48078008 toefl book grammar

7/25/2019 48078008 TOEFL Book Grammar

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Grammar Vocabulary

GRAMMAR VOCABULARY..............................................................................................................................................

1. SENTENCES.............................................................................................................................................................

1.1 Sentence patterns...................................................................................................................................

1.1.1 Subject.......................................................................................................................................

1.1.2 Object.........................................................................................................................................

1.1.3 Complement...............................................................................................................................

1.2 Subordinate clause.................................................................................................................................

1.2.1 Reduced clause..........................................................................................................................

1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng! o "ng t# c$%n$ & o tr' "ng t#.................................................

2. VERBS.......................................................................................................................................................................

2.1 (enses.....................................................................................................................................................

2.1.1 )ast............................................................................................................................................

2.1.2 )resent.......................................................................................................................................

2.1.3 *uture.........................................................................................................................................

2.2 +erb patterns...........................................................................................................................................

2.2.1 Intransitive +...............................................................................................................................

2.2.2 ,in-ing verbs! S ,in-ing + C /noun & adj & adv0.....................................................................

2.2.3 (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0....................................................................................................

2.2. (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0 IO /st$0..................................................................................

2.2. (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0 4are In5. causative 5orm....................................................

2.2.6 (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0 +7ing /present participle0 +2 ang ti8p ti9n.......................

2.2.: )erception verbs! S +t O /sb0 ;erund & 4are in5...........................................................

2.2.< (ransitive +! S +t O /sb&st$0 /as & to be0 OC /complement0..........................................

2.2.= S + /not0 ;erund /+7ing0 $>an t$?n$ c@ng viAcB DuaB passive...............................

2.2.1E S eFpression ;erund /+7ing0..............................................................................................

2.2.11 S + to +...........................................................................................................................2.2.12 S + to7in5 & +7ing.................................................................................................................

2.2.13 Series o5 +................................................................................................................................

2.3 Godal verbs "ng t# $Hn$ t$i............................................................................................................

2. Condition...............................................................................................................................................

2..1 (ense........................................................................................................................................

2..2 Conditional conjunction............................................................................................................

2..3 Jnreal eFpression....................................................................................................................

2.. (o Kis$....................................................................................................................................

2. Lctive 7 )assive voice...........................................................................................................................

2..1 Lctive 5orm...............................................................................................................................

2..2 )assive 5orm.............................................................................................................................

2.6 Reported speec$...................................................................................................................................

2.: +erb prepositions...............................................................................................................................

2.< +erbal p$rases......................................................................................................................................

2.


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3.2. Jncountable nouns..................................................................................................................

3.2. Count and noncount noun meanings........................................................................................

3.2.6 Collective nouns singular & plural +erbs.................................................................................

3.2.: )atterns....................................................................................................................................

3.2.< Noun p$rase Q Ldv Ldj Noun............................................................................................

3.2.= Noun clauses............................................................................................................................

3.2.1E Lrticle.......................................................................................................................................

3.3 N +erb................................................................................................................................................

3. )reposition............................................................................................................................................

3..1 )ronouns..................................................................................................................................

3..2 Noun p$rases...........................................................................................................................

3..3 N Idioms................................................................................................................................

4. A!ECT"VES...........................................................................................................................................................

.1 )osition o5 adj. in clause........................................................................................................................

.2 )ossition o5 adj in p$rase! O)SLCOG...............................................................................................

.3 )atterns.................................................................................................................................................

.3.1 Sentences................................................................................................................................

.3.2 Ldjective clause........................................................................................................................ Comparison...........................................................................................................................................

..1 Dual comparision....................................................................................................................

..2 Comparative.............................................................................................................................

..3 Supperlative.............................................................................................................................

. +ocabularT............................................................................................................................................

..1 escriptive adj..........................................................................................................................

..2 ,imiting adj...............................................................................................................................

..3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives.................................................................................

.6 )reposition............................................................................................................................................

#. AVERBS.................................................................................................................................................................1 e5inition...............................................................................................................................................

.2 Ldverbial p$rases Q G)( Q Ganner )lace (ime.............................................................................

.3 4uilding ords.......................................................................................................................................

. +ocabularT............................................................................................................................................

..1 *reDuencT................................................................................................................................

..2 egree.....................................................................................................................................

..3 UualitT&manner t%n$ c$VtB cc$ t$Wc......................................................................................

.. )lace........................................................................................................................................

.. (ime.........................................................................................................................................

..6 )urpose......................................................................................................................................: Reason nguTXn n$Yn............................................................................................................

..< Concession n$Z'ng b".........................................................................................................

..= Contrast [i l\p.....................................................................................................................

..1E +ocabularT................................................................................................................................

$. CON!UNCT"ONS.....................................................................................................................................................

6.1 +ocabularT............................................................................................................................................

6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction..........................................................................................................

6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction........................................................................................................

%. &RE&OS"T"ONS......................................................................................................................................................

:.1 Geaning................................................................................................................................................:.2 )$rases.................................................................................................................................................

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L"STEN"NG.........................................................................................................................................................................

TOE'L.................................................................................................................................................................................

(. CON'USE )ORS..............................................................................................................................................

*. NUMBERS...............................................................................................................................................................

=.1 Ordinal numbers s[ t$W t].................................................................................................................

=.2 Cardinal number s[ 8m....................................................................................................................

=.3 (imeB.....................................................................................................................................................

=. Lge........................................................................................................................................................

=. Geasurement units.............................................................................................................................=.6 Comparative..........................................................................................................................................

=.: Gat$s....................................................................................................................................................

1+. E,&RESS"ONS - &RASES...................................................................................................................................



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1. SENTENCESGain clause subordinate clause

1.1 Sentence patternsIntroductorT

modi5ier

S Ldv + O Ldv

N/ de5initing relative clause + O / V-0 OA/ /Lppositive /N p$rase0/

non7de5inite relative clause/+7ingB +7ed^0 /

+ O a V O

A5/ + O B^B and + O Ldv

modi5ies

clauseA5 V0

O

+ O Ldv

modi5ies +&r67. +7ing OB V6 8 + OV-0 OB activeV-6 OB passive

To 09 OB

purposeLdverbial clause/ Gain clauseGain clause Ldverbial

clause

S&EC"AL

": ; :6lyt$at clause

T


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1.1.3 ComplementNB Ldj.

)attern! S ,in-ing + complement /modi5T S0

Complement ! classi5ication /norminal0B description /adjectival0B location time /adverbial0.

1.2 Subordinate clauseNoun clause

Ldjective clause

Ldverbial clause

Reduced adj7clause` appositive.

1.2.1 Reduced clause

I5B unlessB

$et$erB

alt$oug$B t$oug$

K$enB a5terB be5oreB sinceB $ile V-0LctiveGain clause

/S+O0

OnceB untilB $enB $eneverB $ereB $ereverB as V- 6)assive

($oug$ K$ile adj

E. (a-e t$e medicine a=prescribed

($e man too- t$e medicine a=$aving to.

L5ter & 09permittedB t$e student ill be absent 5rom class.

1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng! o "ng t# c$%n$ & o tr' "ng t#

&a::6r a5 8 au;696c:056 V 8 S S:ro 9orm

)6a> 9orm 6m7


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long subjectf



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2. (ER)S'00:6 56rb can combine it$ S complete sentence /c$ia t$H v? p$ $@hp vi S0.

No-900:6 56rb to in5` + ing` + ed cannot ma-e a complete sentence.

2.1 Tenses

2.1.1 Past

2.1.1.1 S0m7l6 7a=:

T0m6 67r6==0o! )re$istorTB deadt$B ancestorB during t$e 1


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2.2 (erb patternsS LuFilarT + Gain +

Godal + Q canB couldB maTB mig$tB illB

ouldB s$allB s$ouldB mustB oug$t toB

$ad betterB ould rat$er

Moal 56rb 8 o: bar6 09.

Intransitive + Godi5ier Q adv

)rimarT + Q beB $aveB do^ (ransitive + IO O Q Sb St$,in-ing + Complement Q NB adjB adv(o be

2.2.1 Intransitive V

Intransitive +erbs! cannot be passive 5orm

Sap run rTB

CollapeB runB al-B ait^ modi5ier Q adv

2.2.2 Linin! verbs" S # Linin! V # C $noun % adj % adv&

L0>0 56rb=

4e Q 4ecome

4ecome k tr nXn

;o

;ro

;et

(urn

complement Q NB adjB adv

Remain vn c>n

StaTLppear k

,oo- k tr@ng n$Z

Seem k dZng n$Z

Sound ng$e n$Z

)rove t ra*eel

Smell

(aste

F. (o loo- ordinarT lTing on t$e bed

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2.2.3 'ransitive V" S # Vt # (O $sb&

2.2.3.1 Subuc:056 b :


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2.2.) 'ransitive V" S # Vt # (O $sb& # IO $st*&

,ist o5 verbs!

Krite

Read

Sing

(ell

)aintra

)ass

and

;ive

Send

4orro /sb0 /st$0 Q borro /st$0 9rom /sb0

,end k /st$0 :o /sb0

Gail

4ring*ind

;et

,eave

)romise

O55er

($ro

Sell

4uT

,oan

Oe n@h

Ldvance t trZwc

(eac$

S$o

Ga-e

*eed

Cut

4uild

8 =b 8 =:


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2.2.+ 'ransitive V" S # Vt # (O $sb& # ,are In-. causative -orm

2.2.#.1 Ac:056

(o


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Call

Name

Ga-e

Consider k /sb0 /as0 N Q regard k /sb0 a= N Fem n$Z

Lppoint k by n$iAm

Lssign p$Yn c@ngB c$z n$

esignate /c$z n$0

C$oose

Select

)ic- out

8 O =b;=:


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2.2.6 S # V # $not& # 4erund $V/in!& *7an t*8n* c9n! vi:c; 0< =ua; passive

T6=6

)ast action! + $aving pp.

)assive! + being pp.

L0=: o9 56rb=

Ldmit k t$#a n$\n passive.

Ldvise /k0 +7ing Q advise /sb0 to7in5Lnticipate k [n trZwc

Lppreciate /k0 +7ing Q advise adj +7ing

Lvoid k

Lllo /k0 +7ing & to7in5 Q allo /sb0 to7in5.

Complete

Consider k Fem n$Z.

Control k

e5end

e5er Q elaT +7ing Q )ostpone +7ing trH $on

elaT k +7ing Q )ostponek +7ing to & until enT k +7ing Q Re5use k (o7in5. p$ n$\n

esire k passive.

etest

iscuss

isli-e

ncourage /k0 +7ing Q encourage /sb0 to7in5

njoT k

scape

Fcuse

*ancT tZng tZ'ng*ear

*inis$ k

*orbid /k0 +7ing Q 5orbit /sb0 to7in5.

*orgive +7ing Q 5orgive /sb0 to7in5.

ate /kk0 +7ing Q $ate to7in5.

Imagine

Involve k liXn Duan

qeep /k0

,i-e /kk0 +7ing li-e to7in5,ove /kk0 +7ing love to7in5

Gention

Gind k ould Tou mind & do Tou mind

Giss

Need /k0 +7ing passive.

)ardon

)ermit /k0 +7ing Q permit /sb0 to7in5.

)ractise

)revent

Uuit kRemember /kk0 +7ing remember to7in5

Recall

Recollect

Recommend /k0 +7ing Q recommend /as0

to7in5

Regret +7ing regret to7in5 ti8c

Report

Resent k p$n n"B nyi gi\nB g$en

Resist -$ng c]

Resume

Ris- li{u

Suggest passive.

(opB nd /kk0

(olerate t$a t$WB c$u ]ng

(rT /kk0 +7ing trT to7in5

Jnderstand

Kant /k0 +7ing ant to7in5 Q ant /sb0 to7

in5.

S 8 V 8 G6ru D S 8 V 8 O=b 8 :o-09.

Ldvise

Recommend

ncourage -$uT8n -$%c$B ng $"

Lllo

)ermit

*orbid k cVm

8 V-0 D 8 =b 8 :o-09



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2.2.1> S # e?pression # 4erund $V/in!&

2.2.1+.1 E7r6==0o ; 7


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2.2.11 S # V # to # V

2.2.11.1 S 8 V 8 o: :o 09. >


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Ls-

(ell

S$o

Ldvise

(eac$

,earn

qno

Remember

*orget

Fplain

Jnderstand

Konder

ecide

8 )


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Remenber

*orget

Regret

,ove

,i-e &disli-e /ould Tou li-e0

ate

Kant

)re5er

(rT to7in5 c[ gng

(rT +7ing t$Z~

Needk to7in5 active

Needk +7ing Q need to be pp. passive

Ldvise to7in5&+7ing Q advise /sb0 on /st$0

Lgree

Lllo

)ermit

Lttempt,eave

Gean

Neglect

read s' $i

StudT

Stop

)ropose

;o on

Can_t $elpCan_t bear

8 V-0 DuaB b "ng /Z'c l?m0B c@ng viAc`

meaning! tin$ t$|nB tHn$ cm

8 :o-09 s l?mB -8t Du meaning! v\t c$VtB

2.2.13 Series o- V

2.2.13.1 S 8 V 8 :o 8 V

)urpose n$mB x.

2.2.13.2 S 8 V a V

Consecutive cc $?n$ "ng liXn ti8p.

2.2.13.3 S 8 V / 7r6=6: 7ar:0c07l6

Simultaneous

cc $?n$ "ng cng m"t lc.

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2.3 *odal verbs "ng t# $+n$ t$,i

&r6=6: :6=6 Moal 56rb 8 o: bar6 09.

Godal verbs! canB couldB maTB mig$tB illB ouldB s$allB s$ouldB mustB oug$t toB $ad betterB ould rat$erB

1. R6Fu6=: Yu cu lWc< =X

)0ll you 8 09. $ave /sb0 do /st$0

)oul you 8 09. invite

2. &6rm0==0o ,0 7


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11. S76c:a:0o abou: :


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2.).3 @nreal e?pression

h_c

)0=< D "9 oly Zc m?B gi m?B gi m?.

)oul :o Go D ?oul ra:


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2. /ctive 0 assive voice

2.+.1 Bctive -orm

Geaning! Fpress $abitualB naturalB realT actions

Compare t$ese cases!

Lctive! I5 t$e sa-e ba-es muc$ longerB it ill burn.

Lctive! 4ric- eFposed

Lctive! GecurT eFpand in direct proporttion to temp.Lctive! t$e sale ends

Lctive! CitT lies in ^

)assive! CitT is locatied in ^

2.+.2 Passive -orm

S + O /st$0 IO /sb0

O /st$0 b6 8 77. IO by S

IO /sb0 b6 8 77. to O by S

S 6: 8 77 st$ $appen unplannedB uneFpected.

S 0= =a0 :


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2. Reported speec$

V6rb=

as-B believeB 5orgetB -nom rememberB reportB saTB t$in-B tell t$at clause.

C


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2. (erb 4 prepositionsLccede :o tn t$?n$

Lccommodate :o sp F8p

Lccommodate /sb0 ?0:< /st$0 cung cVp

LccompanT by /sb0 ?0:< /st$0 t$eo

Lccount 9or D as o5 /prep0 t%n$ 8n

Ldd /st$0 :o /st$0

Ldjust :oLdmit :o n$\n v?o .

Ldvise on /st$0

Lppeal 9or -Xu gi

LpplT :o /place0 9or /position0 Fin v?o

Lppose :o +7ing

Lpprove o9

Lrive a: placeB 0 countrTB 0 citTB $ome

Lttac$ :o

Lttribute :o

4elieve 0/ belie5/s0 0 /n04elong :o/st$0

Con5ess :o t$ n$\n

Con5ine :o giam c|m B $}n c$8.

Contribute :o ng gp

Consist o9 D compose o9 gm Q include Qincompass.

elicate /st$0 :o /v7ing0

evide 0:o

evote /st$0 :o /st$0 c[ng $i8n

i55erentiate b6:?66 0 -$c n$au gia c$

nter /place0 enter 0:o /problem0Fpose :o

*ace ?0:


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(o catc$ /sb0 0 +7ed bt gp

(o be caug$t 0 +7ed

(o be opposited :o

(o be better o99 +7ing

Ldvise /sb0 o /st$0& o9 /st$0

advise /sb0 aa0=:doing st$

Lggree ?0:< ; o

Concentrate o t\p trung

Count o /sb&st$0

ecide o P

epend o P

esign o P

*ocus o P

Insist o ;:iB n$Vt n$ k

)lan o /+7ing0 k

RelT o! to be dependent tin v?o.

Spend /time0 o /st$0 Q spend /time0 o0 /st$0 k

Spend /moneT0 9or /st$0 k

+ote o /st$0 k

Con5ide 0 gii b?T vi

ngage 0 ti8n $?n$B $Wa $n

Observe 0 /lig$tB 5lame0)articipate 0

Ran- 0 value0 F8p $}ng t$eo

Range 0 /sie0 p$Yn lo}i t$eo

Succeed 0

+arT 0 /st$0

E.

I 5orgot abou:our as-ing t$em

+ prep.7Ldj7;erund7Obj

2.5 (erbal p$rases

To ma>6

(o ma-e means to produceB creat contruct.

F!Ga-e an advances in

ma-e an attempt

ma-e c$oice

ma-e a comparision

ma-e a contribution

ma-e an eFception

ma-e a decision

ma-e a discoverT

ma-e a distinction

Ga-e a 5orcast

Ga-e a la

Ga-e a mista-e

Ga-e a point

Ga-e an investment

Ga-e a plan

Ga-e a prediction

Ga-e a pro5it

Ga-e a promise

Ga-e an o55er

Ga-e a suggestion

Ga-e a sound & noise

Ga-e use o5

(o ma-e a grant to /sb0 Q to grant /sb0 /st$0 banB cVp.

(o ma>6 Obj /s$ort 5orm0 a :o 09. Q (o ma>6 8 a Obj /noun p$rase0.

F. Ga-e it possible 5or people to live

Ga-e possible t$e 5irst settlment

To o

(o do means to per5ormB actB accomplis$

o an assignment

o bussiness it$

o a job /errandB c$ore viAc vt0

o one_s dutT

o one_s or-

o $omeor-

o researc$

o someone a 5avor

o one_s best c[ gng $8t sWc

o manu5acture

o contribution :o

o damage

o onder

o a service

o -indness

o $arm

o rong

o justice to n$ gi ng

To A50=6

Ldvise /sb0 o: :o do /st$0

Ldvise /sb0 o9 o/st$0 Q in5orm /st$0

Ldvise /sb0 o /st$0 Q s$ould do /st$0



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Ldvise /sb0 aa0=: /st$0& doing /st$0 Q s$ould not do /st$0

Ldvise /sb0 :


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2.5.1 Clic*s

(o put 0Tour diarT Q remember to do.

(o give me a $and Q $elpB aidB assisstB^

3. N67NS

3.1 Nouns agree 8it$ (6r6 ; :


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(eeers 7 n$%p

Scissors 7 -eo

(ongs 7 -ehp

EE dollars a Tear

a lar6 =u77ly o9pensOlTmpic series

Mo=: o9 :


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Vocabulary

3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.) @ncountable nounsS0ular &lural

Llga algae to

Nucleus Nuclei n$Yn (4

4acterium 4acteria

*is$ *is$

*ungus *ungi & 5ungusesGouse Gice

Kol5 Kolves c$ si

Gan Gen

C$ild C$ildren

)erson )eople

Llumnus Llumni

*oot *eet

($oug$t 7 ($oug$s

*eeling *eelings

4Tssinosis 4Tssinoses 7 bAn$ bi p$yi do b@ng

atum 7 ata

4asis 4ases

Criss Crises

Criterion Criteria

Stimulus Stimuli 7 tc n$Yn -%c$ t$%c$

)$enomenon )$enomena

ialTsis ialTses t$am tc$

Gedium media

Radius RadiiIndeF Indices

LppendiF Lppendices

*ood /s0 *ruitB LppleB 4read /s0B 4utterB C$eeseB

Co55eeB )epper /s0B SaltB Sugar /s0B (ea /s0B Gil-B Rice/s0 oil

Clot$ingB eelrT

G66ral N=

DuipmentB *urnitureB Gac$inerTGaterials! oodB ironB glass

(ra55icB (ransportation

omeor-B ouseor-B In5ormationB qnoledgeBGusicB trainingB movie

Suns$ine

vidence /bng c$Wng0B IntelligenceB +iolenceB

LirB steamB smo-eB aterB iceB SoilB Silver /s0

Ldvice

Courageamage

*unB ,uc-B onestT /s] t$?n$ t$\t0B appinessBSadnessB beautTB peaceB

,uggageB )ostage

GoneT

)otterTB )overtTB )rogressB ScenerT

Ab=:rac: N=

Signi5icanceB ignorance

S0ular ou= 7lural

Improvement/s0B mammal/s0B 5ossil/s0B color/s0B

regulation/s0B mural/s0 tran$ tZng` vegetable/s0Bcollection/s0` s-in /s0B superstition/s0B culture/s0

3.2.+ Count and noncount noun meanin!sLgreement/s0

4one/s0

4usiness/es0Clot$/s0

amage s] t$iAt $}i` damage/s0 ti{n bo?i

t$Zng.

ecision/s0

ducation/s0

*ire/s0

;lass/es0

istorT/ies0

onor/s0



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3.2. Collective nouns # sin!ular % plural VerbsLrmT /o?n DuYn0

LssemblT

Ludience

4andB (eam

Class

Client -$c$ $?ng ca lu\t sZ^

Club

C$orus d?n o?ng ca.

Committee singular +

Congress

Crod

Cre

*acultT

*amilT

;overnment

;roup

urT /bo?i t$am o?n0

GajoritT k

GinoritT

Orc$estra ban n$}c.

Organiation

)ublic

)olice

Series

Sta55

+arietT

2B3B^ dolars

2B3B^ miles

E. at plentT 5ruit and vegetables.

OrdinarT! sing +($e majoritT believes $im to inocent.

($e majoritT o5 students believe $im to inocent /v@ t"i0.

Mo=: o9 :


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Nosingle alp$abet Q o: asingle alp$abet

*rance_s Independence aT

is 5irst & last Tears o9 o55ice a= )resident o5 us

N/ =o call6/N

NB bot$ o5 $ic$ +

($ose people $o Q t$ose $o

T Brticle

Ng$a c$ung land

+ng Vt c t$x t$e land

F. ($e Gecican ;overnment

($e onlT means o5 land transportation as t$e $orse

($e orld_s most eFtensive ranges

Ric$ people Q t$e ric$

(alented people Q t$e talented

3.3 N 4 (erb

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3.- repositionCause o9

C$oice o9

Conponent o9

Content o9

Cost o9

anger o9

55ect o9 /cause0 o /receiver0Duivalent o9

vidence o9

Fample o9

*orm o9

;roup o9

Instance o9 trZng $@hp

Intention o9

Get$od o9 ; 9or

Native o9 / native :o a

Origin o9)ossibilitT o9 ; 9or

)rice o9

)robabilitT o9

UualitT o9

Result o9

SupplT o9

Jse o9

Lpproac$ :o

Lttention :o

4elie5 0

Contribution :o

Cure 9or

ecrease 0

emand 9orFception :o

Fcuse 9or

Fperience ?0:parative times& tice a= 5ar a= comparable

Mor6;l6== :

48078008 toefl book grammar

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