model: models that
treat the entire catchment as a single unit are
Classification of Hydrological
Models
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,
domain into small elements. Both methods have
advantages and disadvantages.
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(3) Conceptual or physically-based model: a
conceptual model relies on storage volumes
and fluxes that may only represent the catchment
Classification of Hydrological
Models
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response an ave parame ers a canno e
associated to measurements. Physically-based
models attempt to parameterize processes using
equations for which parameter values can be
readily measured.
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Lumped modelsParameters do not vary in space
Low data requirements
Limited physical representation
Classification of Hydrological
Models
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-Parameters partially vary in space
Compromise (input data - complexity)
Distributed models
Parameters fully vary in spaceMost advanced approach, high accuracy
Data extensive modeling
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Classification of Hydrological
Models
Event-process modelsDesigned to simulate individual events
Emphasis on infiltration and surface runoff
Peak discharge and volume
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Continuous-process models
Designed for long-term simulations
Emphasis on all hydrologic processes
Drought and water balance
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Examples of Hydrological Models
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Selection of Hydrological Models
General guidelines for model selection:
1. Ease of use: skill required, ease of interpreting results,
assumption required by model.
2. Availability of data: ability to use readily available data, ability
to handle small and variable time increments, data accuracy and
data resolution.
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. va a y o mo e s: cos o opera e n erms o compu ngtime and hardware system.
4. Application to management activities: number of parameters
predicted, sensitivity to change in management activities.
5. Broad regional coverage: ability of a model to operate in
various hydrological areas, extrapolation of model.
6. Accuracy of prediction: ability to predict relative change and
absolute effects needed to calibrate model, repeatability of
model predictions, error between actual and predicted values for
volumes.
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Schematic Hydrological Modeling
Protocol
Field daa
Define purpose
Conceptual model
Code selection
Performance criteria
Calibration
Validation
Comparison with
field data
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Yes
No
Model buildingField daa
Selected code suitable?
Code modification
Simulation
Presentaion of resuls
PostauditField daa
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Steps in Catchment Modeling
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Selected Simulation Models in
Hydrology
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The Hydrologic Engineering
Centers (HECHEC)
HEC-HMS
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Hydrologic Modeling System
(HMSHMS)
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The Hydrologic Modeling System (HECHEC--HMSHMS) isdesigned to simulate the rainfall-runoff processes of
dendritic watershed systems.
It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of
geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of
problems. This includes large river basin water supply and
HEC-HMS
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flood hydrology, and small urban or natural watershed
runoff.
Hydrographs produced by the program are used directly
or in conjunction with other software for studies of water
availability, urban drainage, flow forecasting, future
urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood
damage reduction, floodplain regulation, and systems
operation.
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The program is a generalized modeling system capableof representing many different watersheds. A model of the
watershed is constructed by separating the hydrologic cycle
into manageable pieces and constructing boundaries
around the watershed of interest.
Any mass or energy flux in the cycle can then be
HEC-HMS
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represented with a mathematical model. In most cases,
several model choices are available for representing each
flux.
Each mathematical model included in the program is
suitable in different environments and under different
conditions. Making the correct choice requires knowledge
of the watershed, the goals of the hydrologic study, and
engineering judgment.
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The program features a completely integratedwork environment including a database, data entry
utilities, computation engine, and results reporting
tools.
HEC-HMS
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A graphical user interface allows the seamless
movement between the different parts of the
program.
Program functionality and appearance are thesame across all supported platforms.
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Models the rainfall-runoff process in a catchment
based on catchment physiographic data
Offers a variety of modeling options in order to
Uses of the HEC-HMS
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Offers a variety of options for flood routing along
streams
Capable of estimating parameters for calibration
of each basin based on comparison of computeddata to observed data
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HEC-HMS is comprised ofa graphical user interface
(GUI), integrated hydrologic
analysis components, data
storage and management
capabilities, and graphics and
HEC-HMS (Features)
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repor ng ac es
The Data Storage System,
HEC-DSS, is used for
storage and retrieval of time
series, paired-function, andgridded data, in a manner
largely transparent to the
user
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HECHEC--HMSHMS model componentsare used to simulate the hydrologic
response in a catchment
HMSHMS model components include
basin model, meteorologic models,
control specifications, and input
HEC-HMS (Components)
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data
A simulation calculates the rainfall-runoff response in
basin model given input from the meteorologic model
The control specifications define the time period and time
step of the simulation run
Input data components, such as time series data, paired
data, and grided data are often requied as parameter or
boundary conditions in basin and meteorologic models
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Basin Model Component
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Basin Model Component
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subbasins- contains data for subbasins(losses, UH transform, and baseflow)
reaches- connects elements together andcontains flood routing data
Basin Model Component
junctions- connection point betweenelements
reservoirs- stores runoff and releases runoffat a specified rate (storage-discharge relation)
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sinks- has an inflow but no outflow
sources- has an outflow but no inflow
Basin Model Component
diversions- diverts a specified amount of runoff
to an element based on a rating curve - used for
detention storage elements or overflows
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Meteorologic Model Component
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Control Specification Component
The control specifications set the time span of a simulationrun
Information in the control specifications includes a starting
date and time, ending date and time, and computation time
step
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Input Data Component
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User Interface
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Catchment
Explorer
Component
Editor Message Log
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Catchment Explorer
The catchment explorer wasdeveloped to provide quick
access to all components in
HECHEC--HMSHMS project
For example, the user can
easily navigate from a basin
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model to a precipitation gaugeand then to a meteorologic
model without using menu
options or opening additional
windows
The catchment explorer isdivided into three parts:
Components, Compute and
Results
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Component Editor
When a component or sub-component in the CatchmentExplorer is active, a specific Component Editor will open
All data that can be specified in the model component is
entered in the Component Editor
Any data required will be indicated with a red asterisk
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Message Log
Note, warming, and errors are shown in the Message Log These messages are useful for identifying why a simulation
run failed or why a requested action, like opening a project,
was not completed
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Desktop
The Desktop holds a variety of windows including summary
tables, time-series tables, graphs, and the basin model map
The basin model map is used to develop a basin model.
Elements (sub-basin, river reach, reservoir, etc.) are added from
the toolbar and connected to represent the physical drainage
network of the study area
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Background maps
can be imported to
help visualize the
catchment
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Developing an HMS Project
To develop a hydrologic model, the user must complete the
following steps:
1. Create a new project.
2. Input time series, paired, and gridded data needed by the
basin or meteorologic model.
3. Define the physical characteristics of the catchment by
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.4. Select a method for calculating subbasin precipitation and
enter required information. Evapotranspiration and snow melt
information are also entered at this step if required.
5. Define the control specifications.
6. Combine a basin model, meteorologic model, and control
specifications to create a simulation.7. View the results and modify the basin model, meteorologic
model, or control specifications as needed.
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Example 5-1
A small undeveloped watershed has the parameterslisted in the following tables. A unit hydrograph and
Muskingum routing coefficients are known for subbasin
3, shown in Fig. E5.1(a). TC and R values for subbasins
1 and 2 and associated SCS curve numbers (CN) are
rovided as shown. A 5-hr rainfall h eto ra h in in./hr is
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shown in Fig. E5.1(b) for a storm event that occurred on
June 19, 1983. Assume that the rain fell uniformly over
the watershed.
Use the information given to develop a HEC-HMS
input data set to model this storm. Run the model to
determine the predicted outflow at point B.
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Example 5-1
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Example 5-1
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Muskingum coefficients: x = 0.15, K = 3 hr, Area = 3.3 sq mi
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
The following slides illustrates the general steps
for setting up a new project in HEC-HMS and the
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Example 5-1
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
1. Begin by starting HEC-HMS and creating a newproject. Select the File New menu item. Enter
Example 5-1 for the project Name and Tutorial for the
Description. Select a desired directory to store the
project files in. Set the Default Unit System to U.S.
Customar and click the Create button to create the
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project.
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
2. Set the project options before
creating gages or model
components. Select the Tools
Program Settings menu item.
Set Subbasin loss to SCS Curve
Number, Subbasin transform to
Clark Unit Hydrograph, Subbasin
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baseflow to Recession, Reachrouting to Muskingum, Reach
loss/ gain to None, Subbasin
precipitation to Specified
Hyetograph, Subbasin
evapotranspiration" to None, and
Subbasin snowmelt to None.Click the OK button to save and
close the Project Options
window.
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
3.Begin creating the basin model by selecting theComponents Basin Model Manager menu item.
Create a new basin model with a Name of Basin 1
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
4. Create the Element Network: The Basin 1 will be represented with
three subbasins, one routing reach, and two junctions. Open the newbasin model map by selecting the Basin 1 model in the Catchment
Explorer. Use the following steps to create the element network:1. Add three subbasin elements. Place the icons by clicking the left
mouse button in the basin map.
2. Add one reach elements . Click first where you want the upstream
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en o e reac o e oca e . c a secon me w ere you wanthe downstream end of the reach.
3. Add two junction elements (name the first junction A and the second
B).
4. Connect all the elements, place the mouse over the subbasin icon
and click the right mouse button. Select the Connect Downstream
menu item. Place the mouse over the junction icon and click the left
mouse button. Connect subbasin 1 and 2 downstream to Junction-A.
Then connect upstream junction-A to the downstream junction-B,
using a reach. Connect subbasin 3 downstream to junction-B. The
basin should look like the figure shown in the next slide
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
5. Enter all the
information for each
subbasin using the given
information. Double-click
on subbasin 1 (or use
the catchment explorer
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an p ace t e mouseover subbasin 1) and fill
the information as shown
in the figure. Do the
same for subbasin 2. For
subbasin 3, repeat thesame process, but refer
to steps 6-9 for the
transform method
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
6. For subbasin 3,select User-Specified
Unit Hydrograph for
the transform method
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
7. The input unit hydrograph for subbasin 3 can be entered
from Components Paired Data Manager menu item.
Create a new unit hydrograph curve with a Name ofTable
1
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
8. Table 1 will be added to the catchment explorer.
Place the mouse overTable 1 and from the component
editor enter the information shown in the figure. Select
Table and enter the given data for the unit hydrograph
of subbasin 3
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
9. A gain place the mouse over subbasin 3 and select
Transform, then select Table 1 for the unit hydrograph
as shown in the figure
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
10. Enter the data for reach 1. Select Muskingum for
routing method, and enter the K and x values. Enter that
there are two subreaches in the reach
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
10. Begin creating the meteorologic model by selecting the
Components Meteorologic Model Manager menu
item. Click the New button in the Meteorologic Model
Manager window. In the Create A New Meteorologic Model
window enter Met1 for the Name
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
11. Open the Component Editor for this meteorologic model
by selecting it in the Catchment Explorer. In the ComponentEditor make sure the selected Precipitation method is
Specified Hyetograph. Set the Include Subbasins
option to Yes for the Basin 1
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
12. Select Specified Hyetograph
and make sure to choose Gage
1 for all subbasins as sown in
the figure
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
13. The input data for the Hyetograph can be entered from
Components Time Series Data Managermenu item.
Create a new precipitation gage with a Name ofGage 1
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
14. From the Catchment Explorer, select Gage 1 and
entered the information as shown in the figure
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
15. Enter the data forGage 1 as shown in the figure
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
16. Create the control specifications by selecting the
Components Control Specifications Manager menu
item. In the Control Specifications Manager window, click
the New button and enterControl 1 for the Name
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
17. In the Component Editor, enter 19Jun1983 for the "Start
Date" and 21Jun1983 for the "End Date. Enter 12:00 for the
"Start Time" and 00:00 for the "End Time. Select a time
interval of 30 Minutes from the Time Interval drop-down
list.
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
18. A simulation run is created by selecting the Compute Creat
Simulation Run menu option. Click the New button in theSimulation Run Manager window. After clicking the New button,
a wizard opens to step the user through the process of creating
a simulation run. First, a name must be entered for the simulation
run, then a basin model, a meteorologic model, and a control
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.
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
19. The new simulation run is added to the Compute tab of the
Catchment Explorer
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
20. To run the model, Select Compute Compute Run menu
option. Or from the toolbar menu, select
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
21. View Model Results: Graphical and tabular results are
available after a simulation run, an optimization trial, and
an analysis have been computed. Results can be
accessed from the Catchment Exploreror the basin model
map.
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
22. View model results at junction-B: Select B from the Catchment
Explorer. Choose Graph, Summary
Table, or Time-Series Table to see
the result
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Example 5-1 (Solution)
23. The flow hydrograph at the catchment outlet (junction-B) should looks like the following figure
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R i f ll R ff M d li i th
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Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in the
Faria Catchment
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Objectives Research Needs and Motivations
Methodology
Study Area
Data Collection and Analysis
Study Outline
o e ng Model Setup
Model Parameterization
Model Application
Sensitivity Analysis
Scenario Modeling Management Options
Conclusions
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The objective of this research is to obtain
dependable estimates of naturally available, water
resources in arid and semi-arid environment of the
West Bank, Palestine
Objectives
The newly coupled TRAIN-ZIN model was used inthis study to evaluate the availability of surface water
resources in the Faria catchment
Such evaluation can be utilized in the developmentofbest management practices that can be adopted to
manage the scarce water resources in the catchment
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Follow up to the above objectives, a few questions are
raised
What are the active runoff generation processes in arid and
semi-arid regions?
What is the best hydrological model that can be used to assess
the runoff eneration rocess in arid and semi-arid re ions?
Research Questions
How can we provide improved estimations of catchment initialconditions (e.g., soil moisture, infiltration rate,.)?
How do we characterize the TRAIN-ZIN model uncertainties?
How can we use the TRAIN-ZIN model in assessing the runoff
generation underland use and climate changes scenarios?
What are the total available water resources in the Faria
catchment?
What are the proper water resources management options for
the most efficient water use in the Faria catchment?
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Population growth
Limited water supplies
Increasing water demands
Research Needs and Motivations
Inefficient management strategy
Environmental pollution
Lack of better understanding
Occupation
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This situation has compelled the motivation forconducting a hydrological modeling to better
understand and to evaluate the water resources
availability in the Faria catchment
Research Needs and Motivations
This is essential to provide input data for a
management system and to enable the development
ofoptimal waterallocation policies and management
alternatives to bridge the supply-demand gap under
the present and expected future changes, in landuse and climate conditions
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Methodology
Research Needs and
Objectives
Characterization of the
Study Area
Data collection Litrature Review
Parameters Determination
Model SimulationCalibration Sensitivity Analysis
GeographyTopography
Climatology
Geology & SoilSprings & Wells
Rainfall & RunoffLand use & Infiltration
Hydrological Network
GIS
Excel
Data Analysis
Data Processing
Model BuildingCoupled TRAIN & ZIN Models
Setup GIS Database
Modelling Global Change Scenarios
Validation
Simulation of Water Management Options
Uncertainty Assessment
Conclusions and Perspectives
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Located in the northeastern
part of the West Bank and
extends to the Jordan River
It is characterized as a arid to
semi-arid region with an area of
320 km2 (6% of the West Bank)
Faria Catchment (Characteristics)
Regional Location
Map of the FariaCatchment
Topographic relief changes
significantly throughout the
catchment
The mean annual temperature
changes from 18 oC at the head
of the catchment to 24 oC in theproximity to the Jordan River
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The winter rainy season is from
October to April
The rainfall in the catchment varies
with space and time
The rainfall distribution within the
catchment ranges from 650 mm at the
Faria Catchment (Rainfall)
ea wa er o mm a e ou e othe Jordan River
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1947
1952
1957
1962
1967
1972
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
Year
Rainfall(mm)
Nablus TaluzaTubas Beit DajanTa mmu n A L-Faria
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In the Faria catchment, water
resources are either surface orgroundwater
There are 70 wells in the catchment;
of which 61 are agricultural, 4 are
domestic and 5 are Israeli controlled
wells
Faria Catchment (Water Resources)
#Y#Y#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y#Y#Y#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y#Y
$Z$Z
$Z
$Z$Z
$Z$Z$Z
$Z
$Z
$Z
$Z$Z
18-18/014
N
Within the catchment 13 fresh water
springs exist
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y#Y
#Y#Y#Y
#Y#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y#Y#Y
#Y
#Y #Y#Y#Y
#Y
#Y#Y
#Y#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
Surface Water Network#Y
Israeli Controlled Wells
#Y Agricultural Wells#Y Domastic Wells$Z Springs
Catchment Boundary
0 5 10 Kilometers
The streamflow of the catchment is a
mix of:
Runoff generated from winter storms
Untreated wastewater
Fresh water from springs which
provides the catchment baseflow
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#Y
#Y
#Y
#Y
Salim
Tubas
Tammun
Talluza
N
4 TBRs
wereinstalled
Rainfall
data (5-min
Rainfall Data (1/2)
#
#
#
#
#
#
TBR
Daily Gauge
Daily Gauge & TBR
Daily Gauge & TBR
Daily Gauge & TBR
N#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
642.6
415.2
322.3
630.5
379.1
589.1
577.4
549.0
431.7
262.1
N
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
#Y TBRs
Catchment Boundary
(2004-2007)
Cumulative rainfall data
#
Daily Gauge
Dail Gauge
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
# Existing Rainfall Stations
Catchment Boundary
#
#
#
#
198.6
261.0
208.2
161.6
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
# Suggested Rainfall Stations# Existing Rainfall Stations
Catchment Boundary
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For the other10 stations, a filling missing data
formula was used
IDW method was used to average the pintwise
rainfall measurements over the entire catchment
Rainfall Data (2/2)
NN
0 3 6 9 Kilom eters
Ev1 (4-6/02/05)59.391 - 72.96572.965 - 86.53986.539 - 100.113100.113 - 113.687
113.687 - 127.261127.261 - 140.834140.834 - 154.408154.408 - 167.982167.982 - 181.556
Catchment Boundary
0 3 6 9 Kilom eters
Ev1 (4-6/02/05)103.601 - 111.997111.997 - 120.392120.392 - 128.787128.787 - 137.182
137.182 - 145.578145.578 - 153.973153.973 - 162.368162.368 - 170.764170.764 - 179.159
Catchment Boundary
IDW (4 stations) IDW (14 stations)
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Runoff Data$Z$Z
N
LowerFaria CatchmentAl-Faria Sub-catchmentAl-Badan Sub-catchmentMain Stream
$Z Flumes
Catchment Boundary
2 Parshall flumes were constructed at the
upper part of the catchment
One at Al-Badan sub-catchment (83 km2)
outlet
and the other at Al-Faria sub-catchment
(56 km2) outlet
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
Runoff data (10-min time step) were collected
for the three rainy seasons 2004-2007
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Coupling was done byAnne Gunkel in the context of her PhD dissertation
The Coupled TRAIN-ZIN Model Structure
The TRAIN-ZIN Coupling Scheme
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The channel network was prepared
544 channel segments with an average lengthof850 m adjoined by
1088 small sub-catchments with an average
area of0.295 km2
p
(Channel Network)
#
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# 236 2 3
7
238
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203225
235
234
7
205
230
233
204
232231
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320
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361
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536
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1 8
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331
542
525
161
9 9
489
4 9
257
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311
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397
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183
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493
3 2 3
492
71
72
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506
217
171
298
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387
162
301
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327
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409
247
369
3 7
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478
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226
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34
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124
295
2 5 5
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437
354
440
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531
282
1 1 1
2 9
4
427
278
425
443
224
371
198
471
115
532
521
529
222
434
338
43
3
47
34
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268
339
243
66
3 5 3
516
4 8
534
240
212
325
370
303
239
117
374
25
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125
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289
53
538
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34
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61
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316
376
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318
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375
459
250
10
109
452
373
348
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174
1 7
495
422
220
472
3 7 7
500
197
448
431
38 9
305
1 2 3
246
326
436
503
515
178
450
191
219
442
430
514
228
372
39
46
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3 8 5
218
324
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420416
192
3
3 3
120
412
405
490
118
520
391
101
140
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453
3 8 6
360
253
462
313
401
30
285
530
368
455
70
343
67
121
519
380
168
359
505
159
102
207
468
139
2 9 1
357
481
4 9 9
379
137
262
428
142
280
382
300
352
267
413
1 9 3
131
189
1 5 6
114
266
127
504
417
330
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150
2 7 5
3
58
271
252
206
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383
535
4 8 0
146
1
5 1
307
421
244
3
35
144
265
184
402
249
441
415
317
110
528
182
447
199
337
482
292
461
1 3 0
196216
143
113
404
4 4 4
129
1 8 0
165
384
509
105
396
400
287
211
195
496
167
321
107
456
4 85
507
488
518
264
154
449
68
119
276
498
223
381
410
3 5 0
1 5 5
3
28
251
479
36
3
103
149
202
497
457
429
3 9 3
106
1 6
4
473
334
277
466
15
8
540
388
4 6
7
201
1
48
411
17916
6
2 0 0
1 3 6
483
213
310
458
486
362
487
33
6
145
414
286
100
517
104
215
126
356
214
451
446
345
108
14 1
112
306
242
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484
31
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254
2
4 5
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403
208
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4 132
163
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297 3
5 1
474
319
315
169
272
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
N
Lower Faria CatchmentAl-Faria Sub-catchmentAl-BadanSub-catchmentPolygons
# NodesSegmentsCatchment Boundary
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Model Setup (Runoff generation map)
A runoff generation map was created
8 different terrain types were mapped
N
N
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
Runoff Generation MapABCDEFGH
Infiltration Test Locations
Catchment Boundary
Infiltration Tests Results
Double-Rings-Infiltrometer
0 3 6 9 Kilometers
Runoff Generation MapABCDEFGH
Infiltration Test Locations
Catchment Boundary
Infiltration Tests Results
Double-Rings-Infiltrometer
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (min)
InfiltrationRate(mm/hr)
Terrian C
Terrian D
Terrian E
Terrian F
Terrian G
Terrian H
Double rings
infiltrometerwas
used to determine
the infiltration rate
for different terrain
types
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Model Parameterization
The parameter values for the TRAIN-ZIN modelwere
Measured directly in the field (infiltration
capac y an c anne geome ry
Estimated from the literature (e.g. hydraulic
conductivity, porosity, channel roughness, field
capacity and others) and
Recorded (climatic parameters)
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pp ,
Calibration and Validation (1/3)
The traditional method of calibration (trial-and-error
process) was used
4 rainfall events were available for model calibration
and validationCalibration Validation
Hydrologic Simulation Models84 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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pp
Calibration and Validation (2/3)
After alternating calibration ofevent 1 and event 2, a
common set of parameters were obtained
Hydrologic Simulation Models85 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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pp
Calibration and Validation (3/3)
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Model Applications
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Model performance
pp
Event Modeling (Calibration)
Hydrologic Simulation Models88 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Model Applications
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Model performance
pp
Event Modeling (Validation)
Hydrologic Simulation Models89 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Model Applications
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Continuous Modeling
Continuous Simulation of the
Three Rainy Season 2004/05,
2005/06 and 2006/07: (a) Daily
Rainfall, Al-Badan Sub-catchment;
(b) Al-Faria Sub-catchment (c) the
Entire Faria Catchment
Hydrologic Simulation Models90 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Model Applications
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For event 1 (SEOF),nearly half (0.54) of the
simulated runoff was
reached the catchment
outlet after the transmission
pp
Transmission Losses Simulation
For event 2 (IEOF), one
third (0.29) of simulated
runoff was reached the
catchment outlet
Hydrologic Simulation Models91 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Model Applications
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Evapotranspiration Simulation
For the rainy day 9 of February 2006, actual evapotranspiration is
considerable whereas for the dry day 5 of February 2007, actual
evapotranspiration is small
Hydrologic Simulation Models92 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Model Applications
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Seasonal Water Balance
60
70
80
90
100
(MCM)
Rainfall Evapotranspirat ion Percolat ion Runoff Soil Storage
0
10
20
30
40
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07
Season
Valuse
Seasonal Water Balance (October-April)
Hydrologic Simulation Models93 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Sensitivity Analysis and
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Uncertainty Assessments
In order to assess the coupled TRAIN-ZIN model sensitivity to different
parameters uncertainties, a series of sensitivity analyses were undertaken
Hydrologic Simulation Models94 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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Impacts of Land Use Change (1/3)
Scenario 1:
Urbanization, the
response to anincrease in built-up
areas of 10% and
50% respectively
was obtained
Hydrologic Simulation Models95 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Scenario Modeling
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Scenario 2:
Land reclamation, it is acommon practice nowadays in
the upper Faria catchment
(mainly in Al-Faria sub-
catchment) that farmers in
coo eration with the Ministr of
Impacts of Land Use Change (2/3)
Agriculture are changing thegrassed land cover to
agriculture areas
Hydrologic Simulation Models96 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Scenario Modeling
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Scenario 3:
Extensions of the scattered andpoorly managed olive areas to
more dense and well managed
olive areas. As a result the
generated runoff expected to
Impacts of Land Use Change (3/3)
practices that enhance the soilinfiltratibility (e.g. ploughing, soil
tillage and terraces)
Hydrologic Simulation Models97 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Scenario Modeling
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Peer and Safriel (2000) summarized the currently most likely climate
scenarios for the region
Scenario 1: By 2020, mean temperature will increase of 0.3-0.4oC and
reduction in precipitation by 2% to 1%
Scenario 2: By 2050, mean temperature will increase of 0.7-0.8oC and
reduction in precipitation by 4 % to 2%
Impacts of Climate Change (1/3)
Hydrologic Simulation Models98 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Scenario Modeling
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Under the GLOWA-JR project, climate simulations for the NearEast and the Jordan RiverRegion were studied
The climatic scenarios are based on the IPCC A1B and A2
emissions scenarios and two different GCMs were used:
Impacts of Climate Change (2/3)
Scenario 3 (A1B): By 2021-50, mean temperature will
increase 1-1.25oC and reduction in mean annual precipitation by
(0 - 50 mm)
Scenario 4 (A2): By 2021-50, mean temperature will increase1.75-2oC and increase in mean annual precipitation by (50 -100
mm)
Hydrologic Simulation Models99 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Scenario Modeling
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Scenario 3 (A1B) Scenario 4 (A2)
Impacts of Climate Change (3/3)
Hydrologic Simulation Models100 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Management Options
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The available volume of
streamflow that lost in winterseason, downstream is 4 MCM
The annual obtainable water
resources are estimated at
Surface Water Assessment
The annual water demands
(agricultural and domestic) are
estimated at about 21 MCM
Resulting in a deficit of 2
MCM between supply and
demand
Hydrologic Simulation Models101 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Management Options
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Rainwater Harvesting
Gould and Nissen-Petersen (1999)
Hydrologic Simulation Models102 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Management Options
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Urban Rainwater Harvesting System
Assuming that the rooftops runoff represents about 50% of
the generated built-up areas runoff and a consumption rate
of70 liters/capita/day
Rainwater harvesting from rooftops can fulfill the domestic
demands for nearly 24,000 inhabitants for more than 4months from May to September when the water resources
are very limited
Hydrologic Simulation Models103 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Management Options
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Rural Rainwater Harvesting System
Although the catchment areas of the proposed cisterns accounts
only for 15% of the entire catchment, the flood generation out of these
areas are 30% and 62% for event 1 and event 2
Hydrologic Simulation Models104 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Management Options
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Spring Water Harvesting
No pumping is required
More than 14 MCM/year available
without cost
The water is fresh and free from
pollution
It is proposed to build a deep
enough box into a hillside of the
spring mouth to access the spring
water source
This box allows water to enter from
the bottom and fill up to a certainlevel depending upon the spring
yield and the filling time of the box
Hydrologic Simulation Models105 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Management Options
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Construction of Irrigation Ponds
Irrigation pond is proposed to be built for each farm along
the water course to collect the streamflow for irrigation use
Hydrologic Simulation Models106 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Management Options
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Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Agriculture
About 1.5 MCM/year of wastewater effluent from Nablus city is
discharged to the streams and mixes with the fresh surface waterwithout any treatment
It is proposed to construct a wastewater treatment plant to stop this
increasing threat and to use the treated effluent for agricultural purposes
The reuse of treated
wastewater for agriculturalpurposes in the Faria
catchment can be used as
strategy to release the
spring fresh water for
domestic use and to
improve the quality of
stream water to reduce the
environmental degradation
in the catchment
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Management Options
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Outstanding Challenges
The sustainability of water resources management in the Faria
catchment is being challenged by five important factors:1. Technical because our scientific understanding of the physical
phenomena of rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration, seepage, sediment
transport and flooding are still insufficient
2. Financial because the existing water resources are poorly managed
3. Environmental because of declining water quality and increased urban
and agricultural pollution
4. Institutional and legal because of weak regulatory and legal framework
required to implement policies efficiently regarding allocation,
management and pollution of water resources in the Faria catchment
5. Political because the political situation in the region is very complicated
and constrains the development of water resources management in the
catchment
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To Summarize
More effortsare needed to
manage and
save water to
shape a better
Hydrologic Simulation Models109 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
Palestinian
Kids
Therefore, It is necessary to go beyond the basic researchand undertake demonstration projects for possible application
of the proposed management options in the Faria catchment
C l i (1/2)
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Conclusions (1/2)
Three years of monitoring rainfall and runoff combined with
field campaigns are considered to be the cornerstones for thesuccess of this study
The main research question that was addressed by this PhD
used to assess the active runoff generation process in arid andsemi-arid regions (IEOF and/or SEOF) was answered
Despite difficulties, limitations and uncertainties associated
with obtaining observations and measured parameters, this
study ended-up with optimistic results for the simulation ofsingleevents and entire seasons in continuous mode
Hydrologic Simulation Models110 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
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Conclusions (2/2)
Rainfall characteristics (mainly the rainfall intensity) and the
initial soil moisture content are the main parameter that
controlled the runoff generation processes (IEOF and/or SEOF)
that took place in the Faria catchment
The seasonal water balance which cab be obtained out of the
coupled TRAIN-ZIN model is the main input for sustainablewater resources management in the Faria catchment
The results of this research study show that the impacts of
land use and climate changes on runoff behavior are event-
dependent and that event characteristics (intensities and
duration) as well as the initial soil moisture content should be
identified for different scenarios
Hydrologic Simulation Models111 Dr. Sameer Shadeed
R f
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Reference
Shadeed, S. (2008). Up To Date Hydrological Modeling in
Arid and Semi-arid Catchment, the Case of Faria Catchment,
West Bank, Palestine. PhD Dissertation, Institute of Hydrology.
Freiburg University, Germany. http://www.freidok.uni-
freiburg.de/volltexte/5420/pdf/Sameer_PhD.pdf