4.9 - world war 1
TRANSCRIPT
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WW1
THE GREAT WAR
THE WAR TO END ALL WARS
GLOBAL WAR
28 JULY 1914- 11 NOVEMBER 1918
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CASUALTIES 17 MILLION DEATHS 11 MILLION COMBATANTS 6 MILLION CIVILAINS 20 MILLION WOUNDED ONE OF THE DEADLIEST CONFLICTS
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THE BELLIGERENTS ALLIED POWERS
• Russia
• France
• Britain
• USA (1917-1918)
• Japan
CENTRAL POWERS
• Austro-Hungarian empire
• Germany
• Ottoman empire
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CAUSES
M - Militarism
A - Alliance system
I - Imperialism
N - Nationalism
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Militarism Arms race Machine guns Tanks Large and new Naval ships Large armies Britain- Germany industrial complexes used for
military equipments
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Alliances Multiple alliances in Europe since 19th century to maintain
balance of power. Triple alliance – 1882 Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Triple Entente -1907 France Britain Russia
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The world at war- a glimpse
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Imperialism
Scramble for Africa
Britain lead ,everyone else wanted to compete
Vast resources and manpower at disposal for the ‘great ‘ war.
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Nationalism
Europe swept by a nationalistic wave in 19th century
Germany, Italy, Baltic states- nationalistic fervour
Belief in the ‘Glory of war’
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OTHER CAUSES
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Russian interest in influence over Straits of Dardanelles.
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• Illusions of a short war • War Glorified, considered inevitable, a necessity for
nations to grow and develop
• Balkans-POWDER KEG of Europe Fights for Influence by Russia, A-H and Ottoman empire
. Nationalistic movements –multiple ethnicities
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Immediate cause
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria –Hungary and his wife were assassinated by Bosnian nationalist Gavrilo princep and other members of ‘Black hand’ in SARAJEVO on 28 June 1914.
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Events leading to war – July crisis • Austria Hungary sends humiliating terms to
SERBIA • Russia mobilises in support of Slavic Serbia • Germany gives A-H empire a ‘blank cheque’ • A-H & Germany declare war on Serbia • Russia declares war on Germany • France declares war on Germany
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Events in the War
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• German army marches into Belgium en route France.
• Britain declares war on Germany
• Germany gets initial success in France and great success against Russian armies on the Eastern front.
• OTTOMAN empire attacks Russia, tries to capture Suez canal (British link to India)
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THE TRENCHES
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• FRANCE –GERMANY front • Stalemate for 3 years • Trenches dug to protect from artillery shelling • Horrible conditions – health issues • Huge number of casualties for small gains
• Somme- 80000 dead in one day
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1917 • USA got involved finally in April • Neutral earlier but supplied to both sides • ECONOMIC support- Arms, food and supplies • Joined the British on the western front
• Wilson’s 14 points – peace, freedom of
navigation, end to imperialism, League of nations
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Revolution In Russia -1917
• February revolution – Tsar Nicholas II overthrown
• October revolution – Bolsheviks under Lenin come to power .
• Lenin signs peace agreement with Germany
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918
• War on the eastern front ends.
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1918 • Allied armies push from Balkans ,Italy, Middle east and
soon overrun central powers.
• On the western front ,with fresh USA troops, allies defeat German army.
• Germany signs an armistice on 11 am, 11 November,1918
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Treaty of Versailles-28 June 1919
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• 6 months long negotiations held at the PALACE OF VERSAILLES,PARIS.
• The ‘guilt of war’ was placed upon central powers especially Germany.
• Borders of Central and eastern Europe, African colonies, Middle east were redrawn
• Heavy war reparations levied on Germany.
• Colonies of Germany divided by Britain and France
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Graveyard of empires
• German empire - Hohenzollern
• A-H empire – Habsburgs
• Russian empire - Romanov
• Ottoman empire – Caliphate abolished
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New Countries
• Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
• Estonia, Latvia ,Lithuania, Poland, Finland
• Mandate of Palestine – Balfour declaration
Other French, British and Russian protectorates from erstwhile Ottoman empire – SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT
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• Radio • Armoured cars • Tanks • Submarines- U boats • Machine guns • Mustard gas – Chemical warfare • Aeroplanes used for bombings
TECHNOLOGICAL WAR
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Global war • Fighting in multiple colonies of Africa-
Togo,Tanzania,Cameroon
• Micronesian and Chinese colonies of Germany attacked by Japan
• Ottoman ships bombard black sea ports of Russia.
• Gallipoli campaign by allies
• Naval war- German U Boats attack allied ships
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Indians in WW1
• 1.3 million Indians served under the British army
• France, Middle east (Mesopotamia),Egypt
• ~50,000 laid down their lives.
• India gate- memorial
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AFTERMATH
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HEALTH
• Millions dead due to disease
• Spanish flu – 50 million deaths
• Shell shocked soldiers-psychology
• Male populations declined in Europe
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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
• Writers – Ernest Hemingway ,JRR Tolkien
• The ‘glory’ and ‘romanticism’ of war was gone.
• Women in factories – social change
• Rise of Hitler In Germany in Weimar republic
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ECONOMIC
• Great Britain went from an investor to debtor
• USA strengthened its economy immensely and had a great growth period in 1920s
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POLITICAL British and French consolidated power USA- international power Rise of National Socialism (Hitler) in Germany Political movements in TURKEY League of Nations- first international group
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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore
Email for Queries/doubts – [email protected]
Like my FB Page for updates/articles –
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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore
THANK YOU