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Pathophysiology TheoreticalAcute Gastroenteritis Medical-Surgical Nursing: Black, et al

www.wrongdiagnosis.comwww.mayoclinic.com

Modifiable Factors1. Contaminated diet2. Poor hygiene3. Unsanitary food practices4. Antibiotic treatment5. Salmonella outbreaks

Non-Modifiable1. Age2. Season of the year

Excessiveadministration of

antibiotics

Elimination of thenatural intestinal

flora of the stomach

Introduction of

harmful pathogensof the gastric and

intestinal gut

Colonization ofharmful pathogens

of the gastric andintestinal gut

Release ofendotoxins by

pathogens

Inflammation of thegastric and intestinal

gut.

AcuteGastroenteritis

Triggering of theimmune response

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Endotoxinsstimulate the

mucosal lining ofthe intestine

Increased secretions

of fluids andelectrolytes into the

intestinal lumen

Elevation of

chloride andbicarbonate ions in

the small bowel

Activation of theimmune response

Release of pyrogensfrom bacteria

Release ofprostaglandin E2

Elevation of the bodythermostat by the

hypothalamus

Vasoconstriction

Reverse peristalsis isinitiated in the

middle of the smallintestine

Pyloric sphincter andstomach relaxes to

receive duodenalcontents

Forced inspiration

against a closedglottis decreases

intrathoracicressure

Activation of the

immune response

Release of painchemicalsHistamine,

Bradykinin,Acetylcholine,

Serotonin, and

Substance P

Stimulation of theC and A nerve

endings

Acute pain

Decreased

reabsorption ofsodium

Release of proteins

and fluids in thebowel

Overwhelming of

the large intestinesability to reabsorb

fluids

Diarrhea

Shivering

Fever

Reduced heat loss

through the skin

Chills

Forceful

contractions ofabdominal muscles

elevates intra-abdominal pressure

Lower esophageal

sphincter relaxesand the pylorus and

antrum contract

Gastric contentsenter the esophagus

Opening of theupper esophageal

sphincter

Vomiting

Fluid loss andelectrolyte

imbalances

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Haemorrhage of the

gastric and intestinal gut

Passage of blood through

the GIT

Presence of occult blood

in the stool