47880994 biology chapter 9

7/31/2019 47880994 Biology Chapter 9

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BIOLOGY FOLIO

CHAPTER 9 :ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

NAME : MUHAMMAD SUHAIL BIN SHAHIMI

CLASS : 4 EPSILON TEACHER : MISS HARTINI BINTI ABDUL MUTALIB

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LIST OF CONTENTS

No. CONTENT PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION

2. OBJECTIVE3. HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT

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INTRODUCTION

An environment that is healthy and

beautiful is everyones dream. However,

irresponsible activities have upset the

ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM

A) Cause

B) Source

4. GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND THETHINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER

5. STEPS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE

ENVIRONMENT

6. CONCLUSION

7. REFERENCE

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balance in environment and caused many

environmental problems as well as

endangering the ecosystem. The earth can

only be a place if development activities are

planned with great care.

OBJECTIVES

THE REASON THE PAPERWORK IS BEING DONE IS

DUE TO SEVERAL OBJECTIVES AS SATTED BELOW :-

To instill awareness among humans about the

significance of preservation and conservation of the

ecosystem

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To make human realize how bad are the effects of

human·s activities towards the environment

To increase efforts on creting a safer environment

for ourselves and for the future generations

To deduce the time for the depletion and destruction of the

environment due tovarios environmental problems causedby human beings

A CKNOWLEDGEMEN

T

First and foremost, i would like to introduce myself. I,

Muhammad Suhail bin Shahimi from 4 Epsilon and i am glad

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indeed to be studying biology which is the most intriguing

subject ever. I now, have completed a paperwork or a folio on the

topic ¶Endangered Ecosystem· based on the last chapter in the

form 4 biology syllabus.

Nevertheless, i felt relief and grateful of having such

wonderful companions who are my lovely biology teacher, Miss

Hartini, my parents, my helpful friend and my siblings. I would

to thank the mentioned people who have been very supportive and

helpful in giving me extra information, tips and ideas to make

this work a satisfying piece.

Not to forget, my headmaster, Encik Sabuddin b. Hj. Sani,

for giving us, the students, this opportunity to do this folio. Last

but not least, thank you once again for all the commitments and

supports. May all of you have a good day!

_HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT

ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM_

Human activities that threaten the ecosystem

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The worlds population might reach to 10 billoins in the next fifty years.

Hence, when there are increments in the number of the worlds

population , it generally means that there is an increasing demand for

shelter, food, medicine, transport and raw materials.

Today, due to expectation of modern living and industrial revolution,

the world has to confront the destruction of forests to build more

houses, to being use as plantation areas and build roads, just to fulfill

humans needs.

Unplanned developments and mismanagement of ecosystem give rise

to vast amounts of environmental crisis. Among those environmental

problems are greenhouse effect, global warming, pollution, soil

erosion, landslide, flashflood and ozone depletion.

The human activities that we are talking about are like agriculture,

burning or combustion, industrialization, urbanization and last but not

least, deforestation.

THE IMPACT OF

HUMAN ACTIVITIES

TOWARDS THE

ECOSYSTEM

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DEFORESTATION

Large agriculture of forests are cleared for extracting timber of fuel wood,

agriculture needs, and for the sake of urbanization. The impacts are

enourmous and outrageous. Let see what are the drawbacks of

deforestation.

DEFORESTATION CAUSED

:

-soil erosion

-landslides

-flashfloods

BURNING CAUSED :

-various types of

pollutions

-greenhouse effect

FARMING,

INDUSTRIALISATION AND

URBANISATION CAUSED :

-pollution

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Lanslide In Mexico

y Soil erosion flow is blocked. Thus, water flows inland and causes flash

floods in, flash floods and landslides

y When it rains for a long time especially during rainy seasons, the top layer

of soil loosens and slides down, thus causing landslides.

Soil erotion

y learing of trees causes the loss of tree leaves that protect the soil from a

massive impulsive force of heavy raindrops and also causes the loss of tree

roots that hold the soil in place.

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y The wide exposure to the raindrops forces, give arise to soil erosion. Here,

the top layer of soil is easily being washed away by heavy rainfall. The

eroded soil, is then, deposited in rivers or streams.

Flash Flood

y During heavy rains, rainwater flows harshly into rivers because there is a

non-existence of retention of water by plant roots as well as proper water

catchments areas.

y Due to silting in the rivers, the water flow is blocked. Thus, water flows

inland and causes flash floods in low areas.

y In addition, soil erosion contributes in the depletion of minerals in the soil,

causing the land trouble to be used as a place of cultivation.

FARMING

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y In order to fulfill the demands of todays food supplement, large areas of

lands have been used and will be used for farming purposes.

y Excessive use of land for farming and stock rearing lead to infertile land

and may expose the soil to erosion by wind or heavy rainfalls.

y Inorganic fertilizers usage in farming also results to eutrophication.

URBANISATION

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y Industrialisation give off industrial waste and heated waste water causing

water pollution and thermal pollution.

y Toxic gases released by industries contribute to a major concerning

problem ; air pollution.

THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

What is a green house effect?

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The greenhouse effect is a process by which radiative energy leaving a

planetary surface is absorbed by some atmospheric gases, called

greenhouse gases. They transfer this energy to other components of the

atmosphere, and it is re-radiated in all directions, including back down

towards the surface. This transfers energy to the surface and lower

atmosphere, so the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct

heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism.

This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of an actual

greenhouse, which works by isolating warm air inside the structure sothat heat is not lost by convection

Who discovered the green house effect??

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JOSEPH FOURIER

The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, first

reliably experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reportedquantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

If an ideal thermally conductive blackbody was the same distance from

the Sun as the Earth, it would have an expected blackbody temperature

of 5.3 °C. However, since the Earth reflects about 30% (or 28%]) of the

incoming sunlight, the planet's actual blackbody temperature is about -

18 or -19 °C, about 33°C below the actual surface temperature of about

14 °C or 15 °C.]

The mechanism that produces this difference betweenthe actual temperature and the blackbody temperature is due to the

atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

What is the example of green house effect?

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Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower

atmosphere, is believed to be the result of a strengthening of the

greenhouse effect mostly due to human-produced increases inatmospheric greenhouse gases

FLOOD

MELTING OF POLES

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THE THINNING OF OZONE LAYER

The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down

by the sun. If the ozone layer is depleted by human action, the effects onthe planet could be catastrophic.

Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles

above the Earth, and at the very top it contains ozone. The suns rays are

absorbed by the ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the

Earth.

Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The form

of oxygen that humans breathe in consists of two oxygen atoms, O2.When found on the surface of the planet, ozone is considered a

dangerous pollutant and is one substance responsible for producing the

greenhouse effect.

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The highest regions of the stratosphere contain about 90% of all ozone.

In recent years, the ozone layer has been the subject of much discussion.And rightly so, because the ozone layer protects both plant and animallife on the planet.

The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the

mid-1980s. The main cause of this is the release of CFCs,

chlorofluorocarbons.

Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction. A massive hole in

the ozone layer right above Antarctica now threatens not only thatcontinent, but many others that could be the victims of Antarctica's

melting icecaps. In the future, the ozone problem will have to be solvedso that the protective layer can be conserved.

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_STEPS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE ENVIRONMENT_

There are many steps can be taken to maintain

the balance of nature such as:

a) Enforcement of the environmental laws

Environment quality act, 1974

Controls and prevents the pollution of

the environment

Controls the type of licensing, content

and quality of environment

Tests and examines the samples of

substances and gas from industries

Natural forestry act, 1984

Aims at protecting and preserving our

forests and wildlife

Pesticides act, 1974

Aims at controlling the use of pesticides

Protection of wildlife act, 1972

Aims at protecting wildlife animals,

birds and plants

Fisheries act, 1985

Aims at controlling marine pollution

b)Use of technology

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Use modern equipments andchemicals to control oil spills.

Recycle rubbish

To look for methods to do research

Change organic rubbish to biogas

Use less polluting and clean fuels in

motor vehicles.

Control and treat the toxic and

dangerous waste before disposing

c) Education

To increase the awareness and sensitivityof the individual to the environment.

To provide the basic knowledge of environmental problems and effects of

pollutions.

To teach the public the necessary skills to

protect and maintain a healthy society.

To help the individuals to become

responsible and sensitive to the

environment.

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d)Preservation and conservation of the

ecosystem.

Force the development companies to

replant the forest trees after deforestation.

Remaining the mangrove swamps area so

that the ecosystem is protected.

Restore the mining and used land for

agriculture.

Put effort in rivers cleaning to ensure thereis sufficient supply of water in future

e)Practice of biological control.

A method of controlling the animal pests

by using natural predators instead of using

chemical substances.

Factors to choose the animals predators.

1.The animals predators do not bring

any infection or disease.

2.the animal predators do not eat the

other organisms in the same habitat.

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f) Efficient use of energy and use of renewable

energy

Energy plays an important role in our life

Non-renewable energy will be exhausted in

one day. For example, coal, oil and fossil

fuels

Solar energy can be used as a substitute of fuels

Renewable energy, such as solar energy,

wave power and tidal power are

environmental friendly and need to bedeveloped.

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_CONCLUSION_

The effects of unplanned development and mismanagement of

the ecosystem can lead to damaging consequences such as soil

erosion, flash floods, landslides, eutrophication,pollution global

warming, ozone depletion,climatic changes and loss of

biodiversity. There are four types of pollution which are air,

water, thermal, and noise pollution. Greenhouse gases released

by various human activities can trap heat in the atmosphere and

raise the Earth¶s average temperature. Such an overall rise in the

Earth¶s temperature can leads to global warming. The thinning

of ozone layer is mainly due to the accumulation of

chloroflurocarbons(CFCs) in the atmosphere. Sustainable

development must take into consideration of proper management of the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is

maintained.

REFERENCES

Biology form 4 textbook.

Focus Ace SPM Biology Reference boo

7/31/2019 47880994 Biology Chapter 9


47880994 biology chapter 9

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