Author Index

AAbbott, Monica, 319Abramovitz, Max, 539, 541Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, 30, 31, 50Ackerman, Edward, 266, 267Adams, Douglas, 39Adams, Henry, 736Adhemar, Joseph, 312, 336Adhikari, S. K., 51Agassiz, Louis, 99, 107, 316, 336, 351, 693Ahlenius, Hugo, 884Ahmed, Mustafa, 688Aldrich, L. Thomas, 159Alighieri, Dante, 233, 249Allen, Woody, 781Alpher, Ralph, 134, 142Alvarez, Luis, 108, 114Alvarez, Walter, 104, 108, 114Amati, Nicolo, 186, 193Amontons, Guillaume, 239, 389, 399, 439, 456Andres, Bob, 515Amundsen, Roald, 695Andersen, Stephen O., 473Anderson, Carl David, 353, 355, 364Anderson, Roger, 95, 107, 114Angstrom, Anders Jonas, 222, 451Angstrom, Knut, 298, 451Appleton, Edward, 351Applewhite, E. J., 51Archer, David, 519Arduino, Giovanni, 96, 98, 107Aristarchus, 546Aristotle, 27, 50, 186, 193, 233Armstrong, Neil, 48Arouet, François-Marie (Voltaire), 577Arrhenius, Gustav, 319, 332Arrhenius, Svante, 129, 142, 253, 254, 269, 297, 319, 451Aspdin, Joseph, 747Assisi, Francis of, 1Auger, Pierre Victor, 354, 356, 364Augustine of Hippo (St Augustine), 233, 249Augustus, 46, 50Aurelius, Marcus, 732Avercamp, Hendrick, 16Avogadro, Amadeo (Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Bernadette

Avogadro di Quaregna e Cerreto), 64, 67, 84, 121, 123, 142,445, 456

BBach, Johann Sebastian, 12, 33, 51, 84, 269Bacon, Roger, 59Bader, Henri, 430Bahcall, John, 350Baille, Jean-Baptiste, 557Balfe, Alex, 520Ballot, Buys, 187, 588, 589, 592Balmer, Johann Jakob, 297Balmer, Johann Josef, 221, 222, 227, 277Balukhovskiy, Alexander Nikolaievitch, 645Barberini, Maffeo, Cardinal, 712Bard, Edouard, 361Barnard, Tom, 129, 302Barrell, Joseph, 141Barron, Eric, 372, 385, 498, 500, 783Barry, R. G., 618Bartholinus, Erasmus, 203, 213Bartlett, Albert, 80, 786Barton, Joe, 508, 711Baudelaire, Charles, 51Bauer, Stefan, 742Beacham, Hans, 111Beaufort, Francis, 41, 50Becher, Johann Joachim, 233, 249, 389, 399Becquerel, Henri, 125–128, 142, 273, 297, 351, 364Beethoven, Ludwig van, 53Beiersdorf, Helmut, 505Beijerinck, Martinus, 753Bellarmine, Roberto, Cardinal, 711, 712Benson, Bill, 276, 401, 402Bentham, Jeremy, 130, 131, 142Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich, 564–567, 570Bergengren, Jon, 484, 500Berger, André, 311, 320, 323, 328, 329, 332, 333, 337, 815Berger, Wolf, 329, 332, 333Bergonzi, Carlo, 741Berner, Robert, 468Bernoulli, Daniel, 79Bernoulli, Jacob, 79, 83Berra, Yogi, 781, 817Beyrich, Heinrich von, 503Bierce, Ambrose, 8, 10, 11, 65Bierstadt, Albert, 450Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, 160, 172Black, Joseph, 91, 92, 389, 390, 399, 405, 433Blanchon, Paul, 681, 683

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license toSpringer Nature Switzerland AG 2021W. W. Hay, Experimenting on a Small Planet,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76339-8

957

Blunt, Anne Isabella Noel, 750Boden, Tom, 515Bogdanov, Nikita, 714Bohr, Niels, 136, 142, 276–278, 281, 282, 285–287, 290–293, 295,

297, 298Boltwood, Bertram, 133Boltzmann, Ludwig, 244, 248, 249, 253, 268Bonacci, Leonardo, 29, 50Blunt, Anne Isabella Noel, 750Bond, Gerard, 706Bond, James, 487Bonnert, Oliver, 541Bonet, Grace Wing, 520, 521Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 188, 193Born, Max, 292Bouguer, Pierre, 555Boyle, Robert, 186, 193, 203, 213, 389, 390, 393, 399, 439, 456Brackett, Frederick Sumner, 298Bradley, Ray, 464, 708–710, 713Brahe, Tycho, 75, 547, 549, 550, 552Brahms, Johannes, 859Bramlette, Milton, 144Breughel the Elder, Pieter, 736Britten, Benjamin, 487Broecker, Wallace (Wally), 3, 10, 11, 321, 329, 336, 628, 629, 632,

640, 703, 708, 781Brown, Dan, 353Brown, George, 619Brown, Robert, 295, 297Bruckner, Anton, 471Brunelleschi, Fillipo, 540Bruno, Giordano, 711Brunot, Ken, 435Bubnoff, Sergei von, 118Buchsbaum, Ralph, 317Buckland, William, 95, 99, 107Budyko, Mikhail, 1, 2, 10, 11, 305, 336, 371, 372, 378, 383, 385, 485,

489, 533, 613, 826, 839, 861Buffon, Comte de, 89, 90, 107Bulow, Werner von, 678Bunsen, Robert, 124, 220, 227, 240, 241, 249Burbridge, Margaret, 134, 142Burckhardt, Jacob, 173Burgess, Ebeneser, 235, 444Burns, Robert, 91, 399Burri, Conrad, 64Bush, George H. W., 797, 801, 818Bush, George W., 101Butler, Clifford Charles, 356, 364Buys-Ballot, Christophorus Henricus Diedericus, 588

CCaccini, Tommaso, 711Caecus, Appius Claudius, 727Caesar, Julius, 46, 49, 50Caillon, Nicolas, 509Campbell, Alexander, 399Cande, Steven C., 161Cannizzaro, Stanislao, 121, 123Cantino, Alberto, 743Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi, 236, 237, 248, 249Carozzi, Albert, 151, 269Carrington, Richard Christopher, 348, 364Carroll, Lewis, 179, 193, 273, 291, 297Carter, Jimmy, 570

Cartesius, Renatus (René Descartes), 66, 68, 201Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 201, 202, 213Catherine the Great of Russia, 2Cavelier, Claude, 503Cavendish, Henry, 557, 559Čepek, Pavel, 55, 215, 714Chadwick, James, 135, 136, 280, 281, 298, 356, 364Chamberland, Charles Edouard, 752Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder, 8, 10, 297, 312, 314, 335, 336, 452Chanler, William A., 905Chapman, Sydney, 442, 456Charles I, 47Charles, Jaques Alexandre César, 389Charpentier, Jean de, 99Chastellet (Châtelet), Marquis Florent-Claude, 577Châtelet Émilie du (Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil,Marquise

du Châtelet), 577Chopin, Frédéric, 143Chorley, R. J., 618Christiansen, Bo, 744Christensen, Eigil Friis, 361, 365Cristofori, Bartolomeo, 740, 775Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel, 237, 248, 249Cleopatra, 46Clerk, John, of Eldin, 209Clinton, Bill, 797Clotworthy, Jack, 594, 641Clouseau, Jacques, 533Colladon, Jean-Daniel, 189, 191, 193Collins, Sarah, 890Collins, William, 377, 385Columbus, Christopher, 202, 213Compton, Arthur, 351, 352Coneybeare, William Daniel, 98, 107Confucius, 781Constable, John, 450Copeland, Royal, 755Copernicus, Nicolas, 211, 310, 312, 336, 592, 711Coriolis, Gaspard Gustave de, 590, 592, 617, 640Coriolis, Jean-Baptiste-Elzéar, 575Cornu, Alfred, 557Cortés, Hernan, 737Cowan, Clyde, 356, 364Coward, Noel, 3, 487Cowtan, Kevin, 765Cranfill, Tom, 54, 55, 84, 87, 110, 112Crapper, Thomas, 728, 729Creager, Joe, 435Crick, Francis, 293Crutzen, Paul, 468, 471, 473Cullen, William, 390Cumming, Alexander, 728Cuomo, Andrew, 770Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 129Curie, Pierre, 128, 131, 132, 142Cuvier, Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric (Georges), 91, 94

Dd’Archiac, Etienne (Étienne Jules Adolphe Desmier de Saint-Simon,

Vicomte d’Archiac), 145d’Halloy, Jean Baptiste Julien d’Omalius, 98, 107d’Indy, Vincent, 818Dalton, John, 64, 119, 120, 142, 239, 276, 297, 389, 433, 439Dana, James Dwight, 98, 100, 102, 107Dansgaard, Willi, 325, 700, 701

958 Author Index

Darwin, Charles, 6, 91, 99, 107, 108, 118, 128, 690Darwin, Sir George, 142da Vinci, Leonardo, 185, 233, 249, 597Davis, Raymond, 350, 364Debierne, Andre-Louis, 131de Blasio, Bill, 770de Broglie, Louis, 290–292, 298Debussy, Claude, 193, 640de Chasteigner, Louis, Lord of La Roche-Posay, 48de Châtelet, Émilie (Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil,

Marquise du Châtelet), 577DeConto, Robert, 484Degas, Edgar, 52de Geer, Gerard, 100, 107, 141DeGroff, Dale, 487de la Beche, Henry, 95, 96, 99, 107, 108de Laplace, Pierre-Simon (Marquis), 190de Leo, Mario, 560de Lisle, Claude Joseph Rouget, 84de' Medici, Ferdinando II, 62, 821, 857de Perrins, Calignon, 548de Rossi, Michele Stefano, Conte, 40Desaga, Peter, 220, 227, 249Descartes, René, 50, 66, 68, 83, 201, 209, 210, 213, 576, 579de Silves, Diogo, 743Desnoyers, Paul A., 96, 98, 107de Tholosé, Henri-Alexis, 579Dewar, James, 282, 297Dickens, Charles, 824Dickens, Gerald, 817Diesel, Rudolf, 249Dirac, Paul, 294, 298, 306, 353, 364Döbereiner, Johann, 123, 142Dodson, Charles Lutwidge, 179, 297Donath, Fred, 302Donato, Conte de' Bardi, 736Doppler, Christian, 187Dorini, Niccolo, 711Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 360Dove, Heinrich W., 562Drake, Edwin, 749Drake, Sir Francis, 102Dubček, Alexander, 231, 385, 778Dulong, Pierre Louis, 242, 249Dutch, Steven, 410Dyson, Freeman, 781

EEco, Umberto, 233Eddington, Sir Arthur, 133, 142, 244Ehrenfest, Paul, 285Einstein, Albert, 123, 133, 142, 213, 220, 275, 276, 280, 284, 287, 291,

293, 294, 297, 298, 354, 355, 399, 451, 781, 825Ekman,Vagn Walfrid, 621, 640Eliot, T. S., 226Elizabeth I, Queen of England and Ireland, 12Ellis, Henry, 330Elsaesser, Hugh, 380Emanuel, Kerry, 613, 616Emery, Kenneth O., 301Emmons, Samuel Franklin, 98, 107Epstein, Sam, 295, 317, 318, 817, 826Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 60Espey, James, 587Euclid, 199, 213

Euler, Leonhard, 39, 79Everest, George, 678Ewing, Maurice, 301, 319, 401, 435, 436

FFahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 62, 83, 433, 855, 857Fairbanks, Richard, 681Fajans, Kazimierz, 136Faraday, Michael, 253Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, 754Farey, John, Sr., 98, 107Ferguson, Adam, 399Ferguson, Jerry, 930Fermat, Pierre de, 50, 68, 83Fermi, Enrico, 294, 295, 343, 356, 364, 781Ferrari, Gaudenzio, 741, 749Ferrel, William, 587–589, 592, 601, 617Figueres, Christiana, 955Firestone, Richard, 105, 108Fischer, Alfred, 118, 301, 332, 337Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis, 210, 214Fleck, John, 917Fleming, James Rodger, 11, 51, 84, 444Flohn, Hermann, 4, 11, 538, 787Flyorov, Georgy, 295Forel, Francois-Alphonse, 40Foscarini, Paolo Antolio, 711Foucault, Bernard Leon, 210, 214, 583, 592Fournier, Jean Batiste Joseph, 444, 456Frakes, Larry, 152, 153, 172Francis, Jane, 152Francis of Assisi, 1Frankland, Edward, 124, 142Franklin, Benjamin, 621, 622Fraunhofer, Joseph, 220, 221, 227Fresnel, Augustin Jean, 209Friedman, Tom, 4, 11Fujita, Tetsuya, 42, 50, 615–617Fuller, Buckminster, 30, 427, 494, 530Fuqua, Don, 619Fye, Paul, 458

GGaard, Gunilla, 870Gainsborough, Thomas, 450Gaius Octavius, 46Galilei, Galileo, 49, 50, 68, 70, 83, 201, 211, 439, 456, 711Ganopolski, Andrey, 701, 704Gard, Gunilla, 816Gardiner, Brian, 469, 473Garfifeld, James A. (President), 671Garrels, Bob, 500Gassendi, Pierre, 188, 193Gathany, James, 769Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 592Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis, 120, 121, 142, 264, 389, 399, 405, 433,

439, 456Geer, Rita, 393Geiger, Hans, 135, 266, 276, 293, 298, 354, 364Geiger, Rudolf, 16, 21Geisser, Thomas, 365Geiss, Johannes, 320, 321, 324, 336Gellinger, Israel, 745Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 777

Author Index 959

George I (King), 433Gervais, Paul François Louis, 98Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 249Gibbons, Jim, 474, 520Gilbert, Grove Karl, 331, 332, 336Giotto, 736Gitchell, Albert, 754Glass, 174Godwin, Harry, 321, 322Godwin, Mary, 379Goebbels, Josef, 187, 193Goodell, Jeff, 909Golden, Dan, 690Gold, Thomas, 442, 456Gorbachev, Mikhail, 386, 776Gore, Albert, 508, 514, 619, 801, 826, 858Goudsmit, Samuel, 285–287, 298Gould, Glen, 269Gradstein, F., 108, 141, 143Gravesande, Willem, 577, 592Green, Larry, 144Gribbin, J., 399Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, 207, 548Grouwels, Lodewijck, 746Guarneri, Bartolomeo Giuseppe, 186, 193Guglielmini, Giovanni Battista, 563, 564–566, 570Guilluly, Jim, 104Gutenberg, Beno, 40, 201Gutenberg, Johannes, 201Gutowsky, Herbert (Herb Gutowsky), 251

HHaagen-Smit, Arie, 453Hadley, George, 576, 583, 586, 592, 601, 617, 640Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August, 651, 652, 667Hagn, Herbert, 175Hahn, Otto, 294Halbouty, Michael T., 595Halley, Edmund, 553, 557, 559, 598, 570Hall, Sir James, 90, 91, 107Hammett, Dillard, 593Handel, George Frideric, 433Hanks, Thomas C., 40, 51Hanlon, Roger, 371Hansen, James, 845, 850, 858Hanzlikova, Eva, 215Haq, Bilal, 686Harari, Yuval Noah, 955Harff, Jan, 677, 678Harington Sir John, 728Harland, Walter Brian, 98, 141Harper, Kyle, 733Harris, James, 60Harrison, John, 70, 83, 712, 823, 857Harting, Pieter, 808Hasegawa, Hitoshi, 942Hastings. J., 545Haussmann, Georges-Eugene, 339Haüy, René Just, 204Havel, Vaclav, 778Hay, C. C., 687Hayes, Jim, 322, 323, 337Hay, P. B., 494Hearty, Paul J., 812Heaviside, Oliver, 225, 228, 351

Hedberg, Hollis, 572Heezen, Bruce, 160Heinrich, Hartmut, 705, 713Heirtzler, Jim, 161Heisenberg, Werner, 286, 292–294, 298, 825Helmholtz, Hermann von, 223, 246Hemingway, Ernest, 51Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob, 750Henselt, Adolf von, 214Herman, Robert, 134, 142Hermann, Alexi, 19, 861, 864Herm, Dieter, 776Herschel, Sir Frederick William, 206Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 210Hess, Harry, 160, 161Hess, Victor, 351, 353, 364Hevesy, George, 277Hiemer, Stefan, 891Hilgen, Frits, 332, 333, 335, 337Hipparchus, 310, 336Hitler, Adolf, 52, 54Hoffmann, Paul, 497Holmes, Arthur, 89, 103, 139, 140, 315, 336Hooke, Robert, 206, 390, 392, 393, 399Hörnis, Moritz, 98Hoyle, Fred, 134, 142Hubble, Edwin, 134, 142Huber, M, 798, 799Hughes, Howard, 713Hughes, Malcom, 708, 713Humboldt, Alexander von, 107, 113, 120, 122, 241Hume, David, 91, 92, 390, 399Humphreys, Curtis J., 298Humphreys, William Jackson, 298, 451Hun Yi Zhu, 544Hutcheson, Francis, 399Hutton, Charles, 557Hutton, James, 90–92, 107, 108, 210, 390, 399Huxley, Thomas Henry, 6Huygens, Christiaan, 49, 50, 70, 202–204, 213, 579, 583, 821, 857

IImbrie, John, 322, 337Inchofer, Melchior, 712Inhofe, James, 712Innacone, Isaia, 544Ivanovsky, Dmitri, 752

JJackson, Michael, 108, 473Jack the Ripper, 590James VI of Scotland, 389Janot, Gérard, 747Janssen, Pierre Jules, 220, 227Jaruzelski, Woiciech, 776Jeans, Sir James, 247, 249Jefferson, Thomas, 4, 10, 12, 67, 484, 515, 781Jenner, Edward, 744, 752, 775Jenkyns, John D., 228Jevrejeva, S, 687Joensuu, Oiva, 69Johnson, Lucius W., 905Johnson, Lyndon, 143, 337Johnson, Boris, 771

960 Author Index

Jolly, Philipp von, 273Joly, John, 118, 128, 140, 142, 374Jonas, Jiři, 714Jones, Philip, 843, 845Jordan, David Starr, 316, 336Joseph, Brennan, 928Joseph, George, 29Joule, James Prescott, 238Joyce, James, 51Jurvetson, Steve, 885Just, Heinz, 5, 52

KKamen, Martin, 359, 364Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike, 282, 284, 298Kamptner, Erwin, 6Kanamori, Hiroo, 40, 51Kapitsa, Sergei, 715Karman, Theodore von, 264Kassens, Heidi, 696Kasting, Jim, 494, 497, 525, 526, 538Kazan-Komarek, Vladimir, 230, 231Keeling, Charles David, 514, 792Kelvin, Lord. See Lord KelvinKennedy, John F., 337Kennedy, Robert F., 365Kennelly, Arthur Edwin, 225, 228Kennett, Jim, 503, 816Kent, Dennis V., 161Kepler, Johannes, 89, 201, 202, 213, 310, 312, 336Khain, Victor, 152, 862Kidder, David, 153, 154, 172, 663, 666King, Martin Luther, 337, 365Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 219, 220, 223, 227, 240, 242, 248, 249Kirschvink, Joseph, 100Knauss, John, 573Knoblauch, Hermann, 240Knopf, Adolph, 140Knutti, R., 798, 799Koczy, Fritz, 300Kohlrausch, Rudolf, 210, 214Köppen, Vladimir, 266–269, 313, 315, 320, 335, 336, 823, 857, 863Köppen, Wladimir, 102Koshiba, Masatoshi, 350, 365Kothavala, Zavareth, 501, 502Kriechgauer, Damien, 102Krugman, Paul, 523Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich, 331Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil, 85Kullenberg, Borje, 318, 336Kurlbaum, Ferdinand, 274Kvenvolden, Kieth, 464, 530, 531, 538

LLambert, Johann Heinrich, 239Lanfray, Jean, 51Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 244, 245, 249Laplace, Pierre-Simon, Marquis de, 189, 193, 239, 587, 590, 592Lapworth, Charles, 98, 107LaRouche, Lyndon, 187Lasaga, Tony, 500Laskar, Jacques, 329, 333, 337Lavoisier, Antoine, 64, 239, 248, 249, 390, 399Lawrence, E. N., 345, 365

Leclerc, Georges-Louis, Comte de Buffon, 89, 90, 107Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 30Lemaître, Abbé George, 134, 328Lemonick, Michael D., 486L'Enfant, Pierre, 837Lenton, Timothy M., 788Lewis, Gilbert N., 287Levy, Abraham, 929Libbrecht, Kenneth G., 421Libby, Willard, 295, 359, 364Liddle, Alice, 179Liddle, Henry, 179Lidz, Louis, 321Lightfoot, John, 89, 106Li Muisis, Gilles, 741Lincoln. Abraham, 101, 953Lipetz, Milton, 641Lockyar, Norman, 142Loeblich, Al, 143, 145Lom, Herbert, 533Lord Byron, 379Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), 83, 118, 142Lord Rayleigh, 247, 249, 274, 298, 395, 399Lorenz, Edward, 258, 260, 269Lorenz, Giovanni, 174Lorenz, Hendrik, 284, 297, 298Lorenzi, Marco, 278Lorrain, Claude, 450Louis XVI, 61, 234Lourens, Lucas, 333–335Loutre, Marie-France, 323, 328, 329, 332, 333, 337, 815Lovelock, James, 467, 468, 473Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus), 411, 477Ludwig IV of Bavaria, 7Lummer, Otto, 247, 249Luterbacher, Hanspeter, 782, 783Luther, Martin, 173, 337, 365, 712Lyell, Charles, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98–100, 107, 108, 117, 140, 142, 312,

330, 336, 503Lysenko, Trofim Denisovitch, 250, 251

MMacDonald, Gordon, 312, 337MacDowell, Edward, 618Mackenzie, Alexander, 108Magellan, Ferdinand, 73, 83Mahavira, 422Malfait, Bruce, 457Malthus, Thomas Robert (Reverend), 80, 83Malus, Etienne-Louis, 208, 214Mangel, Marc, 276Mann, Michael E., 708Mansart, Francois, 339Marconi, Guglielmo, 224, 225, 228Marinus of Tyre, 70, 83Marsigli, Luigi, 880Marszalek, Donald, 194Martini, Hans Joachim, 200, 239, 299, 386, 476, 434, 486Marvin Charles F., 19Marland, Greg, 515Marsden, Ernest, 135Marx, Graucho, 781Maskelyne, Nevil, 555Maspero, Gaston, 544Matthews, Drummond, 161

Author Index 961

Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 561, 587, 621Maxwell, Art, 435Maxwell, James Clerk, 209–211, 213, 214, 223, 227, 244, 274, 275May, Robert, 259, 269McCain, G., 11McCarthy, D., 617McDuffie, Arthur, 573McIntyre, Stephen, 709, 711–713McKitrick, Ross, 710–713McLaren, Digby, 104, 108McNulty, Paul, 748Meaden, Terence, 43, 50Medici, Ferdinando II de', 62, 83, 821, 855, 857Medley, Brooke, 900Meister, Joseph, 751Meitner, Lisa, 294Melville, Thomas, 219, 220, 227, 249Mendeleyev, Dimitri, 124–126, 142, 280, 297Mendel, Gregor, 250Mercalli, Giuseppe, 40, 50Mercator, Gerardus, 70, 83Mercer, John, 894, 905Mersenne, Marin, 188, 189, 193Meyer, Julius Lothar, 124, 125, 142, 282, 287, 297Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, 736Mitchell, Albert. See Gitchell, AlbertMichurin, Ivan Vladimirovich, 250Middleton, W. E. Knowles, 859Migdisov, Areg, 645Michelson, Albert Abraham, 212–214Mikhaltsev, Igor, 714Milankovitch, Milutin, 313, 315, 336, 337, 371, 383, 385Miller, H. L., 539Millero, Frank, 416, 433Milliken, Robert Andrews, 351, 364Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr., 826Modigliani, Amadeo, 51Mohammed, 45, 689Mohler, Hans, 6Mohn, Henrik, 868Molina, Mario J., 469, 471, 473Mollweide, Karl Brandan, 71, 83Monet, Claude, 450, 451Monin, Andrei, 714Monnin, E., 509Monsour, Mohammed, 688Moore, Dennis, 590Moore, Raymond C., 160Morley, Robert, 212, 213, 740Morley, Edward, 212–214Muelenkamp, Johan, 332Muff, Bill, 474, 475Muir, John, 10Muller, Klaus, 195Muller, Richard, 312, 337Mulliken, Robert, 285, 298Munk, Walter, 400Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir, 98, 99, 107

NNagaoka, Hantaro, 277Nagy, Imre, 776Nansen, Fritjof, 695Napier, John, 38, 50Napoleon III, 339

Napoleon Bonaparte, 208Nash, Ron, 721, 949, 951, 955Naumann, Georg Amadeus Carl Friedrich, 98Neddermayer, Seth, 355, 364Neumann, Balthasar, 34Neumayer, Georg, 16, 823Newton, Isaac Sir, 30, 32, 47, 50, 65, 121, 139, 180, 189, 190, 193,

204, 206–208, 211, 219, 220, 227, 248, 287, 291, 294, 312, 348,576, 577, 592, 825

Nier, Alfred, 140Nierenberg, Bill, 436Niggli, Paul, 50, 64, 83, 430Noddack, Ida, 294Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, 100, 101, 107

OObama, Barack, 769, 819Ockham, William of, 7, 10Oeschger, Hans, 700, 701, 713Ogg, J. G., 108, 141, 143Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias, 564, 565Oscar II, 258

PPagani, Mark, 502Palmer, Allison R., 688Palmer, Martin, 502Paracelsus, 173Parker, Eugene, 347, 348, 360, 364Parsons, Timothy R., 667Pascal, Blaise, 456Paschen, Friedrich, 278, 286, 298Pasteur, Louis, 750–753, 775Patterson, Claire, 295Patterson, Thomas, 50Pauli, Wolfgang, 278, 285–287, 294, 297, 298, 356, 364Paul, Richard, 558Pavlov, Alexander, 526Pearson, Allen, 42, 50Pearson, Paul, 502Peltier, William R. (Dick), 683, 684Perkins, Bob, 84Perrins, Calignon de, 548Perry, Rick, 818Persson, Anders, 575, 579–581Peterson, Melvin, 435Peterson, Tom, 845Petit, Alexis-Therese, 242, 249Petit, J. R., 509Petrzhak, Konstantin, 295Pfund, August Herman, 278, 281, 298Phillips, John, 98, 107Phillips, Richard, 560Phillips, William, 98, 107Phipps, James, 744Picard, Jean, 202, 213Picasso, Pablo, 51Pichel, George, 573Pierrehumbert, Raymond, 390, 399, 456Pimentel, David, 786Pissaro, Camille, 450Planck, Max, 135, 247, 273–276, 280, 287, 291, 297, 298Plass, Gilbert, 513, 781, 825, 827, 858, 953Plato, 379

962 Author Index

Playfair, John, 90, 91, 107, 108, 117, 142, 399Pliny the Elder, 379Poincaré, Henri, 258–260, 268, 284, 298Pokorny, Vladimir, 215Polidori, John, 379Pollard, Dave, 504Pomerol, Charles, 340Ponce de Leon, 621Pope Gregory, 47, 49, 50Pope John XXII, 7Pope Julius I, 47, 50Pope Urban VIII, 712Pouillet, Claude Matthias, 243, 249Powell, Cecil, 356, 364Powell, John Wesley, 593Press, Frank, 570–573Priestley, Joseph, 234, 249, 390, 399Prevost, Pierre, 235Pringsheim, Ernst, 247, 249Prospero, Joe, 374Prout, William, 123, 135, 136, 142Ptolemaeus, Claudius, 199, 213, 310, 336Ptolemy, Claudius, 70, 83Puccini, Giacomo, 785Pythagoras, 35, 71, 83, 846

RRabi, Isidor Isaac, 355Rahmstorf, Stefan, 365, 701, 702, 704Rainalducci, Pietro, 8Ramanathan, Veerabhadran, 377, 385Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata, 396, 399Ramsay, Sir William, 130, 132, 142, 221, 228Ramsey, Scott, 22Rattray, Maurice, 458Rauði, Eirík (Eric the Red), 867, 899Raymo, Maureen, 526, 538Reagan, Ronald, 713–715, 786Reich, Ferdinand, 566, 570, 571Reichel, Manfred, 143Reid, Thomas, 399Reines, Frederick, 356, 364Reiss, Zeev, 495Renoir, Auguste, 450Renz, H.H., 174Revelle, Roger, 360, 513, 613, 781, 826, 827, 856, 858Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 548Richer, Jean, 202Richter, Charles, 40, 50Riedel, Bill, 435Rimbaud, Arthur, 51Rittenhouse, David, 823, 857Ritter, Johann Wilhelm, 205, 206, 211, 213Ritz, Walter, 223Rivett-Carnac, Tom, 955Robertson, Pat, 714, 786Robinson, Thomas, 41, 50Rochester, George Dixon, 356, 364Rogers, E.E., 878Rogers, Richard, 688Rohling, Eelco, 814Rømer, Ole, 202, 203, 213Rona, Elizabeth, 321Ronov, Alexander Borisovitch, 498, 500

Rooth, Claes, 489Röntgen, Wilhelm, 127, 142, 211, 297Ropes, Lev, 35Rosenstiel, Blanka, 6Rosenstiel, Lewis, 302, 520Rossi, Bruno, 354, 364Roth, Peter, 386Roux, Emile, 751Rowbotham, Samuel, 567Rowland, Frank Sherwood, 469Rowland, Sherry, 269, 471, 473Rubel, Franz, 19, 21Royer, Dana, 365, 502Ruben, Sam, 359, 364Rubens, Heinrich, 274Rubens, Peter Paul, 450Ruckers, Andreas, 747Ruddiman, Bill, 510, 515, 526, 527, 538, 807, 811, 818Ruddiman, W. F., 713, 818Rumford, Count. See Thompson, BenjaminRumsfeld, Donald, 401Russel, A. S., 136Rutherford, Daniel, 390, 399Rutherford, Ernest, 131, 133, 135, 142, 211, 276, 277, 280, 284, 285,

298Rydberg, Johannes Robert, 222, 227Rydt, Jan de, 901

SSaffir, Herbert, 42, 50Sagan, Carl, 690Saint Augustine. See Augustine of HippoSalaj, Josef, 229Salter, John William, 98, 107Sandberg, Phil, 488Satie, Erik, 51Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 47, 48, 50Schabowski, Gunter, 777Schacht, Hjalmar Horace Greeley, 54Schaefer, J., 617Schaub, Hans, 144–146Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 234, 249, 390, 399Schiff, Gerry, 540, 541Schimper, Wilhelm Philipp, 98, 107Schmidt, Gavin, 525, 535Schmidt, Gerhard C., 128Schneider, Stephen, 345, 346, 364, 365, 783Schopenhauer, Arthur, 292Schrag, Dan, 327, 337Schrodinger, Erwin, 292–294, 298Schuster, Franz Arthur, 344–346, 364Schwabe, Heinrich, 344, 364Schwarzacher, Walter, 332, 337Scott, Harold, 84Sedgewick, Adam, 98, 107Segal, E.M., 11Shackleton, Sir Nicholas, 321, 322, 336Shanklin, Johnathan, 469, 473Sharp, Jim, 593Shaviv, Nir, 362, 365Shaw, Anthony, 683Shaw, John, 681Shelly, Mary, 955Shelly, Percy, 379

Author Index 963

Sherwood, Steve, 913, 914Shinn, Gene, 374Sherwood, Steven, 913, 914Shostakovich, Dmitri, 11Seibold, Eugen, 642, 802Sibelius, Jean, 456Sillen, Lars Gunnar, 488Silver Tongue, Ray, 688Simpson, George Clarke, 41, 50Simpson, Robert, 42, 50, 611Sisley, Alfred, 450Slaughter, John, 619Smith, Adam, 91, 92, 107, 390, 399Smith, Ed, 436Smith, F. G. Walton, 302Smith, Phil, 572Smith, William, 96, 98Snellius, Willebrord, 200, 213Sobel, Dava, 70, 84Soddy, Frederick, 128, 131–133, 136, 138, 139, 142Söding, Emanuel, 504Solomon, Susan, 469, 470, 473Sommerfeld, Arnold, 285Sorge, Ernst, 430, 433Sorgel, Herman, 681Southam, John, 301Souza, Pete, 922Spencer, Percy, 226, 228Spinoza, Baruch, 807Spicer, Robert, 17, 861Spitalny, Evelyn, 520Spitalny, Phil, 520Stahl, Georg Ernst, 389, 399Stalin, Joseph, 250Stanford, Henry King, 520Stanley, S., 108Stefan, Josef, 243, 244, 249, 268Stekeley. See StukeleyStenzyl, Henryk, 338Stephenson, George, 746Stetson, Harland True, 345, 346, 364Stille, Hans, 104Stommel, Henry, 590, 625Stoney, George Johnston, 131Stott, Lowell, 816Stradivari, Antonio, 186, 193Strassmann, Fritz, 294Strauss, Johann II, 385, 519Stravinsky, 172Stravinsky, Igor, 54, 56Strutt, John William (Lord Rayleigh), 274, 298Stukuley. See StukeleyStukeley, William, 551Sturm, Charles-Francois, 189, 191, 193Suess, Eduard, 359, 637Suess, Erwin, 531Suess, Hans, 359, 360, 364, 512, 514, 781, 817, 826, 858Sunday, Billy, 755Sustermans, Justus, 551Svensmark, Henrik, 361, 362, 365, 375Swallow, John, 629Swenson, George W., 870Syktus, Jozef, 152, 153, 172Symmes, John Cleves, Jr., 556Szilard, Leo, 295

TTalwani, Manik, 437Tappan, Helen, 143Taskin, Pascal, 747Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Illyich, 801Thalmann, Hans, 85, 86, 114, 143, 269Theodor, Karl, 235Thiede, Jörn, 645, 802Thiedemann, Ralf, 333, 334Thompson, Benjamin, 235, 248, 249, 263, 330, 336Thomson, J., 878Thomson, John Joseph (‘J.J.’), 130, 132, 134–137Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 83, 118, 142Timmermans, M. -L., 874Todd, Margaret, 132Torricelli, Evangilista, 439, 456Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 51Trencher, Ruth, 300Trevithick, Richard, 746Trump, Donald, 769–771Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 450Twain, Mark, 119Tyndall, John, 211, 236, 240, 241, 248, 249, 481

UUhlenbeck, George, 285–287, 298Urey, Harold, 295, 317, 318, 817, 826Ussher, James, 89, 90, 107, 139

VVan Gogh, Vincent, 51Van Leeuwenhoek, Anton, 743Van Helmont, Jan Baptista, 389, 399Veizer, Jan, 362, 365Veliky, Al, 520Venerable Bede, 89, 106Verbeek, Pierre, 745Verdi, Giuseppe, 187, 193Velho, Bartolomeu, 546Verhulst, Pierre Francois, 81Verlaine, Paul, 51Verne, Jules, 59, 348, 364Vernetz, Ignace, 99, 107Very, Frank Washington, 253Villard, Paul, 131, 142, 211Vine, Fred, 161Vinnikov, Konstantin, 845Viviani, Vicenzo, 188, 193Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 577Von Alberti, Friedrich August, 98, 107Von Baer, Karl Ernst, 582Von Beyrich, Heinrich Ernst, 98, 107Von Bubnoff, Sergei, 157, 158, 172Vonderschmitt, Louis, 143Von Humboldt. See HumboldtVon Humboldt, Alexander (Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander), 98Von Wild, Heinrich, 15, 16

WWagner, Richard, 53, 473Wahl, Mike, 688Waldo, Clarence, 74

964 Author Index

Walesa, Lech, 777Walker, James, 468Walker, Johnnie, 108Walker, Sir Gilbert, 607, 617, 636, 640Wallmann, Klaus, 500, 502Wang, Chengshan, 906Wang, Pinxian, 906Wanless, Harold, 151, 926Warren, W. F., 544, 545Washington, Warren, 372, 500, 783Waterhouse, Benjamin, 745Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander, 443, 456Watt, James, 83, 98, 119, 142, 236, 248, 405, 433, 450Webber, Andrew Lloyd, 226Weber, Wilhelm, 210, 214Webster, Noah, 4Wegener, Alfred, 102, 103, 107, 313, 315, 316, 320, 330, 335, 336,

430, 711, 825Wegman, Edward, 712Wells, H. G., 136, 239Wells, Niel, 640Wenliang, Li, 768Went, Frits, 375Weston, Jacob, 928Whewell, William, 95, 107White, George W., 269, 270Whitehouse, O. C., 545White, Robert, 573Whitfield, Ed, 711Wick, Gian-Carlo, 158Wien, Wilhelm, 242, 246, 248, 249, 273, 297, 298Wilde, Oscar, 51Wilkinson, Bruce, 164, 172Willett, Hurd C., 825, 826, 857

Williams, Charles D. H., 410, 433Williams, John, 228Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees, 352Wilson, J. Tuzo, 291Wise, Sherwood (Woody), 816Wingfield, Clyde, 475, 520Winterer, Jerry, 457Wisby, Warren, 474, 475, 541Wise, Cindy, 861Wold, Chris, 802Wollaston, William Hyde, 220, 227Wood, Robert Muir, 11Wooster, Warren, 302Worsley, Thomas, 172Worzel, Joe, 301, 529, 538Wray, Greg, 24Wulf, Theodor, 351, 352, 364

YYanshin, Aleksandr Leonidovich, 11, 214, 498Yeltsin, Boris, 776Young, Thomas, 205–208, 212–214, 223Yukawa, Hideki, 354, 356, 364Yurganov, Leonid, 884

ZZakevitch, Eloise, 319Zedong, Mao, 763Zeeman, Pieter, 284, 286, 297, 298Zindani, Sheik Abdul Majeed, 688–690Zubrin, Robert, 821

Author Index 965

Subject Index

AA1B (Scenario), 790, 791A1F (Scenario), 790, 791, 793A1 (Scenario), 790A1T (Scenario), 790A2 (Scenario), 791AAPG. See American Association of Petroleum GeologistsAbbott ice Shelf, 895Aborigines, 105, 649Absinthe, 38, 50–52, 84Absolute zero, 66, 118, 239, 369, 392Absorption spectrum, 220, 222, 227, 278, 397, 472Absorptivity, 241Ab urbe condita (AUC), 46, 47, 50Académie des Sciences (Paris), 120, 583Académie française, 128, 242Academy of Sciences (Berlin), 195, 336, 430, 711, 714, 788Accademia Lincei (Rome), 789Acceleration, 33, 62, 63, 65, 75–78, 163, 183, 237, 238, 380, 552, 562,

563, 569, 576, 577, 579, 590, 591, 617, 640, 678, 687, 688, 790,873, 883, 896, 924

angular acceleration, 65, 562Coriolis acceleration, 590, 591, 617, 640human acceleration of natural process rate, 163particle accelerators, 355, 363

Acceleration due to gravity, 183, 563, 569ACD. See Aragonite compensation depthAchilles heel, 462, 533, 613, 883Acidification, 384, 465, 661, 662, 666, 938–940, 949Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC), 191, 193Acre, 67, 541, 650, 733Acropora palmata, 813Actinium, 131, 136, 290Adiabat, 187, 189, 193, 419, 478, 481Advent, 254, 363, 371, 499, 774, 826, 833, 871Aegean Sea, 880Aegina (Greece), 174, 175Aerobic, 534Aerosol, 370, 371, 374, 378, 381, 382, 384, 396, 398, 432, 447–450,

452, 454–456, 469, 473, 765, 774, 781, 782, 784, 788, 793, 801,827, 849, 850, 875

Aerosol Optical Depth, 449Aether (æther), 201, 209–214, 233, 244, 248, 273, 274, 576, 579Afghanistan, 785Africa, 5, 28, 29, 43, 81, 102, 103, 155, 163, 182, 315, 330, 333, 337,

359, 363, 381, 382, 385, 415, 484, 491, 499, 500, 518, 526, 607,608, 611, 632–634, 636, 673, 720, 732, 733, 736, 743, 746, 751,

752, 763, 767, 784, 785, 816, 859, 914, 920, 921, 941, 943,946–948

Agriculture, 6, 164, 250, 325, 510, 515, 517, 519, 537, 649, 781, 782,788, 801, 807, 809, 811, 850, 912

Agrigento (Sicily), 174Ahermatypic, 653Air France Flight, 195, 447Air gun, 529Air vital, 390Akhet, 43Alabama, 195, 434, 497, 613, 916, 928Alaska, 165, 183, 307, 323, 378, 424, 430, 469, 532, 682, 842, 843,

869, 876, 883Alaskan Peninsula, 378, 623Albatross Award, 629Alcohol, 38, 62, 83, 108, 220, 299, 413, 414, 645, 821, 855, 857Aleutian Islands, 378Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, 113Alexandria (Egypt), 70, 310Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City), 538Alfred Wegener Institute, 645, 825, 905Alfred-Wegener-Institute (Bremerhaven, Germany), 825Algae, 43, 461, 502, 507, 651, 653, 655, 659, 662, 951Algebra, 9, 28, 30, 31, 49, 50, 77, 78, 581, 737Alice, 159, 179, 273, 291, 834, 837, 838Alice Springs (Australia), 834, 837, 838Alkali, 283, 390, 399, 727Alkali metals, 222, 283Alkaline, 534, 656, 661, 664, 665Alkalinity, 39, 656, 657, 660, 665Alkalization, 666Allerød, 694, 698, 706Allhallows Eve, 11Allotrope, 461Alpine, 5, 54, 55, 85, 99, 107, 266, 330, 649, 905Alps, 5, 7, 21, 55, 85, 99, 107, 144, 145, 162, 215, 313, 354, 356, 359,

424, 426, 432, 498, 501, 649, 674, 693, 706, 831Alsace, 84, 173, 519Altamira (Spain), 164, 649Altitude, 263–265, 327, 347, 348, 351, 354, 357, 364, 373, 376, 377,

396, 439–442, 446, 447, 455, 456, 467, 598, 601, 851Altocumulus (culds), 376Altostratus (clouds), 376Aluminum, 127, 288, 495Amazonia, 942, 943, 948Amazon River, 705, 834, 944Amber, 131

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license toSpringer Nature Switzerland AG 2021W. W. Hay, Experimenting on a Small Planet,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76339-8

967

America, 4, 12, 16, 19, 27, 54, 56, 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 83, 86, 99–106,108, 149, 151, 154–157, 163, 165, 167, 173, 174, 202, 225, 227,229, 250, 251, 267, 313–315, 323–325, 327, 329, 330, 335, 336,362, 372, 379, 382, 383, 425, 452, 484, 486, 488, 491, 499, 500,517, 518, 559, 561, 575, 601, 606–608, 616, 622, 626, 630,633–636, 639, 640, 668, 673, 676, 677, 679, 680, 683, 685, 693,694, 696, 698, 701, 704, 706, 709, 712, 713, 718, 719, 726,733–737, 743, 746, 750–752, 759, 763, 766, 767, 773, 774, 781,785, 786, 808, 816, 833, 834, 842, 846, 867, 868, 875, 882, 895,905, 911, 912, 914–916, 920–922, 930, 932, 938, 941–943, 946,954

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 4, 787American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 102, 104, 107, 108,

230, 315, 316, 336, 337, 434, 436, 595American bison, 649, 721American Indian, 649, 667, 668American Life Convention, 175American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC), 336American Museum of Natural History, 196, 317American Revolution, 106, 203, 330, 331, 389, 399, 484American system, 37, 59, 62, 77Americium, 290Amersfoort (The Netherlands), 808, 813Amery Ice Shelf, 895, 900, 902Ames Research Center, 530Ammonia, 407, 534, 535, 538Ammonium ion, 534Ammonium nitrate, 535, 664Amplifier, 486, 496AM radio, 225, 226, 357, 444AMSOC. See American Miscellaneous SocietyAmsterdam (The Netherlands), 2, 187, 683–685, 821Amu. See atomic mass unitAmundsen Sea, 896, 899Anaerobic, 523, 526, 527, 532, 535, 646Anchovy (anchovies), 634, 635Anderson’s University, 312, 313Andes, 83, 156, 323, 324, 356, 379, 383, 424, 432, 606, 674, 706, 707,

719, 949Andrea Doria (Ship), 85, 86Angiosperms, 155, 863Anglo-Saxons, 59, 60Ångström (Angstrom) unit, 222, 227, 298, 391, 395, 451Angular momentum, 65, 276, 277, 290, 356, 364, 562, 576, 586Angular velocity, 65, 73–78, 562, 563, 565, 581, 583Anharmonic, 392Anion, 656Anno Domini (AD), 11, 27, 47, 50, 68, 310, 344, 361, 540, 708, 709Anode, 127, 128, 134Anomaly, 9, 82, 326, 454, 555, 636, 707, 744, 792, 793, 810, 843,

848–850, 855, 856, 858–860, 911, 920Anorthite, 495Anoxic water, 665Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), 628, 630, 631Antarctic Circle, 45, 323, 852Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 424, 622, 623, 842Antarctic Coastal Current, 623AntarcticCyclonic Gyre, 623Antarctic Deep Water, 628Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), 626, 628, 631Antarctic Peninsula, 842, 887, 894–897, 899Antarctic polar front, 625, 640Antarctic Surface Water (AASW), 628Anthropocene, 164, 171, 172, 808–811, 910Anthropogene, 789Anthropogenic factors, 788

Anthropogenic source, 515, 523, 525, 535, 536Anti-knock gasoline, 453Antillean subduction zone, 813Antimony, 289Antineutrino, 159, 358Anti-Semitism, 295Antwerp (Belgium), 175Aperitif, 51Aphelion, 310, 311, 909Apple, 291, 551, 552, 555, 556Aquarius (NASA Satellite), 627Aquitanian, 145Arabian-American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 689Arabian Sea, 526, 527, 608, 609, 613, 626Arabic-Indic, 28Arab Oil Embargo, 570Aragonite, 317, 318, 496, 498, 657–662, 681, 718, 938, 939Aragonite Compensation Depth (ACD), 657Aragonite needles, 657–659Arc, 49, 60, 69, 73, 74, 76, 77, 111, 340, 355, 554, 555, 563, 565, 583,

846, 847Arc de Triomphe (Paris), 111, 144, 340Arctic Bottom Water, 628Arctic circle, 45, 307, 311, 327, 526, 868, 875, 877, 909, 954Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX), 870Arctic Cyclonic Gyre, 623Arctic ice cover, 2, 639, 673, 814, 815Arctic Ocean, 1–3, 98, 153, 154, 156, 164, 165, 168, 191, 420,

423–426, 485, 486, 505, 506, 526, 601, 625, 626, 638, 639, 673,695, 696, 698, 701, 718, 759, 800, 815, 816, 842, 861, 867–879,881, 882, 884, 886, 905, 911, 915, 932, 942, 946, 947, 953

Arctic polar front, 623Arctic summer sea-ice, 867, 948Argon, 132, 158, 159, 263, 283, 288, 296, 350, 391, 392, 408, 445, 506Arid (climate), 266, 333, 374, 383, 463, 603, 604Arithmetic, 27, 28, 30, 33, 49, 50, 253Arkhangelsk (Russia), 947Armageddon, 714, 786Arrow worms, 651Arsenic, 288Arthropods, 651Ash, 158–160, 173, 238, 327, 378–381, 385, 395, 431, 448, 515, 709,

733, 786, 861Assassination, 337, 365, 754Assembly Hall (University of Illinois), 539Astatine, 283, 289Asthenosphere, 674–677Astronomical dating, 162, 335Astronomical unit, 201, 245, 306, 448, 466Aswan Dam, 43, 756Atlantic plate, 813Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation, 948Atlantis, 379, 660Atoll, 653Atomic mass, 63, 121–123, 162, 406Atomic mass unit, 121, 122Atomic number, 121–123, 159, 287, 288, 291Atomic radius, 287, 288, 291Atomic structure, 277, 298Atomic volume, 124, 125, 282, 287Atomic weight, 64, 120–125, 132, 142, 280, 282, 287, 288, 396, 446Atom - plum pudding model, 135Atom - shell model, 137Atom - solar system model, 137, 158, 284AU. See Astronomical unitAuger observatory, 356

968 Subject Index

Augusta Raurica, 173Auld Reekie (Edinburgh), 452Aurora (ship), 2, 278, 347–350, 394Austin chalk, 497Austin (Texas), 12, 619Australia, 41, 51, 100, 102, 105, 149, 151, 152, 155, 163, 171, 172,

330, 348–350, 363, 365, 373, 383, 428, 499, 500, 504, 510, 528,538, 561, 607, 633, 637, 649, 653, 679, 706, 707, 763, 800, 834,894, 900, 902, 919–921, 931, 933

Australian Bureau of Meteorology, 529, 931Australian Outback, 265, 834Austria, 7, 11, 16, 21, 144, 175, 215, 216, 243, 251, 253, 294, 318, 426,

724, 725, 754, 773, 776, 777, 793, 803, 817, 826Automne, 649Autumn, 48, 649, 825Autumnal equinox, 47, 71Avery Island, 428Avogadro’s number, 51, 391Axis of rotation, 43, 45, 162, 309–311, 420, 563, 583, 590, 717, 813Ayrshire (Scotland), 108Azerbaijan, 715, 749Azores, 163, 636, 680, 743Azores low, 938Azote, 120, 390Azul Cerro (volcano, Chile), 380

BB1 (Scenario), 791, 793B2 (Scenario), 791, 793Bab-el-Mendab, 681Babuyan (Babuyan Claro volcano, Luzon, Philippines), 378Babylon/Babylonian, 29, 30, 39, 47, 48, 50, 51, 60, 69, 71, 73, 79, 83,

188, 310, 543, 545, 690, 727, 748, 774Backscatter, 255Baffin Bay, 424, 697, 705, 881Baffin Island, 423, 697, 885Bahama Banks, 653, 654, 658–660Bahamas, 196, 302, 317, 321, 402, 408, 491, 621, 623, 651, 658–660,

812, 813, 916, 926Bahamian mullet, 658Baitoushan (volcano, China/North Korea), 378Baja California, 400Balloon construction, 518Balloon framing, 518Balmer series, 222, 223, 277, 278, 281Bamboo, 463, 483, 486, 704Bangladesh, 678, 923Barbados, 321, 678, 681, 682, 813, 814Barents Ice Sheet, 815Barents Sea, 698Barents Shelf, 683, 695, 696, 816, 869Barium, 124, 289, 294Bárðarbunga (volcano, Iceland), 380Barometer, 67, 186, 203, 439, 456Barrow Island, 41, 561Bar (unit), 61, 418, 506, 680Basalt, 379, 428, 491, 492, 666, 674Baseline Road, 60Basel (Switzerland), 6, 10, 79, 172, 173, 194, 222, 316, 782, 143, 144Basler Fasnacht, 174Baton Rouge (Louisiana), 925Battle of Luncarty, 11Bavaria (Germany), 7, 52, 220, 235, 330, 831, 832Bavarian State Opera, 785Bay of Bengal, 613, 626

Bay of Mont Saint Michel, 338Bay of Naples, 379Bayreuth (Germany), 53, 54, 56Beach rock, 660Beaufort Scale Number, 41, 42Beaufort Sea, 532, 876Beaufort Wind Force Scale, 41Becquerel rays, 128Beefeaters (Gin), 434Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, 53, 775Before Christ (BC), 27, 47, 50Before Common Era (BCE), 27Beijing (China), 72, 73, 819Belemnite, 317, 318, 817Belgium, 15, 21, 134, 175, 311, 323, 328, 332, 340, 641, 741, 745,

751, 802, 926Bellingshausen Sea, 894Benguela Current, 632Benguela (Upwelling System), 632, 634Ben Gurion Airport (Israel), 365Ben Nevis (Scotland), 352, 364Benthic foraminifera, 155, 156, 322, 324, 327, 333, 432, 807, 808, 812Benthos, 651Bergbauakademie (Mining Academy, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany),

566Bering Sea, 424Berkelium, 290Bermuda, 484, 813Bermuda grass, 484, 486Bernoullianum, 79, 173Beryllium-10 (10Be), 162, 347, 361–363, 398, 703Betelgeuse, 305Bethany College, 587Bezymianny (volcano, Kamchatka, Russia), 378Biarritz (France), 194Bias, 9, 104, 379, 727, 765, 846Bible, 12, 27, 47, 89, 544, 545, 547, 568, 690Biblical flood, 93, 99Bicarbonate ion, 317, 402, 416, 495, 496, 517, 656, 659, 939Big Bang, 134, 142, 250, 328, 558Big Island (Hawaii), 514Bill #, 73, 83Billiard ball model, 276, 297Billiards, 66, 276, 297, 391, 392, 579, 580, 592Billiards ball model, 137, 142Bimetallic strip, 823, 855, 857Bimini (Bahamas), 196, 302, 317, 331, 650, 658Biology, 5, 8–10, 52, 84, 90, 276, 366, 443, 473, 487Biomass, 448, 449, 515Biomass burning, 448, 449, 515, 536, 538Biome, 649, 863, 944, 945, 954Biosphere, 15, 21, 350, 411, 464, 465, 478, 495, 517, 645, 667, 672,

717Birefringence, 203, 204Bismuth, 289Black body (blackbody), 219, 220, 227, 240–249, 273, 274, 291, 297,

298, 307, 392, 394, 395, 468, 469Black Forest (Germany), 173Black plague, 83, 233, 249, 735, 773, 786, 954Black Sea, 15, 666, 880, 881Blake Outer Ridge, 529, 530Blake Plateau, 336, 401, 529, 538Blaye (France), 688Bleaching, 662Blessing of the Animals, 113Bloom (phytoplankton), 43, 497, 635

Subject Index 969

Blue marble, 255, 307, 370, 602, 618, 647, 895Blue water, 637, 658, 875Blue Whale, 651Board of longitude, 70, 83Bodø (Norway), 307Bogs, 150, 360, 517, 523, 526, 532, 648, 649, 693, 706, 708, 883Bohrium, 290Bohr model, 279, 280Boiling point, 62, 66, 67, 83, 239, 254, 257, 406, 408, 410, 412, 413,

496, 821, 822, 855, 857Bølling (warm event), 694, 698, 703Bologna (Italy), 224, 317Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Project, 887Bordeaux (France), 145–147, 193, 389, 390, 688Boreal, 694Boreal forest, 649, 875, 883, 887, 912, 948Boron, 288, 502Bosporus, 621, 880, 881Boston (Massachusetts), 621Bottom simulating reflector (BSR), 529–532, 538Boulderado Hotel, 715Boulder (Colorado), 7, 11, 60, 62, 67, 70, 345, 372, 384, 385, 478, 481,

489, 668, 688, 783, 786, 803, 828–831, 844, 845, 847, 861, 862Boulevard de l’Opera (Paris), 340Boulevard Haussmann (Paris), 339Boulevard Montmartre (Paris), 339Boulevard Poissonniére (Paris), 339Bourbon, 172Bourse (Paris Stock Exchange), 340Bowling Green State University, 270Boyle’s law, 189, 389BP Deepwater Horizon (Ship), 618Brackish (water), 416–418Brandenburg Concertos, 51Brandy, 337, 339, 394, 775, 949Breadfruit, 100, 149Bremen (Germany), 564, 819, 864Bremerhaven (Germany), 645Brightening, 455Brine, 366, 416, 425, 696, 747, 815, 822, 872Bristol Channel, 225, 343, 356, 364Britain, 4, 11, 19, 37, 43, 47, 50, 59, 61, 62, 83, 84, 98, 103, 132, 133,

136, 140, 214, 227, 235, 240, 247, 249, 273, 276, 330, 345, 389,434, 436, 451, 457, 484, 504, 553, 568, 611, 618, 628, 693,724–726, 732, 734, 746, 754, 755, 772, 773, 781, 803, 819, 822,823, 826, 843, 847, 855, 856, 861

British Geological Survey, 95, 270British National Oceanography Centre, 814British Petroleum (BP), 619British Post Office, 225Brno (Moravia), 229Brocken specter, 352, 353, 364Broecker, Wallace (Wally), 646, 667Bromine, 283, 288, 465, 469, 470, 473Brook Trout, 454Brown and Root, 401Brown water, 637Brunswick (Germany), 564Brussels (Belgium), 340BSN. See Beaufort Scale NumberBSR. See Bottom simulating reflectorBubnoff (unit), 118, 157, 158, 161–163, 172Bubonic plague, 517, 518, 726, 732, 734, 737, 738, 741, 744, 750Buckyballs, 427Budyko, Mikhail, 646Buffering, 661

Bulb thermometer, 823Bunsen burner, 220, 227Burdigalian, 145Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of

Weights and Measures), 847, 848Byrd Core, 698

C12C, 64, 65, 122, 135, 162, 359, 360, 512, 82613C, 122, 135, 35914C, 162, 172, 316, 321, 335, 359–362, 431, 512, 514, 628, 631, 681,

700, 703, 826Cabernet Sauvignon, 802CaCO3, 203, 317, 318, 408, 416, 491, 493, 495–497, 655, 657–662,

939Cadmium, 289Calcareous nannoplankton, 6, 301, 402, 491, 505, 639, 651, 652, 816,

870Calcareous ooze, 491, 492, 501, 659Calcite, 34, 203, 213, 227, 317, 318, 416, 496, 498, 652, 657–662, 718,

939Calcite compensation depth (CCD), 657, 658Calcium, 124, 138, 159, 288, 317, 318, 322, 416, 495–497, 501, 515,

655, 656, 659Calcium bicarbonate, 497Calcium carbonate, 6, 84, 86, 93, 94, 157, 317, 318, 322, 402, 488,

491, 497, 517, 651, 658, 662, 686Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCCD), 491, 492Calculus, 28, 30–34, 50, 554, 557, 591CALDRILL, 401Calendar, 43, 45–50, 68, 69, 89, 120, 141, 160, 316, 359, 360, 521,

824, 849Calgary (Alberta), 642California Institute of Technology, 351, 373, 453Californium, 290Callendar effect, 514, 781, 826, 858Caloric, 201, 234–238, 248, 249, 311, 330Caloric summer, 201, 311, 909Caloric winter, 201, 909Calorie (calorie), 66, 67, 244, 462Cambrian, 96, 98, 107, 141, 154, 501Cambridge University, 51, 98, 108, 130, 143, 172, 294, 365, 539, 570Cameroon, 415, 516, 518Campanile (Pisa), 562Camp Century, 700Campeche Bay, 618CAM. See Climate anomaly methodCAM photosynthesis, 463Campi Flegrei (Naples, Italy), 518Campi Flegrei (Rome, Italy), 518Canada, 105, 125, 131, 162, 163, 165–167, 278, 309, 320, 325, 379,

424, 425, 454, 469, 623, 650, 681, 697, 797, 801, 868, 869, 882,883, 885, 912

Canadian Arctic, 156, 165, 905Canadian Shield, 167, 673Canary Current, 622, 696Canyon Diablo meteorite, 295Cap carbonate, 497Cape Cod (Massachusetts), 225Cape Grim (Tasmania), 528, 529, 535, 537, 538Capillary wave, 180, 181CARBOCEAN Project, 631Carbon

Carbon-14, 81, 162, 315, 335, 347, 359, 360, 361, 363, 364, 398dating, 315, 321, 512

970 Subject Index

dead carbon, 360, 512in cosmic ray interactions, 363major reservoirs of, 495

Carbonaceous chondrite, 493Carbonate, 317, 318, 325, 326, 332, 373, 402, 491–493, 497, 498, 500,

501, 505, 506, 517, 651, 653, 656, 658–662, 813, 817, 925, 939,940

Carbonate ion, 495, 517, 656–658, 660, 661Carbonate rock, 2, 325, 373, 494, 495, 498, 500, 501, 718, 925Carbonation reaction, 495–497Carbon cycle, 6, 360, 492, 493, 501, 514, 519, 523, 651, 654, 655, 657,

660, 667Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), 515, 516Carbon-14, 81, 162, 315, 335, 347, 359, 360, 361, 363, 364, 398Carbonic acid, 129, 142, 253, 269, 297, 495, 497, 506, 654, 655, 781,

857Carboniferous, 96, 98, 107, 141, 154, 155, 330, 332, 468, 500, 501,

503Carbon monoxide, 536Carbon tetrachloride, 87, 350, 538Carcassonne (France), 146, 147Cariaco Trench, 663Caribbean, 41, 42, 318, 321, 374, 379–382, 401, 402, 484, 492, 518,

611, 654, 681, 683, 737, 743, 813, 905, 939Caribbean Basin, 402Caribbean plate, 813Carnivore, 649Carnot engine, 237Carpathian Mountains, 229Carrington flare, 348, 363Cartesian coordinates, 67–69, 78, 201, 392Caspian Sea, 400, 757Cassis (France), 640Castell San Angelo (Rome), 23Catalina Conference, 619Catalina Island (California), 619Catalytic converter, 453Catastrophic sea-level Rise Event (CRE), 682, 815Catastrophism, 93, 95, 99, 104, 107, 114Catherine the Great of Russia, 331Cathode ray, 131, 142, 211, 284, 297, 355Cathode ray tube, 127, 128, 211, 355Catholic Church, 547, 712Cation, 543, 656Cattle, 265, 515, 523, 527, 528, 537, 646, 647, 718, 722, 750, 751, 795,

949Cattolica-Eraclea (Sicily), 174Caucasus, 114, 316, 715, 748Cavalleria Rusticana, 23Cavendish Laboratory, 130, 134, 136Cave(s), 56, 164, 325, 430, 431, 433, 497, 649, 657, 812, 813Cayenne, 202, 213CCCD. See Calcium carbonate compensation depthCCD. See Calcite compensation depthC (Celsius), 67, 118, 239, 405, 407CCl4, 350, 538CDIAC. See Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterCeiiinosssttuv, 392, 399Celsius (temperature scale), 84, 118, 239, 433, 822, 855Cement, 516, 523, 531, 538, 618, 747, 944Cenozoic climatic deterioration, 155, 156Center for Population Studies, 514Centigrade, 62, 67, 239, 822Central England Temperature Record, 344, 823, 824Central Water, 634

Centrifugal force, 75, 76, 78, 378, 575, 579, 581–583, 585, 588, 675,679

Centripetal force, 76–78, 562, 565, 581, 585CERES (NASA's Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System), 371Cerium, 289Cerro Azul (volcano, Chile), 380Cesium, 222, 283, 289CFC-11, 538Chacaltaya (glacier, Bolivia), 356Chain reaction, 295, 317, 683Chain(s), 60, 110, 133, 160, 162, 306, 317, 339, 525, 634, 667, 818Chalk, 6, 93, 94, 98, 100, 107, 145, 149, 174, 196, 214–216, 497, 503,

539, 637Chalk's airline, 196Challenger Expedition, 655Champagne, 385, 506, 519, 539Champs Elysees (Paris), 340Change with altitude, 446Chant de guerre pour l?Armée du Rhin (War Song of the Army of the

Rhine, 84Chaos, 52, 113, 174, 259, 260, 269, 649, 771, 784, 912Charles I, 668Charles' law, 264, 439, 456Charles University (Prague), 195Charlottenburg (Berlin, Germany), 135, 242, 246, 247, 249Chauvet, 164Checkpoint Charlie, 195Chemical, 10, 64, 65, 157, 169, 205, 206, 219–222, 227, 234, 238, 239,

249, 253, 269, 276, 285, 294, 296, 317, 390, 399, 405, 433, 454,461, 462, 467, 473, 489, 495, 496, 525, 535, 594, 646, 656, 661,662, 667, 717, 785, 862, 950, 954

Chemical Rays, 205, 211, 213Chemosynthesis, 525Chemosynthetic, 496, 526Chicago construction, 518Chicago great fire, 518Chicago (Illinois), 8, 95, 151, 152, 171, 250, 295, 301, 317, 340, 347,

359, 360, 390, 399, 416, 452, 456, 513, 518, 615, 782, 817, 834,836

Chicken, 726, 751Chikyu (Ship), 505Chile, 40, 41, 51, 363, 379, 380, 626, 843China, 30, 40, 72, 81, 106, 155, 164, 188, 213, 325, 378, 383, 454, 474,

497, 543, 628, 650, 718, 723, 725, 726, 734, 743, 746, 748,750, 756, 759, 762–764, 766, 768, 769, 772–775, 782, 784, 803,819, 833, 835, 836, 842, 862, 868, 906, 911, 938, 942, 953, 954

Chinese Opera, 24Chinook, 426Chip log, 61Chlorine, 64, 283, 288, 350, 416, 465, 469, 470, 473, 493Chlorofluorocarbons, 269, 469–471, 473, 535, 537, 538, 788, 900, 935CH2O, 462, 464, 482, 495, 496C6H12O6, 462Chondrite, 493Chongquing (China), 833Chopin Foundation of the United States, 520Christ Child, 634Christian Fundamentalists, 690Christmas, 56, 195, 230, 302, 317, 555, 634, 651, 833Christmas Fair, 833Chromium, 288Church of England, 130, 690CIA, 301, 340, 386, 594, 713, 715Cichlids, 534Čierná and Tisou (Czechoslovakia), 52, 113, 301, 714, 715

Subject Index 971

CIMAS. See Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric ScienceCircum-Antarctic Seaway, 471Circumference, 60, 61, 70, 73–75, 78, 83, 202, 213, 564, 566, 575, 846CIRES. See Cooperative Institute for Research in EnvironmentalCirrocumulus (clouds), 377Cirrus (clouds), 377, 385Cities, 1–5, 7, 12, 22, 23, 38, 40, 41, 46, 53, 54, 57, 60, 84, 93, 99, 100,

108, 110–114, 119, 125, 130, 136, 145–147, 152, 160, 172–174,195, 208, 210, 215, 216, 220, 302, 325, 330–332, 338, 339, 357,365, 371, 379, 386, 418, 441, 445, 453, 454, 466, 538, 539, 593,642, 650, 676, 678, 683, 684, 713, 715, 721, 723, 725, 727, 735,751, 752, 762, 768, 774, 777, 803, 807, 808, 824, 828, 832, 834,837, 840–842, 846, 847, 858, 906, 914, 915, 929

Citizens United, 819Ciudad del Carmen (Mexico), 618Ciudad Universitaria (Mexico City), 87Ciudad Victoria (Mexico), 109, 110Civilization, 4, 7, 43, 48, 80, 83, 154, 155, 164, 168, 170, 171, 224,

329, 379, 469, 474, 491, 510, 543, 544, 648, 663, 683, 701, 713,714, 717, 723, 724, 726, 737, 773, 807, 808, 810, 909

Clathrate, 427, 528–533, 538, 817, 883, 884, 943, 944, 949Clathrate Ridge, 531Clean Air Act, 453Clean coal, 955Cleavage, 657, 660CLIMAP, 321Climate anomaly, 102, 843, 848Climate Anomaly Method (CAM), 848Climate classification, 19, 102, 266, 268, 646Climate (defined), 1, 3, 27, 102, 149–158, 160, 162, 164–172, 236,

312, 351, 378, 381, 412, 413, 421, 422, 425, 426, 431–433, 512,693, 694, 706, 807

Climatic optimum, 171, 172, 706, 713, 730, 733, 808, 816Cliques, 174Clock, 30, 49, 50, 70, 83, 188, 202, 213, 258, 310, 386, 546, 583, 702,

712, 823, 857Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), 447, 449Clouds, 44, 63, 66, 96, 98, 108, 132, 135, 254, 255, 257, 273, 285, 286,

293, 298, 325, 352, 355, 356, 361–365, 369–377, 384, 385, 391,394–396, 406, 411, 419, 420, 441, 447, 449, 477, 481, 484, 489,499, 516, 518, 590, 598, 599, 604, 605, 618, 658, 853, 922

Club of Rome, 788–790, 800, 801CME. See Coronal mass ejection eventCMIP3, 795CMIP5, 795CO2, 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 151, 152, 155, 156, 164, 243, 253, 254, 263, 296,

298, 302, 319, 327, 329, 359–361, 365, 375, 380, 384, 385, 390,393–398, 408, 414, 415, 418, 422, 432, 445–448, 451, 452, 454,455, 462–464, 483, 484, 486, 488, 489, 491–504, 506–519,523–528, 530, 532, 533, 535, 537, 538, 628, 641, 646, 647, 650,651, 654–657, 659–663, 665, 666, 700, 781–783, 787, 788,791–793, 795, 807, 810, 811, 817, 824–828, 849, 850, 853,856–858, 861, 863, 864, 872, 882, 883, 900, 902, 903, 906

Coal, 4, 81, 93, 98, 109, 136, 149–151, 155, 164, 236, 330, 449, 451,452, 454, 464, 468, 473, 493, 495, 496, 500, 503, 516, 519, 532,537, 569, 570, 710, 746, 747, 794, 795

Coal measures, 107Cobalt, 138, 288Coccolith ooze, 498, 659Coccolithophores, 501, 637, 655, 658–660, 816, 870Coccoliths, 6, 94, 144, 193, 215, 229, 231, 318, 386, 491, 492, 497,

498, 501, 505, 651, 652, 655, 659, 660, 662, 816, 940Coccosphere, 6, 652Cogito ergo sum, 67Cognac (drink), 539Cognac (France), 775

Collapse, 41, 44, 82, 301, 305, 469, 563, 594, 612, 639, 645, 695, 715,756, 759, 773, 814, 815, 894, 905, 912

College Station, Texas, 12Collegio Romano, 711Colloque sur l?Éocène (1968), 338Colonists, 4, 12, 235, 330, 649, 867Colorado, 7, 11, 22, 60, 62, 67, 70, 80, 85, 86, 231, 332, 356, 372, 426,

440, 469, 478, 483–485, 498, 526, 541, 585, 641, 648, 650, 668,688, 704, 714, 757, 777, 783, 786, 802, 803, 818, 828–831, 844,845, 847, 861, 871, 873, 894, 905, 931, 954

Colorado Springs (Colorado), 668Columbia Glacier (Canada), 682Columbia University, 160, 295, 319, 355, 592, 828, 847Committee on education, 74Committee on temperance, 74Common Era (CE), 27, 31, 46, 47, 50, 68, 160, 199, 213, 233, 249,

336, 361, 713Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO), 529Communist Party, 229–231, 250, 715, 763, 776, 777Community Climate Model I (CCMI), 783Conch, 318Concrete, 27, 44, 113, 117, 164, 171, 195, 316, 336, 515, 539, 540,

572, 747, 756, 761, 817Conductivity, 118, 282, 408, 416Conference of Scientific Ocean Drilling, 640Congo, 518Constantinople, 880Continental congress, 62, 83Continental drift, 5, 102, 103, 107, 108, 149, 151, 160, 172, 268, 315,

316, 330, 336, 359, 711Continental shelf, 160, 166, 317, 384, 428, 429, 433, 508, 653, 678,

815, 934Continental slope, 166, 428, 697, 944Contrails, 257, 375, 384, 448, 455, 456, 484, 849, 850Convent of Minerva, 712Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science (CIMAS),

541, 642Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES),

469Copenhagen (Denmark), 136, 176, 276, 317, 325, 452, 694, 700Copenhagen interpretation, 293Copepods, 651, 660, 939Copper, 245, 288Coral, 45, 150, 196, 214, 321, 500, 517, 519, 540, 653, 654, 659, 662,

672, 673, 681, 682, 684, 812–814, 938, 939Coral Gables (Florida), 519Coral terrace, 321, 335, 336, 813Cordillera, 156, 323, 606, 639, 674, 703, 704Cordilleran Ice Sheet, 674Core, 6, 119, 150, 155, 160, 301, 306, 318, 319, 321–323, 325–328,

331–333, 335–337, 344, 348, 361, 362, 378–381, 383, 384,400–402, 409, 426, 430–433, 435, 454, 457, 491, 492, 494,503–505, 507–513, 526–528, 532, 535–537, 557, 572, 675, 693,694, 698–703, 705–709, 713, 732, 752, 808–811, 814, 816, 817,870, 890, 912, 913

Coriolis acceleration, 590, 591, 617, 640Coriolis Effect, 575, 581, 591, 592, 602, 608, 610, 633, 636, 680, 881,

886, 938Coriolis Force, 562, 575, 580–583, 585, 586, 588–592, 610, 617, 622,

636, 640, 679, 680, 697Coriolis Term, 566, 591Corn, 167, 250, 462, 463, 483, 484, 486, 503, 647, 743, 762, 795, 923Cornwall (England), 225Corona, 227, 306, 347, 348, 357, 363, 442Coronal mass ejection event, 348

972 Subject Index

Coronation Mass (Mozart), 186Corps de l?École, 576Corpuscles, 131, 132, 142, 204, 205, 213, 273, 297Correlation (geology), 150, 157, 333, 344–346, 361–364, 380, 431,

432, 613, 694, 698, 702, 705, 706Cosine (cos), 72, 208, 209, 583, 585, 588, 847Cosmic rays, 138, 160, 162, 179, 295, 347, 348, 351, 352, 354–365,

375, 391, 398, 432, 485, 699, 703Cosmos Club, 593Costa Rica, 626, 647Council of Basel, 173Council of Nicaea, 46Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), 795C3 plants, 463, 464, 483, 484, 486, 503, 646, 647, 782, 801, 807, 817,

913, 943C4 plants, 463, 464, 483, 484, 486, 500, 503, 646, 647, 782, 788, 801,

807, 817, 913Crassostrea virginica, 338Creationism, 301CRE1, 682CRE2, 682CRE3, 815CRE. See Catastrophic sea-level rise eventCreation, 45, 89, 93, 106, 107, 139, 145, 301, 359, 837, 950Creationism, 301Creationist School, 690, 818Crémant (sparkling wine), 519Cretaceous, 5–7, 86, 87, 94, 95, 98, 100, 104–109, 114, 141, 143, 145,

149–152, 154–156, 158, 161, 164, 171, 172, 174, 175, 214, 215,229–231, 250, 316, 317, 332–334, 336, 365, 372, 373, 377, 378,385, 386, 402, 481, 484, 487–489, 498–503, 505, 506, 508,636–639, 641, 662, 665, 681, 783, 787, 803, 807, 816, 817, 859,861–864, 906, 912, 940, 942

Cretaceous/tertiary boundary, 5, 86, 95, 114, 141, 175, 214, 316Crete, 379, 724Crimea, 15, 715, 752Crisis of Confidence, 570Critical point, 409, 410, 721Cro-Magnon, 164Cromwell Countercurrent, 622Cropland, 371, 723, 724, 759, 795, 914Croquet, 579Crust, 34, 40, 91, 95, 104, 158, 160, 163, 219, 295, 315, 319, 331, 379,

380, 400, 401, 429, 461, 494, 642, 674, 676, 679, 715Cryogenian, 373CSIRO. See Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchCue stick, 579Cumulonimbus (clouds), 377Cumulus (clouds), 376, 377, 382, 604, 605Cuneiform tablet, 29Curium, 290Cyclone, 41, 42, 50, 76, 382, 561, 607, 609, 610, 613, 615, 616, 618,

916, 929Cyrene (Libya), 60Czech National Museum, 215Czechoslovakia, 52, 113, 215, 228, 230, 231, 250, 251, 301, 386, 714,

715, 777, 778

DDa. See DaltonDade County Commissioners, 541Daging (China), 906Dali (China), 712Dallas Hall, 12Dallas (Texas), 4, 52, 53, 84, 86, 108, 111, 113, 195, 337, 355, 364

Dalton, 64, 119–122, 130, 132, 137, 142, 239, 345, 362, 389, 456Danian Stage, 214Dansgaard-Oeschger events, 699–702, 705, 809Danube River, 385Danzig, 821Dardanelles, 880Dark Ages, 29, 233, 249, 646, 710, 713, 808Das Rheingold, 53Dauphiné (France), 548DDR. See German Democratic RepublicDead Sea, 366, 673Dead Sea Rift Valley, 365Death Valley, 325, 326Decay constant, 78, 81, 82, 132Decibar, 418, 419Deciduous forest, 649Decimal, 28, 29, 35, 36, 38, 39, 60, 62, 79, 80, 83, 84, 133, 135, 657,

823, 849Deep Ocean Conveyor, 630Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), 6, 301, 316, 331, 335, 337, 399,

401, 402, 434, 435, 491, 503, 504, 538Deep water, 2, 151, 155, 156, 181, 190, 193, 194, 264, 321, 323, 327,

330, 331, 336, 412, 414, 415, 418, 488, 492, 506, 518, 623, 625,626, 628–633, 639, 640, 647, 653, 655–657, 660, 666, 673,695–698, 808, 809, 881, 896, 935, 938

Deep water formation, 162, 489, 629, 631, 696–699, 702–705, 708Deep water wave, 183, 204Deforestation, 515, 517, 536, 719, 720, 723–725, 746, 756, 846, 943Deglaciation, 105, 107, 141, 142, 155, 164, 165, 167, 171, 321, 325,

360, 380, 431, 503, 509, 510, 512, 601, 609, 648–651, 653, 654,662, 666, 674, 677, 679, 681, 683, 684, 693, 694, 699, 706, 712,811, 813, 815, 816, 886, 909, 910, 921, 940, 944

D18O, 318, 321, 324, 325, 328, 694, 699, 700, 702, 705, 808, 809, 811,813, 817

Dendroctonus ponderosae, 829Denmark Strait, 628, 696–698, 869Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW), 628Dense forests, 371, 717Density, 33, 62, 63, 166, 183, 192, 193, 227, 260, 261, 263, 306, 351,

352, 380, 396, 407, 408, 410, 412–414, 416–419, 425, 426, 429,439, 440, 443, 485, 486, 489, 502, 503, 529, 530, 533, 554, 555,557–559, 587, 597, 623–626, 628, 660, 674, 676, 681, 689, 696,880, 881, 925, 940

Dephlogisticated air, 390, 399Der Prozess (“The Trial”), 54Desert, 16, 43, 146, 150, 155, 168, 171, 257, 266, 318, 323, 333, 375,

381, 382, 384, 441, 461, 463, 477, 478, 500, 523, 599, 603, 604,634, 635, 689, 713, 721, 756, 757, 759, 834, 838, 911, 912,919–921, 942, 943, 948

Deuterium, 64, 135, 327, 328, 361, 432, 509, 536, 699, 700, 810Deuterium/Hydrogen (DH) ratio, 327, 328, 700Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, 776Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), 677Deutsche Forschungs Gemeinschaft, 803Devil's Hole (Nevada), 337Devon, 98Devonian, 96, 104, 105, 107, 108, 139, 141, 154, 277, 468, 500, 501DH. See Deuterium/HydrogenDial thermometer, 823Diameter, 36, 67, 70, 73, 183, 184, 189, 202, 244, 277, 282, 283, 318,

331, 374, 447, 539, 557, 564, 566, 583, 586, 629, 743, 765Diamictites, 150Diatom, 283, 296, 446, 652Dieback, 883, 943Die Götterdämmerung, 53Die Walkürie, 53

Subject Index 973

Differential calculus, 31, 32, 78, 557Diffraction, 199, 207, 209, 212–214, 227, 689Diffuse reflection, 199Dilation (time), 284Dimming, 375, 385, 455, 781, 824, 826, 827, 850Dinoflagellates, 662Dipolarity, 393Dipolar molecule, 374, 406Dipoles, 209, 446Direct Radiative Forcing (DRF), 449Discoasters, 144Dispersion (of light), 204Displacement rule, 136, 139Distilleries, 108, 406, 539District of Columbia, 771, 837Division for Climate Change Research, State Hydrological Institute,

Leningrad, 1Division of Biology and Living Resources (RSMAS), 473Division of Marine Geology and Geophysics (RSMAS), 6, 302D Layer, 444DNA, 293, 466, 472, 949, 950Dnieper River, 880Doherty Marine Science Center (RSMAS), 475Dollar, 62, 117, 127, 473, 618, 753, 818Domains (magnetic), 209Dome C, 510, 511, 513, 535, 536, 706, 707Dome on the Cathedral in Florence, Italy, 540Don Giovanni, 55, 775Don River, 880Don the Beachcomber’s (Chicago), 386Doomsday, 51, 80, 501Doppler Effect, 187, 396, 398Doppler Radar, 615Dorothy H and Lewis S Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric,

520Double refraction, 203–205, 209, 213Dove-Hadley theory, 562Dover (England), 93, 98, 497, 503Drake Passage, 436, 842, 895Drayton (Shropshire, England), 238Drei-Brüder-Schacht (mine, Germany), 566Dresden (Germany), 215Drilling, Observation and Sampling of the Earth’s Continental Crust

(DOSECC), 642Dropstone, 150, 373Dryas, 693, 694, 697–699, 701, 702, 706, 707, 808Dryas octopetalia, 166Dry Valley (Antarctica), 425, 815DSDP. See Deep Sea Drilling ProjectDublin (Ireland), 118Dubnium, 290Dulong-Petit law, 244Dumont d'Urville (Antarctic station), 608Dundee (Scotland), 11Dunes, 150, 722Dupont Circle (Washington, D.C.), 593Durham (England), 140, 158, 315Dust, 3, 257, 258, 264, 312, 333, 344, 361, 362, 369, 374, 381–385,

396, 432, 448, 449, 491, 507, 565, 664, 665, 721, 758, 781, 828,919, 920, 949

Dust Devil, 586DV Caldrill (Ship), 401DV Submarex (Ship), 401Dysprosium, 289

EEagle Plume, Charles, 667, 668EAIS. See East Antarctic Ice SheetEarly Eocene Climatic Optimum, 156Earth-Moon system, 277Earthquake, 5, 39–41, 50, 51, 111, 112, 160, 163, 173, 181–184, 193,

219, 316, 336, 529, 743, 759, 800, 814, 817, 9061906 earthquake, 316Earthquake scale, 39, 50, 51, 77Earthshine, 369East African Rift Valley, 415, 673East Antarctica, 411, 428, 508–511, 732, 887, 894, 899, 900, 903East Antarctic Ice Sheet, 885, 894, 899, 903, 934East Berlin, 157, 195, 777Easter, 47, 50Easterly (wind), 599, 603, 605, 621, 622, 636, 639, 640East Germany, 7, 53, 157East Greenland Current, 698, 809, 869, 876, 879, 882, 886East Texas oilfields, 13Eaux-vives, 539Ecclesiastical Calendar, 47Ecclesiastical Full Moon, 47Ecclesiastical Month, 47Ecclesiastical New Moon, 47Echinoderms, 659, 660Eclipse, 130, 133, 142, 202, 220, 227, 306, 330, 347, 351, 557, 712,

823Ecliptic, 310, 311, 671ECOD. See European Science Foundation Consortium for

OceanDrillingÉcole des Mines (Paris), 208École des Ponts et Chaussees (Paris), 576École Polytechnique (Paris), 120, 242, 575, 576EDGAR, 52, 435, 436, 457, 536Ediacaran, 373Edinburgh (Scotland), 11, 90, 91, 107, 108, 136, 140, 312, 315, 322,

452Eemian, 324, 510, 701, 702, 807–811, 813, 814, 816, 872, 885, 889,

924Eem River, 808Egypt, 12, 28, 36, 43, 48, 49, 70, 144, 208, 310, 366, 718, 723, 724,

732, 773, 808Egyptian, 28, 29, 43, 48–50, 60, 106, 310, 359, 543, 544, 713, 723, 743Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH), 85Eifel, 498Eiffel Tower (Paris), 351, 352, 364Eilat (Israel), 366Einsteinium, 290Eirík Rauði, 867, 899 See also Eric the RedEismitte (Greenland), 102, 107, 430, 433EJ. See ExajoulesEkman transport, 621, 633El Abra limestone (Mexico), 87E Layer, 444Electric, 65, 127, 128, 135, 170, 194, 210, 211, 214, 253, 255, 275,

394, 395, 398, 408, 426, 444, 762, 771, 772, 906Electrical charge discrepancy, 656, 657Electrode, 222–224, 275, 296, 297Electromagnetic wave, 66, 209–211, 213, 219, 221, 223–225, 227, 244,

248, 274, 275, 351, 369, 394, 395, 444Electron, 6, 39, 63–65, 121–123, 131, 132, 135–138, 142, 158, 159,

209, 225, 238, 273, 275–288, 291, 294, 295, 297, 298, 300–302,305, 306, 347–352, 355, 358, 391, 393–396, 398, 406, 442–444,456, 488, 652, 754, 765, 766

974 Subject Index

Electronic transitions, 280, 281, 295–297, 394, 396Electron volt, 65, 238, 280, 281, 354, 358Elkhorn coral, 654, 813Ellipticity, 162, 260, 309–312, 335, 663El Mulato (Mexico), 109, 110El Niño, 385, 633–636, 640, 679, 680, 704, 708, 709, 851, 857, 911,

938, 948El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 704Embassy Row (Washington, D.C.), 593Emiliania huxleyi, 6, 144, 651, 652, 659, 662, 816, 940Emission spectrum, 220, 221, 223, 227, 277–279Emissivity, 241Emperor Seamount Train, 493Energy

chemical, 65, 238, 461, 717, 954electric, 65kinetic, 65, 66, 183, 264, 295, 297, 357, 359, 373, 377, 391, 392,

396, 398, 442, 456, 481, 576, 577, 579, 592, 598, 604, 616, 639latent, 65, 238magnetic, 65, 255, 369, 447mechanical, 65potential, 65, 183, 238, 579, 598, 604, 616, 639

Energy balance, 149, 235, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 257, 268, 306, 394,599, 615, 783, 849

England, 15, 43, 48, 59, 60, 64, 86, 93, 95, 96, 98, 108, 119, 124, 125,129, 133, 135, 139, 140, 150, 158, 179, 220, 225, 227, 228, 240,249, 269, 300, 321, 330, 335, 344, 379, 384, 389, 450, 547, 553,555, 561, 575, 649, 651, 653, 690, 727–729, 740, 743, 744, 747,756, 760, 777, 821, 823, 824, 833, 846–848, 855, 857, 858, 868,890, 915

English Pub, 302English system, 27, 60En gréve, 340ENSO: EL Niño/Southern Oscillation, 633, 704, 938, 948Entropy, 33, 63, 187, 237, 239, 245, 248, 273, 351, 391Environmental Protection Agency, 251Eocene Climatic Optimum, 157EPICA. See European Consortium for Ice Coring in AntarcticaEPICA Dome core, 427Epidemic, 379, 650, 721, 730, 732, 743, 750, 763, 767–769, 772, 774,

782, 786, 795, 818Epitaxial growth, 659Equation of State, 416, 417, 433Equator, 43, 45, 46, 48, 60, 61, 63, 68–70, 72, 73, 75, 100, 102, 151,

156, 212, 254, 306–309, 348, 362, 371–373, 377, 378, 432, 433,478, 505, 526, 527, 533, 559, 560, 562, 563, 564, 575, 583, 585,587, 597, 598, 602, 604, 605, 608, 611, 616, 621, 622, 626,632–634, 636–640, 665, 675, 679, 680, 683, 697, 705, 709, 711,783, 834, 846–850, 852–854, 938, 941, 946

Equatorial Countercurrent, 622Equatorial Current, 621, 622, 626, 633, 636, 842Equidistant cylindrical projection, 70Equilibrium Vegetation Ecology model (EVE), 484Equinoctial year, 43Equinox, 43, 45–49, 306, 308, 310, 362, 420, 433, 626Equipotential surface, 674, 675Equirectangular projection, 70, 71Era, 16, 27, 32, 68, 96, 105, 113, 143, 219, 301, 312, 373, 386, 454,

502, 512, 517, 718, 719, 736, 739, 775, 825, 872Era of smog, 850Erbium, 289Eric the Red (Eirík Rauði), 867Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 803Error, 2, 9, 28, 30, 47, 60, 158, 159, 202, 212, 230, 259, 357, 380, 512,

557, 561, 586, 588, 645, 712, 793, 834, 846, 870, 883Escapement, 49, 188, 583

Escape velocity, 347, 348, 439, 552Eskimos, 867Estes Park (Colorado), 86, 667–669Estonia, 626, 777Estuarine circulation, 626Estuary, 167, 338, 653, 880ETH. See Eidgenossische Technische HochschuleEuler number, 80, 81Eulerstrasse (Basel, Switzerland), 79, 173Euphrates River, 29, 543Eureka, 78, 162, 209, 223Europa (moon of Jupiter), 257, 410Europe, 5, 6, 15, 16, 19, 22, 28, 29, 47, 49–55, 57, 59, 61, 67, 70,

83–85, 93, 95, 98–100, 104, 114, 143, 144, 146, 149, 151, 154,155, 157, 162, 163, 168, 172–174, 176, 186, 188, 194, 215, 216,225, 231, 233–235, 249, 269, 278, 300, 307, 313, 315, 317, 323,329, 330, 351, 359, 360, 366, 372, 379, 380, 383, 386, 394, 430,451, 452, 465, 469, 484, 491, 499, 500, 503, 505, 517, 520, 539,559, 564, 575, 577, 615, 636, 642, 647, 649, 677, 679, 680, 693,694, 698, 699, 701, 706, 708, 713, 715, 719, 725, 726, 730,732–739, 741, 743, 744–746, 750–752, 755, 756, 762–764, 768,769, 771–777, 782, 784–786, 792, 800, 802, 803, 808–810, 813,816, 818, 819, 821, 824, 831, 833, 846, 857, 867, 869, 875, 882,883, 889, 906, 914, 916, 926, 930, 935, 953, 954

European Consortium for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), 427, 510,706, 707

European Consortium for Ocean Drilling (ECOD), 505European Science Foundation, 641European Space Agency, 364, 536, 902European Union, 797, 801, 802Europium, 289Euxinic, 666eV. See Electron voltEvaporation, 43, 135, 140, 149, 156, 266, 325, 326, 333, 377, 390, 406,

412, 416, 432, 463, 471, 481, 485, 489, 625, 626, 640, 666, 671,681, 686, 697, 704, 756–759, 788, 863, 880, 912, 914, 943

Evaporation-precipitation balance, 681Evaporite, 150, 416, 488EVE. See Equilibrium Vegetation Ecology ModelEvelyn and Her Magic Violin, 520Exajoules (EJ), 794Excitation, 127, 295, 296, 396, 398, 448, 456Excited (state), 127, 136, 277, 295–297, 306, 391, 398, 402, 645Exclusion principle, 285–287, 298Executive Committee (JOIDES), 401, 402, 434–437, 505, 714Exobase, 442Exosphere, 442, 443, 456Exponent, 6, 35, 37, 38, 49, 80, 286, 354, 411Exponential decay, 81, 82, 105, 131Exponential growth, 78, 80, 81, 449, 468, 786, 954Extinction, 5, 82, 95, 104–106, 108, 114, 163, 164, 214, 260, 316, 350,

415, 449, 500, 503, 649, 650, 666, 786, 817Exxon Production Research Corporation, 619Eyjafjallajökull (Ice Sheet, Iceland), 380, 381

FFaculae, 343, 363Faeroe Islands, 695, 696Fahrenheit (temperature scale), 821, 822Faint Young Sun Paradox, 305Falcon, 11Falcon Stone, 11Fall (season), 4, 11, 47, 145, 156, 158, 307–309, 411, 414, 419,

424–426, 428, 523Falmouth (Massachusetts), 621

Subject Index 975

Famine, 80, 379, 449, 608, 733, 737, 763, 784, 786, 824, 906Fantasia, 8, 172, 667Farthing, 60Fasching, 56, 520Fasnacht, 173Fathom, 59, 61, 190, 816Faxe (Denmark), 214FBI, 231, 251, 386Fecal pellets, 660, 939, 940Feedback, 9, 164, 170, 260, 263, 315, 319, 329, 361, 371, 378, 383,

385, 433, 478, 480, 485, 503, 532, 663, 683, 705, 814, 815, 873,875, 940, 948, 949

Feldspar, 35, 158, 491, 494, 495Felix’s Oyster Bar, 497Fens, 567, 693Fermium, 290Ferns, 93, 95, 155, 505Ferrel cell, 602, 605, 616, 911Film music, 24, 214Fimbul Ice Shelf, 895, 900Finland, 2, 100, 456, 641, 685, 706, 708, 752, 813, 815, 839Fire air, 390, 399Firn, 426, 431, 537Firth of Tay, 11Fir (tree), 649Fiskeler, 214Fission, 161, 162, 292, 295Fission track dating, 161, 295Fixed air, 390, 399Flared gas, 516Flinders Mountains, 373Flint, 565Florence (Italy), 152, 224, 249, 712Florida Keys, 194, 321, 813, 840Florida reef tract, 653Florida Strait, 196, 623Floyd (Hurricane), 613Fluoresce, 127Fluorescence, 126–128Fluorine, 283, 288Fluorocarbons, 269, 469, 470, 473, 535, 537, 538, 699, 788, 900, 935Flux rate, 464FM radio, 225, 226Foam, 42, 518Föhn, 426Foot, 37, 41, 43, 48, 59–61, 67, 70, 73, 110, 112, 119, 180, 181, 183,

184, 187–189, 199, 201, 207, 212, 225, 240, 257, 302, 306, 318,350, 357, 366, 375, 379, 389, 397, 400, 410, 418, 435, 453, 457,468, 532, 539, 541, 557, 654, 658, 666, 673, 813–816, 822, 825,846, 847

Foraminifera (Foram), 84, 86, 87, 94, 95, 107, 109, 114, 143–145, 157,173, 301, 316, 318, 319, 321–324, 327, 333, 335, 337, 402, 434,491, 492, 495, 497, 498, 501, 502, 505, 637, 652, 694, 782, 783,801, 808, 816

Foraminiferal ooze, 659Force, 23, 33, 41, 62, 63, 65, 75–78, 84, 90, 95, 102, 113, 136, 163,

168, 180, 181, 190, 210, 214, 230, 237, 238, 245, 250, 258, 276,294, 298, 319, 354, 362, 364, 392, 399, 406, 411, 425, 440, 445,549, 552, 557–560, 562, 565, 568, 575–577, 579–583, 585,587–592, 604, 606, 610, 611, 617, 618, 621, 623, 625, 636, 640,645, 675, 678, 679, 704, 705, 752, 772, 776, 783, 880, 882, 929

Forces vives (kinetic energy), 576, 577Forests, 4, 15, 16, 95, 106, 145, 167, 173, 233, 257, 265, 312, 316, 325,

371, 384, 449, 450, 483, 484, 515, 517–519, 535, 543, 616, 636,648–651, 653, 667, 713, 717, 719, 722, 724, 734, 756, 773, 775,

781, 782, 788, 791, 795, 796, 802, 807, 816, 828, 829, 831, 883,887, 906, 912, 954

Foucault pendulum, 583Founding of Rome, 46Fracture zone, 163Fram (Ship), 695Fram Strait, 695, 696, 816, 876, 879, 886France, 47, 48, 51, 55, 60, 61, 64, 66, 70, 86, 91, 96, 125, 143–146,

164, 172, 173, 176, 193, 194, 201, 204, 209, 214, 220, 227, 231,236, 323, 328, 332, 337, 338, 340, 386, 389, 426, 436, 448, 450,457, 519, 539, 547, 548, 555, 575–577, 580, 628, 640, 686, 693,724, 727, 729, 734–736, 738–740, 750, 754, 755, 772, 773,801–803, 815, 833, 834, 847, 848

Francium, 222, 283, 289Frankfurt/Main (Germany), 415Franziskaner Weissbier, 228Fraunhofer lines, 220Franz Josef Land, 423, 869Freemasons, 822Freezing point, 62, 66, 67, 171, 239, 257, 265, 305, 375, 376, 406, 408,

410, 413–417, 425, 426, 485, 487, 530, 531, 623, 625, 696, 705,821, 822, 886, 899

Freiberg (Saxony, Germany), 566French Quarter (New Orleans), 497French Revolution, 48, 62, 84, 91, 92, 106, 120, 234, 824, 847Fresh Snow, 257, 371, 426Freshwater balance, 625, 626Fresnel, Augustin–Jean, 209, 214Fresnel lens, 209Fresnel zones, 209Friedrichstrasse (Berlin, Germany), 195Friedrich Wilhelm University, 241Frigoric, 235Front, 37, 53, 54, 75, 78, 112, 131, 135, 137, 144, 181, 184, 185, 203,

204, 216, 330, 373, 426, 444, 453, 505, 540, 541, 567, 622, 637,640, 649, 667, 676, 682, 701, 736, 787, 828, 831, 840, 861, 870,896

Front Range, 426, 478Frost, 266, 379, 421, 912Fructose, 462Fugere, 75Fujita-Pearson scale, 42Fujita scale, 615Fungi, 468, 473, 500Fusion, 134, 138, 244, 305, 306, 349, 350, 364, 406, 407, 424

GGadolinium, 289Gaia (hypothesis), 467, 468, 646, 667Gallium, 158, 288Gamma ray, 131, 142, 211, 354, 358Ganges Delta, 678, 751Gas hydrate, 538, 701, 943Gaststätte Fraunhofer (Munich, Germany), 228Gas sylvestre, 389, 399Gateshead (England), 139Gaul, 59Gaussian distribution, 243Geissler tube, 222GENESIS (Computer program), 783GEOCARB III, 501, 502Geocentrism, 546, 547Geocorona, 442Geoid, 675, 677, 680

976 Subject Index

Geological Society (London), 96, 107, 139Geological Society of America, 104, 160, 161, 501, 684, 688Geological Survey of Canada, 270Geological time scale, 95, 141GEOMAR, 7, 11, 152, 500, 502, 504, 505, 531, 696, 802, 803, 869,

926George V Ice Shelf, 895Georgia (Asia), 184Georgia (US), 613GEOSECS (Geochemical Sections), 629, 632Geothermal gradient, 531Geothermal heat flux, 67, 119, 428, 705, 899Gephyrocapsa protohuxleyi, 651GERM, 152, 750, 757German Democratic Republic (DDR), 157German Hydrographic Office, 705Germanium, 288Germany, 5, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21–23, 32, 52, 55, 56, 102, 107, 121,

124, 125, 127, 135, 136, 157, 161, 172, 173, 175, 205, 210, 212,223, 230, 240, 269, 273, 295, 315, 334, 344, 352, 362, 386, 415,426, 436, 457, 469, 484, 498, 504, 505, 564, 565, 568, 569, 642,677, 714, 724, 725, 732, 740, 746, 751, 754, 768, 775–777, 802,803, 813, 823, 824, 831, 832, 848, 883, 905, 926

Gerolstein, 498Gestapo Headquarters, 54Getz Ice Shelf, 895Giant sloth, 649Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea (GIN Sea), 628, 630, 632, 647,

695–698, 701, 703–706, 708, 709, 809, 816Gironde Estuary, 145, 688GISP 2, 378, 431, 433, 699, 700, 705GISS, see Goddard Institute for Space ScienceGiza (Egypt), 36, 708Gjøa (Ship), 869, 905Glace Bay, 225Glacial, 99, 102, 105, 107, 141, 149–152, 157, 164–171, 192, 270, 312,

313, 315, 316, 319–324, 327–330, 333–335, 337, 343, 359, 372,373, 380, 382–385, 398, 428, 429, 433, 488, 497, 500, 508–510,513, 515, 526, 527, 532, 535, 536, 538, 601, 609, 626, 649, 663,664, 672–674, 676–679, 681, 682, 684, 687, 693, 694, 698, 700,701, 703–706, 712, 718, 721, 734, 787, 793, 803, 807, 808, 810,811, 814, 815, 882, 886, 894, 900, 909, 910, 912, 913, 929, 930,934, 935

Glacier, 99, 104, 107, 164, 165, 168, 172, 240, 260, 316, 323, 324, 373,380, 382–384, 402, 422, 424, 427, 428, 504, 663, 664, 674, 682,683, 688, 694, 699, 706, 880, 885, 886, 888, 889, 892, 894, 896,899, 900, 903, 905, 911, 912, 923, 924, 933, 949

Glasgow (Scotland), 118, 132, 133, 136, 219, 236, 312, 313, 390, 405,406, 433, 655

Glasgow University, 236, 405, 433Glasnost, 776Gleissberg cycle, 346Glenkinchie (Distillery, Scotland), 108Global dimming, 375, 385, 452, 454–456, 781, 824, 826, 827, 850Global Marine Corporation, 401Global Marine Development, Inc., 594Global positioning system, 69Global temperature, 16, 20, 21, 155, 164, 166, 168, 369, 373, 378, 379,

384, 455, 626, 648, 650, 666, 681, 765, 781, 793, 800, 801, 810,817, 824–826, 846, 848, 849, 851, 855, 857, 910–914, 924, 944,947

Global warming, 3–5, 10, 11, 20, 101, 105, 150, 156, 168, 251, 253,263, 264, 291, 319, 346, 361, 362, 375, 385, 418, 425, 439, 451,454, 466, 469, 497, 508, 517, 518, 528, 532, 647, 712, 713, 765,

767, 781, 787, 792, 825, 839, 849, 853, 867, 883, 899, 910, 912,915, 929, 930, 948, 949, 953–955

Global warming denier, 83Global warming skeptic, 83Global weirding, 3, 4, 11, 854Globigerina, 498, 652, 659Globigerina ooze, 498Globigerinoides sacculifer, 319Globorotalia aequa, 783GLOMAR Challenger (Ship), 332, 336, 402, 491GLOMAR Explorer (Ship), 713, 714Glühwein, 833Gnomon, 48, 49Gobi Desert, 265Goddard Institute for Space Science (GISS), 845Gold, 37, 135, 289, 905, 923Goldberg variations, 84Golden Gate Bridge, 352, 353, 400Golden Rule, 240Gold foil experiment, 135, 276, 298Golf, 575, 579, 591Gondwana, 102, 330, 500, 519Good Bye Lenin, 777Gordon’s Gin, 859GPS, see Global Positioning SystemGräfelfing (Germany), 52Grímsvötn (volcano, Iceland), 380Grain, 38, 59, 60, 162, 181, 184, 228, 265, 295, 299, 305, 361, 374,

381, 420, 484, 487, 495, 531, 648, 660, 663, 664, 718, 773, 795,911

Grand Canyon, 593Grandes Boulevards (Paris, France), 339Grand Pile (France), 693Granite, 2, 167, 673, 674, 677, 715Graph, 78, 83, 156, 246, 452, 708Grassland, 16, 167, 171, 371, 384, 449, 483, 517, 713, 795, 868, 883,

887, 948, 949Gravitational constant, 552, 554, 555, 557, 559Gravity wave, 181Great Barrier Reef, 653Great Conveyor, 626, 628, 630, 631, 639, 640, 647, 695, 698, 699, 701,

703–705, 948Great Depression, 22, 345, 364, 757, 906Great Dying, 105Great Failed Experiment, 213Great Famine (China), 784Great Famine of Ireland, 824Great Lakes, 167, 301, 312, 325, 414, 416, 425, 673, 767Great Ocean Conveyor, 628, 713Great October Socialist Revolution, 47Great Oxygenation Event, 468, 473Great Pyramids of Giza, 708Great Recession (), 782, 792Great Salinity Anomaly, 698, 699Great Wild Goose Chase, 870Grebenka River, 484, 861Greece, 47, 106, 175, 378, 384, 719, 724, 773, 802Greek, 28, 29, 49, 51, 60, 63, 71, 73, 74, 81, 82, 89, 93, 119, 131, 136,

154, 174, 175, 180, 183, 186, 199, 221, 233, 236, 307, 310, 379,390, 442, 457, 503, 530, 544–546, 553, 577, 637, 689, 724, 727,732, 750

Green crops, 371Greenhouse, 2, 4, 11, 105, 117, 136, 152–155, 169–172, 211, 235, 236,

244–246, 253, 257, 258, 291, 296, 305, 306, 343, 375, 377, 384,

Subject Index 977

395, 412, 422, 432, 433, 444–447, 455, 478, 480, 482, 485, 486,489, 492, 496, 497, 500, 503, 513, 523, 525, 526, 528, 535–538,609, 647, 649, 662–667, 710, 717, 718, 782, 783, 787, 801, 817,824, 825, 827, 853, 854, 856, 861, 863, 867, 872, 875, 882, 883,909, 912, 924, 929, 946, 948

Greenhouse gas, 1, 117, 136, 152, 153, 156, 159, 168–170, 179, 213,227, 240, 241, 243–245, 248, 249, 253–255, 257, 260, 263, 264,278, 296, 305–307, 327, 333, 335, 343, 362, 369, 372, 373, 384,385, 390, 393, 398, 412, 432, 433, 442, 445–448, 451, 452, 455,456, 461, 466, 470–472, 477, 479–482, 486, 489, 494, 496, 498,500, 512, 519, 523, 525, 526, 532, 533, 535, 537, 538, 657, 682,701, 708, 717, 718, 782–784, 787, 788, 790–795, 797, 800, 801,825, 850, 851, 854, 856, 861, 863, 864, 867, 883, 903, 909, 910,912, 943, 944, 953

Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP), 431, 808–810Greenland Ice project. see GRIPGreenland Ice Sheet, 423, 425, 429, 431, 674, 688, 809, 813–815, 878,

885, 886, 888–891, 894, 948Greenland-Scotland Ridge, 628, 632, 695, 701, 703, 704Greenwich (England), 48, 823Gregorian Calendar, 43, 47, 49, 50, 160, 553Greifswald (Germany), 7, 11, 157GRIP2, 431GRIP Summit, 694, 700, 702Grizabella, 226Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 795Gross World Product (GWP), 791, 795, 797Ground state, 277, 278, 280, 285, 286, 394Ground water, 260, 411, 478Gubbio (Itlay), 175Guilin (China), 497Guinea, 4, 60, 62, 372, 719, 767, 813Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 593Gulf Coastal Plain, 316, 428Gulf Coast (US), 195, 325, 418, 428, 434, 436, 585, 677Gulf of Aqaba (or Gulf of Eilat), 366, 495Gulf of Finland, 2, 685, 839Gulf of Mexico, 110, 167, 183, 401, 402, 428, 434, 488, 491, 608, 613,

618, 621, 636, 649, 678, 840, 861, 916, 939Gulf Stream, 302, 318, 621, 622, 637, 650, 823, 839, 840Gulf Universities Research Consortium (GURC), 593Güstrow (Germany), 802Guyot, 160GWP, see Gross World ProductGyre, 42, 599, 610, 621–626, 632, 633, 639, 640, 696, 869Gyre water, 632

HH2S, 414, 415, 666Hadean, 96, 108Hadley cell, 601, 602, 604, 616, 626, 638, 639, 704, 921, 941Hadley Centre, 824, 845, 846, 858Hafnium, 289Haiti, 40, 41, 51, 766Hale cycle, 346Half-life, 81, 82, 131, 159, 162, 325–327, 359, 361, 363, 398, 629, 699Halle an der Saale (DDR) , 776Halliburton, 401Hallstadt cycle, 346Halogens, 283, 470, 471Hamburg (Germany), 53, 215, 286, 705Hannover (Germany), 301Haq curves, 686Harbin (China), 650

Harmonic oscillator, 245, 248, 274, 392Harrison, Abramovitz and Kingsland, 541Harvard University, 99, 132, 327, 337, 514Hassium, 290Haus der (deutschen) Kunst, 54, 56Hawaii, 191, 379, 400, 457, 473, 492, 493, 514, 668, 770, 813, 841,

842Hawk Stone, 11Heat of fusion, 66, 67, 406, 424Heat of sublimation, 67, 407, 410, 426Heat of vaporization, 66, 67, 406, 433, 481Haline, Euxinic, Acidic, Thermal, Transgression (HEATT), 666Heaviside layer, 225, 226, 228Heavy water, 135, 826Hebrew calendar, 45Hebrew University, 6, 10, 362, 366, 495, 496Hectare, 67, 650, 733, 795Hectopascals, 37, 243, 441, 590, 680Heidelberg (Germany), 241, 315Heinrich events, 699, 705, 815Heliocentrism, 544, 547, 711, 712Helium, 63, 124, 130, 132–134, 138, 142, 162, 220, 221, 227, 228,

244, 282, 283, 286, 288, 294, 298, 305, 306, 326, 348–350, 352,356, 357, 363, 391, 427, 441, 442, 456

Hendrix Gin, 38Herculaneum (Italy), 379Hermatypic corals, 653, 659Hertz, 180, 187, 188, 193, 210, 211, 223, 224, 226–228, 274, 275, 280,

296, 297Hertzian wave, 225, 228Hesperium, 294Hiatus reconciled, 798, 799Highland Park Methodist Church, 12Himalaya, 156, 162, 384, 424, 499, 526, 608, 637, 674, 679Hindcast, 329Hindu calendar, 45Hiroshima (Japan), 650HMS Challenger (Ship), 402Hoarfrost, 421Hockey stick, 708–713HOH, 405, 406, 408–412, 420, 421, 425, 427, 433, 446Hohenpeissenberg (Germany), 831–833Hollywood, 87, 453Holmium, 289Holocene, 154, 165, 167, 168, 171, 359, 380, 384, 431, 513, 601, 604,

679, 683, 693, 694, 698, 701, 703, 706, 709, 713, 718, 727, 734,775, 808–811, 814, 910, 912, 913, 924

Holocene Climatic Optimum, 706Holomictic, 414Homestake Mine, 350Horsepower, 62, 63Hotel de la Cité (Carcasonne, France), 147Hotel Splendid (Bordeaux, France), 147Hotel Taninul (Mexico), 110Hothouse, 153, 154, 172, 662, 665, 666, 864House Committee on Science and Technology, 619Huascarán (Peru), 706, 707Huaynaputina (volcano, Peru), 378Hudson Bay, 15, 166, 325, 424, 469, 649, 677, 679, 705, 881, 885Hudson Strait, 705, 815Human acceleration of natural process rate, 163Humanism, 173Human population, 39, 78–81, 106, 250, 445, 449, 517, 518, 647, 683,

719, 732–735, 737, 743, 752, 757, 762, 763, 773, 782, 784–786,789, 791, 795, 807, 929, 940, 949, 951, 953–955

978 Subject Index

Humboldt Current, 633, 634Humboldt University, 157, 195, 241Humidity, 4, 187, 189, 191, 193, 227, 373, 478, 592, 717, 781, 832,

912, 947Hungary, 295, 751, 776, 777, 803Huon Peninsula, 813, 814Hurricane, 42, 50, 162, 176, 183, 225, 264, 377, 382, 385, 538, 560,

610–613, 616, 618, 619, 680, 841, 905, 911, 915, 916, 924, 925,927, 929, 949

Hurricane Floyd, 613Hurricane Irene, 613, 615Hurricane Katrina, 183, 613, 614, 841, 916, 925, 929Hurricane Sandy, 613, 616, 878Hyde Park (London, UK), 379Hydraulic piston corer, 331, 337Hydrogen, 63, 64, 66, 119–121, 123, 124, 133–137, 142, 162, 172,

221–223, 227, 234, 240, 244, 276–282, 284–286, 288, 291, 297,298, 305, 306, 327, 328, 347–349, 356, 357, 361, 391, 405, 406,415, 425, 432, 433, 442, 446, 456, 461, 465, 466, 485, 495, 509,525, 530, 532, 536, 560, 664, 666, 699, 700, 810

Hydrogen ion, 39, 253, 347, 655, 656, 660, 661Hydrologic cycle, 411, 477, 482, 483, 625, 718Hydrosphere, 15, 21, 149, 260, 645, 717Hypoxic water, 663Hypsithermal, 321

II, see InertiaIberian margin, 697Ic, 410, 420Ice, 2–4, 6, 15, 21, 65–67, 83, 95, 98–100, 102, 106, 108, 119, 128,

135, 149, 150, 152, 154–156, 163–171, 239, 254, 257, 260, 261,265, 276, 306, 312, 313, 315, 316, 318–329, 333, 335–337, 343,348, 361, 362, 370–373, 376–380, 383, 384, 398, 402, 405–411,413, 414, 417, 419–433, 441, 446, 447, 454, 477, 478, 480,485–487, 489, 491, 494, 497–499, 503–513, 519, 526–532, 535,536, 539, 543, 567, 568, 601, 604, 609, 613, 616, 625, 626,637–640, 645, 648–650, 662, 664, 672–674, 676–679, 682–684,686–688, 693–701, 703–707, 709, 713, 717, 718, 721, 732–741,744, 750, 773–775, 800, 803, 808–811, 813–817, 822, 859, 864,867–878, 880–883, 885–894, 896, 897, 899, 900, 902–905,911–913, 915, 921, 924, 929, 930, 932, 934, 935, 941, 943,946–949, 953

Ice age, 15, 45, 99, 107, 119, 149–152, 154, 157, 167, 171, 172, 253,309, 312, 314, 316, 319, 322, 323, 327, 329, 335–337, 343, 344,361, 363, 454, 482, 486, 510, 518, 532, 543, 706, 708, 709, 713,721, 733–741, 744, 750, 773–775, 781, 824, 826, 833, 834, 849,855, 872, 915

Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery, 337Icebergs, 99, 150, 345, 373, 429, 682, 683, 698, 699, 705, 706, 713,

815, 816, 889, 900–902, 933Ice cap, 100, 107, 277, 315, 323, 325, 327, 423, 424, 430, 567, 601,

640, 679, 688, 699, 706, 807, 853, 867, 885, 889, 902, 905, 924,949

Ice factory (Lena River shelf), 425, 426Icehouse, 152–155, 169, 171, 172, 422, 662–667, 718, 909Ice IC, 420Ice Ih, 420–422, 427Iceland, 161, 165, 203, 213, 307, 324, 325, 378, 380, 401, 423, 491,

492, 626, 628, 636, 641, 674, 695–698, 701, 867–869, 879, 881,882, 885, 899, 905, 932, 938

Iceland-Faeroes Channel, 697Iceland high, 938Iceland-Scotland Ridge, 696–698, 701Iceland spar, 203, 204, 208, 209, 213, 227, 657

Ice rings, 413–415Ice sheet, 3, 100, 105, 106, 108, 118, 149, 151, 154–156, 165–168,

260, 265, 309, 312, 313, 315, 319, 321–324, 327–329, 331,333–335, 371–373, 380, 382, 384, 411, 423–425, 427–429, 431,509, 518, 519, 639, 642, 647–649, 671–679, 681, 683, 685, 686,688, 693, 694, 697, 698, 703–705, 718, 808, 810, 814, 815, 861,868, 882, 885, 886, 889, 892–894, 900, 902, 903, 924, 934, 946,948

Ice shelf, 423, 424, 429, 433, 814, 815, 885, 894–896, 898–901Ides, 46, 50Ides of March, 46IGCP, 906Ih, 410, 420–422, 427Il Trovatore, 23ILLIAC, 782, 801Illinoisan (glaciation), 312Illumination, 146, 220, 227, 296, 394, 483IMO, see International Meteorological OrganizationImperial College (London), 139, 160Imperial system, 27Inch, 6, 19, 59, 61, 67, 77, 111, 135, 163, 187, 189, 374, 397, 409, 425,

564, 672, 681, 682, 815, 816, 822Incident ray, 200, 208India, 28, 29, 100, 102, 149, 151, 155, 156, 171, 172, 213, 330, 500,

607–609, 613, 637, 678, 723–726, 746, 750, 774, 782Indiana, 73, 83, 312, 649, 676Indian Ocean, 163, 164, 183, 193, 322, 323, 325, 428, 526, 610, 613,

616, 621, 622, 626, 628, 632, 640, 673, 675, 681, 829, 894, 900,916

Indian Summer Monsoon, 608, 948Indirect Radiative Forcing (IRF), 449Indium, 289Indonesia, 86, 174, 378, 379, 385, 528, 675, 678, 709, 733, 734, 746,

786, 824, 851Industrial Revolution, 78, 80, 83, 98, 119, 130, 142, 164, 168, 172,

236, 248, 359, 364, 375, 377, 405, 433, 446, 449, 450, 452, 510,512, 515–517, 519, 523, 533, 535, 537, 538, 575, 579, 646, 661,662, 728, 745, 749, 774, 784, 795, 807, 811, 826, 909

Inertia, 65, 561, 562, 577, 586, 903Inertial circle, 586, 587Infrared, 104, 170, 179, 205–207, 211, 213, 221–223, 241, 247, 248,

253, 255, 257, 278, 281, 296, 298, 362, 369, 377, 392–394, 396,398, 444, 447, 448, 451, 471–473, 477, 479, 492, 493, 512, 513,523, 524, 533, 534, 850

Inland, 166, 183, 374, 682, 724, 751, 813–815, 833, 834, 840, 863,894, 914, 926, 942, 949

Inquisition, 712Insolation, 67, 149, 165, 168, 179, 245, 246, 254, 259, 260, 305–313,

315, 319–321, 323, 324, 327–329, 333, 335–337, 343, 362, 363,369, 371–373, 375, 377–379, 383–385, 408, 412, 432, 448, 455,456, 504, 506–511, 518, 526–528, 538, 597, 599, 601, 663, 709,717, 734, 781, 783, 784, 787, 794, 807, 811, 815, 826, 827, 850,864, 872, 875, 877, 885, 888, 894, 909, 910, 947

Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides (Paris),329

Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research, 894Institute for Baltic Sea Research (see Institut für Ostseeforschung), 677Institute for Nuclear Studies, 295, 317, 359Institute of Marine Sciences (University of Miami), 300–302Institut für Ostseeforschung (Institute for Baltic Sea Research), 839Instrumental temperature record, 343Integral calculus, 31, 32Integrated ocean drilling program (IODP), 335, 337Interglacial, 150, 152–154, 157, 164, 165, 168–172, 192, 311, 313,

320–327, 329, 333–336, 343, 383, 425, 431, 485, 488, 500,507–510, 526, 535, 536, 538, 601, 626, 663, 664, 700–703, 718,

Subject Index 979

721, 787, 803, 807, 808, 810, 811, 813–817, 849, 872, 882, 885,909, 912, 913

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 687, 788,790–793, 797, 800, 801

Intermediate water, 623, 626, 628, 640Internal waves, 689International Chopin Competition (Warsaw), 520International Date Line, 73International Geological Congress - Copenhagen, 176International Geological Congress - Prague, 386International Geological Congress 1984 - Moscow, 713, 714International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (Austria), 793International Meteorological Organization (WMO, IMO), 150, 266,

823, 824, 855, 857International Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), 335, 337International Oceanographic Foundation (IOF), 475, 519, 520International Phase of Ocean Drilling of the Deep Sea Drilling Program

(IPOD)International System of Units, 65Internet, 32, 51, 152, 183, 187, 201, 278, 306, 353, 433, 444, 458, 481,

514, 549, 575, 690, 726, 772Interstadial, 693, 694, 703, 807Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 533, 598, 599, 602, 604, 605,

626, 633Inuits, 867Inundated area, 936Inversion (temperature), 327, 441, 455, 465, 473Iodine, 283, 289Ion, 39, 123, 134, 137, 253, 276, 280–282, 317, 351, 352, 395, 415,

416, 443, 466, 488, 495–497, 506, 523, 655–657, 659, 661, 666,673

Ionization, 280, 296, 351, 352, 363, 375, 394, 443Ionization energy, 288Ionosphere, 226, 394, 442–444, 456Iowa, 649IPCC, see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIreland, 89, 90, 240, 389, 390, 641, 698, 706, 728, 757, 772, 802, 824Irene (Hurricane), 613Iridium, 289, 570Iron, 90, 134, 138, 192, 209, 210, 214, 215, 230, 235, 288, 405, 472,

489, 494, 664–667, 739, 747, 905Iroquois Confederacy, 668Irrational number, 39, 73, 79, 80ISa, 791Islamabad (Pakistan), 689, 690Islamic calendar, 43, 45Isopycnal, 417, 624, 626, 628Isotope, 64, 65, 81, 121–123, 132, 134, 135, 137–140, 142, 150, 151,

159–162, 172, 280, 283, 295, 317, 318, 320, 321, 325–327, 332,334–337, 347, 359–361, 377, 396, 398, 432, 467, 499, 502, 504,507, 509, 510, 512, 514, 536, 694, 699, 700, 702, 703, 705–707,713, 807–810, 812, 814, 816, 817, 826, 864

Isotope Stage, 320, 321, 807, 809, 811, 813Israel, 300, 365, 366, 495, 745Italian Riviera, 379Italia (Ship), 143Italy, 15, 40, 55, 62, 71, 98, 124, 144, 152, 174, 185, 193, 224, 233,

249, 300, 332, 333, 337, 350, 354, 399, 487, 501, 504, 518, 547,562, 565, 641, 734, 736, 740–743, 746, 749, 754, 768, 769, 772,802, 803, 823, 926

ITCZ, see Intertropical Convergence ZoneIxtoc I, 618

JJakobshavn Isbrae, 886, 888, 891

James Strait, 881Japan, 40, 41, 51, 80, 174, 183, 184, 193, 337, 350, 354, 379, 380, 436,

457, 746, 754, 793, 841, 942Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), 688, 689Jefferson, Thomas, 649, 668Jellyfish, 651, 868Jerico (West Bank), 366Jerusalem, 6, 10, 300, 362, 365, 366, 385, 495, 496Jet aircraft, 375, 384, 447, 455, 484, 486, 725, 849Jimmy Carter Dip, 570, 595Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov, Czech Republic), 127, 128JOIDES Advisory Panel on Sediment and Ocean History, 642, 803JOIDES Executive Committee, 458, 505, 539, 714JOIDES Journal, 457, 458JOIDES Panel on Sedimentary Geochemistry and Physical Processes,

573JOIDES Planning Committee, 504, 505, 529, 714JOIDES Resolution (Ship), 505Joint Oceanographic Institution for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES),

457, 505, 532, 572, 573, 594, 619, 640, 641, 713, 714, 803, 816Joint Oceanographic Institution for Deep Earth Sampling. See JOIDESJoint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated (JOI) Inc. , 11, 336, 401,

434Joule, 65–67, 237, 238, 249, 263, 274, 354, 407, 485, 577, 794, 863,

873Journeymen scientists, 276Julian Calendar, 46–50, 89, 553, 555Julian Period, 48, 50, 89Julius Cesar, 54, 139Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), 356Junior Year in Munich (JYM), 10, 53Jupiter, 70, 104, 108, 202, 226, 246, 259, 410, 543, 548, 557, 558, 590,

591, 711, 712, 823Jura (island, Scotland), 214Jura (mountains), 98, 99, 107Jurassic, 98, 107, 141, 145, 154, 316, 488, 500, 501, 637, 747Jurassic Park, 316, 488

KK.See Kelvin temperature scaleKármán line, 264, 265, 268, 390, 439Köppen, Vladimir, 646K-129 (Submarine), 594Kaliningrad (Russia), 220, 241Kalman smoothing, 687Kamchatka (Russia), 182, 378Kansan (glaciation), 313Kansas, 231, 649, 754, 755, 833, 836, 923Kaolinite, 495Kaon, 356, 358, 363, 364Kara shelf, 424, 815Karlštejn (Czechoslovakia), 250Kármán line, 264, 265, 268, 390, 439Karlsruhe Congress of Chemists, 142Katmai (Alaska), 378Katrina (Hurricane), 183, 613, 841Kazan Cathedral, 870Kazan-Komarek affair, 230Kelp, 461, 651, 653Kelvin temperature scale, 66Kelvin waves, 636, 637, 640, 938Kentucky, 497, 711Kentucky bourbon, 172, 618Kepler's laws, 201, 202Key Biscayne (Florida), 302, 593

980 Subject Index

Key West (Florida), 840–842Key West, 685, 686Kiel (Germany), 7, 11, 152, 333, 334, 361, 469, 500, 502, 802, 803,

816, 818, 863Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), 432Kilmarnock (Scotland), 108Kilometer, 11, 60–62, 119, 181–183, 188, 190, 203, 215, 219, 225,

263, 306, 323–325, 328, 372, 376, 378, 380, 382, 398, 400, 425,428, 429, 433, 442, 483, 492, 562, 583, 586, 587, 606, 623, 645,650, 676, 682, 696, 784, 795, 809, 816, 846, 848, 849, 891, 894,896, 942, 949

Kinetic, 297, 392, 439, 579, 646Kinetic energy, 65, 66, 183, 264, 295, 297, 357, 359, 373, 377, 391,

392, 396, 398, 442, 456, 481, 576, 577, 579, 592, 598, 604, 616,639, 646, 667, 911

King James Version of the Bible, 690Kirchhoff's law, 241Klein Basel (Switzerland), 173Kola Superdeep Borehole, 715Kolumbu (volcano, Santorini, Greece), 378Koran, 688–690Koschinsky, Andrea, 410Kosher salt, 366, 496Krafla (volcano, Iceland), 378Krakatau (volcano, Indonesia), 378, 380Krannert Center for the Performing Arts (University of Illinois), 539Kranz Anatomy, 463Kremlin, 12Krill, 651Kronstadt (Russia), 685Krypton, 283, 288, 391Kuwae-Vanuatu, 378Kyoto treaty, 712, 713

LLa Forza del Destino, 23Labe (Elbe) River, 215Laboratory of tree-ring research, 360Labrador, 225Labrador current, 225, 630, 697, 698, 701, 705, 815Labrador Sea, 630, 695, 697, 698, 701, 705, 815Labrador Sea Water (LSW), 630, 695, 697, 698, 701, 705Lafayette Square (Washington, D.C.), 593Lagoonal circulation, 626, 681La Jolla (California), 300, 319, 336, 377, 400, 435, 514, 640Lake Agassiz, 697, 698Lake Baikal, 673Lake Kivu, 415Lake Ladoga, 2Lake of Geneva, 189, 191, 193, 379, 733Lake Malawi, 673Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela), 400Lake Michigan, 300, 502, 834Lake Monoun, 415, 518Lake Nyos, 415, 516, 518Lake Tanganyika, 673Lake Victoria, 43, 344, 364Lake Vida, 815Lake Vostok, 327, 409, 411Lambert Glacier, 900La Mer, 193, 640, 775Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 706Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 529, 539Lamont Geological Observatory, 160, 301, 319, 321, 336, 401, 504Landfill, 518, 538

Landsat, 947Land of the Middle, 72Langley (unit), 244La Niña, 633, 635, 636, 640, 680, 708, 709, 851, 857, 938L’Anse aux Meadows (Newfoundland), 868Lanthanides, 291Lanthanum, 289Lapse rate, 189, 376, 478, 481, 483, 831, 832Laptev Sea, 505, 625, 695, 696, 869, 875, 892Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), 666Larsen Ice Shelf, 895–897, 899Lascaux (France), 164, 649La Spezia (Italy), 55, 379Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 166, 167, 171, 315, 316, 327, 328, 334,

335, 337, 383, 648, 654Latent, 91, 481Latent energy, 65, 238Latent heat, 65–67, 257, 258, 377, 405, 408, 411, 412, 424, 425, 433,

481, 598, 603–606, 616, 639Latent heat of fusion (or freezing), 66, 408, 424Latent heat of vaporization (or condensation), 67, 408, 433Laterna Magica (Prague, Czechoslovakia), 216Latin Quarter (Paris, France), 576, 583Latitude, 15, 16, 42, 43, 60, 68–70, 72, 73, 75, 83, 102, 149, 150, 153,

154, 160, 169, 171, 172, 189, 190, 192, 212, 307–309, 311, 313,320, 324, 325, 333, 362, 363, 371, 373, 375, 377–379, 384, 385,401, 413, 414, 422, 424, 430–432, 436, 441, 442, 444, 463, 464,469, 471, 478, 481, 484, 488, 489, 492, 499, 505, 506, 512, 523,531, 546, 547, 556, 557, 559, 561, 564, 566, 575, 583, 585–588,591, 592, 597, 598, 601, 603–607, 610, 616, 621–623, 625, 626,632, 636–640, 648, 651, 665, 666, 673, 680, 698, 704, 711, 712,717, 757, 781, 787, 800, 813, 817, 823, 825, 826, 829, 839, 842,843, 846–849, 851–854, 856, 863, 869, 878, 880, 883, 885, 886,894–896, 899, 905, 909, 912, 914, 923, 941, 953

Latrun (West Bank), 365Latvia, 777Laughing gas, 533Laurentide Ice Sheet, 325, 650, 673, 674, 676, 677, 679, 683, 697, 698,

705, 713, 815Law Dome, 512, 513, 518, 528, 732Law of Combining Volumes of Gases, 120, 142Law of Constant Composition of Seawater, 655Law of Large Numbers, 848Law of Octaves, 124, 142Law of Parsimony, 7, 10Law of Succinctness, 7Law of Thermal Radiation, 241Lawrencium, 290Laws of Motion (Newton), 617, 640Laws of Planetary Motion (Kepler), 201, 213, 336Laws of Thermodynamics, 237–239, 244, 248, 249Lead, 4, 7, 8, 29, 60, 133, 136, 139–141, 158, 166, 170, 195, 209, 220,

237, 241, 248, 253, 264, 285, 289, 294, 295, 300, 302, 319, 326,340, 350, 405, 445, 453, 454, 473, 483, 533, 552, 557, 559,564–566, 583, 640, 657, 745, 759, 763, 815, 816, 818, 850, 872,876, 877

Leaning Tower of Pisa, 569Le Coquillat (France), 145Leg 4 (DSDP), 301, 488Leibnitz Prize, 802Leighlinbridge (County Carlow, Ireland), 240Lena River, 425, 505, 872, 875Lenbach Platz (Munich, Germany), 56Leningrad, 47, 371, 485, 489, 713, 826, 839, 870, 871, 905, 953Leningrad (USSR, Russia), 1–3, 11, 47, 485, 489, 491, 498, 713, 826,

839

Subject Index 981

Léognan (France), 145Leonardo da Vinci (Ship), 185, 231, 233, 249Leopoldina, 776Lerner Laboratory (Lerner Marine Laboratory), 317Lerner Marine Laboratory, 196, 302, 317, 318L’Espionage (Restaurant), 642Leuga gallica, 59Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean), 628Levantine Basin Intermediate Water (LIW), 628Level-of-no-motion, 881Lex parsimoniae, 7LGM.See Last Glacial MaximumLIA.See Little Ice AgeLibation, 11, 22, 51, 84, 108, 143, 172, 193, 214, 228, 250, 299, 337,

365, 385, 399, 434, 456, 473, 487, 519, 539, 570, 593, 618, 640,667, 688, 713, 775, 802, 818, 859, 905, 949

Liberia, 59, 767Liberté (Ship), 143Liberty City, 593Libra, 59, 60Lichens, 883Lichtquanta.See Light quantaLiechtenstein, 144Light quanta, 275, 287, 298, 355Limestone, 2, 6, 85, 87, 93, 149, 174, 175, 214, 297, 330, 332, 337,

365, 373, 390, 408, 416, 496–498, 501, 515, 653, 655, 657, 660,685, 747

Limited Test Ban Treaty, 628Linear momentum (Xv), 576, 586Linear regression, 828, 831LIP(S).See Large Igneous Province(s)Lithium, 124, 222, 283, 288Lithosphere, 260, 464, 645, 674–677, 717, 714Lithuania, 777Little Ice Age (LIA), 168, 172, 343, 344, 361, 363, 518, 685, 706, 708,

709, 713, 809Lizard Peninsula, 225LOCO (LongCores, Project), 331, 336Loess Plateau, 164, 383Logarithm, 37–40, 49, 50, 79, 656Logarithmic base, 41Logistic equation, 81, 259, 782Loire (River), 582Loire Valley (France), 66, 145Lomonosov Ridge, 505, 816, 870London (England, UK), 7, 47, 86, 91, 93, 98, 107, 123, 124, 129–132,

139, 142, 160, 225, 235, 240, 299, 302, 340, 343, 348, 365, 385,394, 422, 434, 450–453, 457, 503, 601, 618

London Gin, 299, 434London Walk, 590Long Island, 676Longitude, 48, 49, 60, 68–73, 83, 84, 202, 401, 422, 423, 436, 604,

712, 823, 825, 843, 846–849, 857Longitude Act, 823, 857Longshore drift, 184Longwave radiation, 448, 599, 600Lord Mayor’s Day, 433, 434Lord Mayor’s Show, 433Lorenz transformations, 284, 298Lost maples, 167Louisiana, 428, 678, 722, 925Louis XVI, 575Lovelock, James, 646, 667, 668Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU), 55Ludwig-Maximillian's University (Munich, Germany), 55Ludwigstrasse, 54, 56, 832

Ludwigstrasse (Munich, Germany), 54, 56Luminiferous æther, 210–213, 244, 248Luminosity, 305, 343, 344, 346, 347, 361, 364, 501, 519Luna I, 347Lutetium, 289Luxembourg, 802Luxembourg Palace, 208Luzon (Philippines), 378Ly.See Langley

MMá Vlast, 215Maar, 498Mackenzie River, 425Magnesium, 288, 501, 656, 659Magnetic, 65, 66, 128, 131, 132, 134, 138, 158, 160, 161, 209–211,

214, 284, 285, 297, 343, 346–348, 352, 354, 356, 357, 363, 373,401, 442, 443, 456, 675

Magnetic field reversals, 160Magnetic stripes, 401, 402Magnetosphere, 442, 443, 456Maine (US), 613Main River (Germany), 54Maize, 463, 483, 486, 647, 719Malus' law, 208Mammoth, 105, 649, 718, 721Manchester Academy, 119, 142, 575Manchester (England, UK), 119, 129, 130, 135, 136, 142, 238, 276,

298, 344, 575Manchester University, 130, 135, 160, 356, 364Manganese, 288, 594Mangroves, 653Manipulation, 5, 9, 49Marburg (Germany), 102, 240, 315Maria Laach (Germany), 498Marie Byrd Land, 895Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Massachusetts), 371Marine Isotope Stage (MIS), 320, 807, 809, 811, 813Marion Dufresne (Ship), 331Mars, 4, 155, 202, 213, 245, 246, 307, 369, 391, 446, 461, 467, 530,

543, 548, 549, 557, 558, 597, 646Marseillaise, 84Martini, 200, 239, 300, 375, 386, 394, 416, 434, 486, 487Martinique, 379ma. See Atomic massMass, 33, 63–65, 67, 75–78, 95, 121–123, 131–137, 142, 159, 163,

186, 190, 204, 213, 233–235, 237, 238, 260, 263, 265, 276, 290,291, 294, 305, 306, 316, 317, 333, 347, 349, 350, 354–357, 360,363, 389–391, 398, 402, 405, 406, 408, 411–413, 417, 418, 424,429, 431, 433, 443, 445, 446, 461, 468, 478, 485, 489, 495, 499,500, 503, 505, 517, 533, 548, 552, 554, 557, 561, 562, 567, 569,576, 577, 579, 581, 583, 586–588, 591, 592, 597, 602, 605, 608,622, 624–626, 628, 637, 655, 659, 672, 674, 675, 679, 683, 689,695, 697, 705, 734, 738, 747, 756, 771, 813, 819, 864, 868, 875,885, 889, 892, 894, 903, 942

Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.), 593Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 258, 788Mass spectrometer, 134, 135, 159, 276, 317, 321, 331, 335, 336Mato Grosso (Brazil)Matrix mechanics, 294Matterhorn (Switzerland), 55Maud Rise, 816Mauna Loa (Hawaii), 379, 514, 650, 792Maunder sunspot minimum, 344, 345, 363, 364Mauretania (Ship), 86

982 Subject Index

Max Factor, The, 540McGill University, 131McMurdo Sound, 425, 815MCO. See Medieval Climate OptimumMean, 3, 7, 9, 15, 20, 27, 30, 32, 35–37, 39, 43, 45, 47–49, 62, 63, 65,

66, 72, 74, 77–79, 81, 82, 86, 93, 104, 108, 117, 123, 124, 128,132, 138, 145, 150, 153, 154, 156, 160, 168, 170, 180, 183, 184,193, 201, 222, 224, 227, 228, 230, 238, 239, 243–246, 250, 254,262–264, 266, 268, 274, 277, 278, 283, 285, 286, 294, 301, 305,307, 308, 310–312, 317, 319, 321–325, 327, 331, 339, 344, 349,352, 354, 358, 359, 363, 369, 376–378, 380, 383, 385, 389–393,395, 398, 407, 410–412, 414, 416, 418, 425, 426, 428–430, 433,443, 445, 448, 481, 489, 495, 496, 501, 503, 514, 517, 518, 523,525, 532, 538, 554, 557, 562, 567, 571, 572, 577, 579, 583, 587,598, 602, 618, 619, 621, 625, 634, 637, 638, 646–648, 651, 657,661, 662, 665, 671, 674, 677, 679, 683, 685, 687, 694, 696, 702,704, 705, 709, 714, 717, 725, 737, 740, 744, 769, 782, 786, 787,792, 800, 808, 810, 813, 815, 817, 825, 833, 837, 841–844, 849,852, 854, 861–863, 868, 871, 872, 874, 875, 883, 886, 892,911–913, 924, 938, 950

Measures, 2, 9, 10, 20, 27, 30, 40, 41, 59–62, 66, 70, 72–74, 83, 121,132, 143, 146, 159, 162, 187, 189, 193, 202, 210, 212, 214, 239,240, 260, 263, 273, 307, 310, 335, 369, 373, 385, 398, 399, 408,416, 440, 445, 446, 449, 453, 456, 464, 468, 478, 483, 518, 529,532, 538, 554, 567, 598, 629, 633, 686, 687, 712, 773, 786, 795,821, 825, 847, 855, 872, 912

Mecca (Saudi Arabia), 45, 689Mechanical energy, 65, 238Mechanics Institute, 130, 142Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany), 678Medieval climate optimum, 168, 233, 249, 706, 708, 713, 734, 739,

867Medieval Warm Period, 361, 734, 735, 738, 739, 774, 775, 809Medina (Saudi Arabia), 45, 689Mediterranean, 43, 156, 174, 175, 194, 233, 317, 332–334, 379, 426,

428, 488, 543, 626, 628, 630, 631, 636, 640, 681, 695, 697, 698,706, 718, 719, 721, 723, 724, 732, 733, 756, 773, 809, 833, 880,881, 935

Mediterranean Inflow Water (MiW), 628Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW), 628, 697Mediterranean Sea Water (MSW), 628Meitnerium, 290Melt anomaly, 699Meltback, 486, 487, 613, 616, 782, 800, 871, 872, 876, 882, 905Melting point, 265, 406, 424, 428, 485, 886Meltwater pulse, 681–683, 706, 815Meltwater pulse 1A, 681, 815Meltwater pulse 1B, 681Memories (song), 226Memphis, Tennessee, 337Mendelevium, 290Meningitis, 12, 726Mente et Malleo, 399Mercator projection, 71, 946Mercedes-Benz, 783Mercury (element), 222, 242, 243, 289, 296, 389, 439, 821, 823, 855,

857Mercury (planet), 212, 245, 246, 369, 597Meridian, 48, 60, 61, 68–72, 213, 422, 423, 846, 847Merlot, 143Meromictic, 414, 415Meson, 354–356, 364Mesopause, 442, 448, 456Mesopotamia, 29, 49, 718, 774Mesoscale eddies, 586, 623, 629, 638, 680, 784Mesosphere, 378, 442–444, 456, 465, 492

Messel, 415Metals, 60, 61, 81, 109, 194, 209, 222, 242, 275, 282, 295, 297, 361,

405, 407, 432, 454, 495, 549, 564, 577, 594, 719, 725, 739, 747,752, 782, 788, 801, 807, 823

Meteor Crater (Arizona), 295Meteors, 295, 394, 441, 442, 617, 650Methane, 64, 169, 263, 285, 286, 296, 377, 393, 394, 406–408, 414,

415, 431, 432, 445, 447, 448, 464, 495, 517, 523–533, 535–538,698, 701, 792, 793, 800, 817, 875, 883–886, 905, 943, 944, 948,949, 953

Methane clathrate, 495, 530–532, 817, 883, 884, 943, 944, 949Methanogens, 525Metrication, 62Metric system, 27, 37, 41, 50, 59, 61–63, 67, 83, 84, 187, 193, 203,

214, 234, 263, 822, 847Mexican Texas, 12Mexico, 4, 5, 12, 86, 87, 95, 107–112, 114, 141, 167, 183, 203, 214,

215, 316, 336, 395, 399, 428, 434, 561, 604, 618, 636, 668, 678,737, 743, 770, 775, 851, 916, 920, 939

Mexico City, 87, 110–114, 618Miami (Florida), 10, 196Miami Riot of 1980, 573Michelson-Morley Experiment, 273, 284, 297Micropaleontological Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 385Micropaleontologists, 5, 84, 114, 143, 175, 176, 195, 215, 229, 231,

301, 317, 337, 339, 365, 491, 686, 782Micropaleontology, 6, 129, 143, 157, 174, 215, 228, 302, 332, 521, 782Microwave radiation, 228Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 161, 163, 380, 410, 491, 492Middle ages, 85, 157, 201, 204, 337, 517, 728, 738, 739, 773, 775Mid-latitude westerlies (winds), 623, 639Mid-ocean ridge, 40, 104, 119, 160, 161, 163, 410, 467, 492, 500, 658,

671, 675, 680, 813Midwest (US), 167, 316, 325, 484, 485, 673Mie scattering, 396Migdisov, Areg, 645Milankovitch parameters, 169, 329Mile, 12, 22, 40, 41, 43, 59–62, 109, 110, 117, 164, 166, 171, 173–175,

182–184, 188, 189, 192, 201–203, 212, 213, 225, 245, 264, 306,307, 340, 356, 358, 374, 376, 379, 395, 400, 426, 439, 442, 443,450, 505, 539, 543, 554, 555, 559–561, 563, 567, 568, 583, 587,594, 623, 650, 668, 676, 678, 696, 726, 762, 802, 815, 816, 831,832, 834, 846, 847, 849, 883, 896, 900, 944, 954

Millarium, 59Mille passum, 59Millibar, 37, 67, 243, 264, 441, 480, 590, 680, 916Minoan, 379, 724MIS 1, 808, 809MIS 2, 807MIS 5a, 807MIS 5b, 807MIS 5c, 807MIS 5d, 807MIS 5e, 807, 808, 810, 811MIS5e (Eemian), 807MIS 6, 808Mississippi (River), 678Missouri Botanical Garden, 375Missouri River, 312, 759, 916Mitla (Mexico), 113MIT (M.I.T). See Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMixed layer, 190, 192, 264, 412Mixtec I, 618ML, 40, 41, 192MMS. See Moment Magnitude ScaleMohorovičić, Andrija, 400

Subject Index 983

Mohorovičić Discontinuity (MOHO), 331, 336MOHO. See Mohorovičić DiscontinuityMol (Abbreviation for mole), 67, 445Moldau (River), 215Mole, 64, 65, 67, 124, 125, 263, 391, 411, 445, 446, 464, 478, 495,

506, 656, 672Molecular Weight (MW), 443, 461, 465, 472Molecule, 64–67, 118–121, 134, 135, 142, 162, 179, 185, 187, 209,

219, 220, 234, 238–240, 245, 255, 257, 263, 264, 268, 274, 275,278, 283, 285–287, 291, 293, 295–297, 317, 321, 325, 327, 351,357–359, 361–363, 369, 373, 374, 377, 390–396, 398, 399,405–408, 411–416, 419–421, 425, 427, 431, 439, 442–447, 452,456, 461, 464–467, 469, 471, 472, 477, 483, 485, 496, 497, 506,523–526, 530, 531, 533, 561, 655, 656, 659, 672, 673, 696, 753,768, 808, 825, 949, 950

Mollweide projection, 71, 72, 852, 853Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 777Molybdenum, 288Moment Magnitude Scale, 40, 51Moment of inertia (I), 65Moment of momentum, 562Momentum, 33, 34, 62, 63, 65, 66, 276, 290–292, 317, 356, 364, 392,

561, 562, 576, 577, 586, 639Monaco, 144Monção, 608Mongolia, 942Monsoon, 325, 431, 526, 527, 529, 607–610, 622Mont Blanc, 55Monte Alban (Mexico), 113Monterey (Mexico), 87, 108Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), 85Montmartre (Paris, France), 210, 339Montpelier (France), 194Montreal Protocol, 269, 469, 471, 473, 535, 537, 538Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 269,

470, 473Mont-Valérien (near Paris, France), 210Moon, 246, 942

Earth-Moon system, 369Ecclesiastical Full Moon, 47Ecclesiastical New Moon, 47lunar year, 45, 46moons of Jupiter, 83, 202, 213, 711, 712, 823New Moon, 45, 47Pascal New Moon, 47sea level and, 493, 499, 524, 534, 889

Moosehorn coral, 654Morozovella aequa, 783Moscow (Russia), 72, 151, 295, 645, 713–715Mosses, 883Mother Nature, 106, 239, 296, 297, 391, 396, 463, 668, 786, 800, 883,

894, 905, 954Mother-of-pearl, 318Motive work, 577Mountain Pine Bark Beetle, 650Mount Everest, 264, 441Mount Pelée, 379, 380Mount Pinatubo, 378, 528, 851Mount Rainier, 450Mount Saint Helens, 498Mount Washington, 561Mount Whitney, 244Mullet, 658Munich (Germany), 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 52–56, 187, 195, 317, 330, 331,

339, 831–833Muon, 350, 355, 358, 361, 363, 364, 390, 398

Murmansk (Russia), 947Muséum (National) d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 126Music, 9, 11, 12, 23, 24, 33, 51, 53, 54, 56, 84, 108, 143, 172,

185–189, 193, 204, 214, 226, 228, 229, 250, 298, 322, 337, 365,385, 399, 433, 456, 473, 487, 519, 520, 539, 548, 570, 593, 618,640, 667, 688, 713, 739, 741, 744, 749, 773, 775, 801, 818, 859,905, 949

Mustin (Germany), 802Myanmar, 59

NN2, 200, 222, 223, 263, 283, 374, 390–393, 395, 398, 408, 439, 446,

461, 465, 518, 535, 664N2O, 384, 390, 393, 398, 446–448, 468, 469, 471, 473, 533–537, 773,

792NaCl, 64, 219, 374, 408, 416, 428, 821Namibia, 634Nanjng (China), 906Nannofossils, 144, 145, 174, 215, 250, 302, 336, 338, 402, 434, 435,

488, 492, 504, 505, 816, 870Nannoplankton, 6, 301, 491, 505, 639, 816Nanometer (nm), 36, 222, 278, 281, 461, 463, 466, 467, 471Nantucket (Massachusetts), 621Naples (Italy), 174, 379, 380, 518, 678NASA, 48, 82, 83, 181, 251, 349, 364, 370–372, 374, 381, 382, 385,

395, 440, 447, 454, 464, 471, 474, 525, 530, 533, 535, 558, 590,600, 602, 604–607, 611, 613–615, 617, 618, 624, 646, 647, 653,654, 680, 760, 765, 773, 774, 825, 828, 829, 834, 845–854, 856,858–860, 879, 884, 886, 888, 895–900, 903, 905, 911, 920–923,925, 932, 933, 946

NASA/GISS68, 525, 535, 825, 848–854, 856, 858–860NASA’s Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), 371,

372, 385, 600, 618NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio, 603, 893National Bureau of Standards, 822, 828National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), 372, 373, 384,

385, 484, 489, 494, 498–500, 602, 783, 828, 844, 845, 861National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), 845, 848, 849, 857National Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan), 793National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 822National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 301, 315,

380, 383, 447, 602, 612, 616, 642, 825, 828, 845National Research Council - Committee on Continental Scientific

Drilling, 349, 593National Science Foundation (NSF), 276, 300, 331, 402, 435, 437National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), 871, 889, 905Nationaltheater (Munich, Germany), 785Native American, 83, 106, 667, 668, 721, 737, 773NATO, 777Natrona, 416Natural gas, 81, 87, 164, 443, 464, 495, 496, 516, 529, 532, 537, 794,

883, 924Natural logarithm, 39, 79, 82Natural variability, radiative forcing and climate response in the recent

hiatus reconciled, 798, 799Naturhistorisches Musem (Basel, Switzerland), 173Nautical Mile (NM), 60, 61, 69, 70, 73, 846, 847, 855Nautilus (Submarine), 869Navy Pier (Chicago, Illinois), 301, 416Nazis, 54, 187, 193, 292, 295NCAR. See National Center for Atmospheric ResearchNCDC. See US National Climatic Data CenterNeanderthal, 105Nebraska, 649, 916Nebraskan (glaciation), 313

984 Subject Index

Nebulae, 134, 142, 219, 278, 391Negative feedback, 170, 171, 496, 661, 875Nekton, 651Neodymium, 289Neogene, 96, 98, 106, 154, 501, 503, 817Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, 816Neon, 134, 135, 137, 222, 283, 288, 296, 391Neptune, 246, 557Neptunium, 290Netherlands Environmental Research Agency (PBL), 793Netherlands School of Sedimentary Geology (NSG), 803Netherlands (The), 7, 11, 175, 283, 284, 332, 502, 503, 528, 641, 647,

677, 684, 685, 693, 793, 802, 803, 808, 813, 821, 822Neuburg an der Donau (Germany), 53Neutrino, 159, 349, 350, 356, 364, 365Neutron, 63, 64, 81, 121, 123, 137–139, 159, 160, 162, 280, 281, 294,

295, 298, 306, 326, 327, 355–359, 361, 363, 364, 394, 398, 699Neva River, 1, 2, 15Nevsky Prospect (Leningrad, USSR-Russia), 870Newfoundland, 868, 905, 933New Hampshire, 369, 561New Orleans (Louisiana), 497, 525, 613, 678Newton's rings, 206, 207, 214Newton (unit), 238New Zealand, 135, 162, 363, 503, 504Nicaragua Rise, 331, 336, 401Nice (France), 803Nickel, 139, 288Nile River, 43, 49, 344, 756Nimbus (clouds), 376, 377Nîmes (France), 194, 195Niobium, 288NIST. See National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNitrate, 390, 399, 432, 449, 534, 664, 665, 784Nitric oxide, 296, 446Nitrite, 534Nitrogen, 120, 136, 160, 162, 240, 263, 278, 280, 283, 288, 296, 298,

359, 363, 390, 391, 398, 399, 408, 445, 446, 453, 461, 468, 506,533–535, 538, 663–666, 699, 794

Nitrous oxide, 393, 445–448, 468, 473, 523, 533, 535, 792, 793NOAA/NESDIS/MODC Ocean Climate Laboratory, 301, 380, 383,

447, 469, 474, 541, 573, 594, 602, 612, 616, 642, 765, 825, 828,845, 848, 858, 872, 874, 893, 894

Nobelium, 290Nobel Peace Prize, 801Nobel Prize, 124, 127, 129, 130, 158, 275, 281, 284, 294, 297, 298,

350, 351, 353, 354, 356, 364, 365, 396, 471, 473Noble gases, 159, 283, 391NOCS/Euro-Argo, 882Noctilucent (clouds), 377Nonconformist, 119, 129, 130, 142Noosphere, 646Normal sample, 123Norman Conquest, 60, 83, 649Normandy, 11, 338Norse Greenland colony, 868North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), 628, 631, 695, 697, 698North Atlantic Drift, 696–698, 703, 705, 823, 869North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 680, 685Northeast passage, 868, 874, 875, 905Northern hemisphere, 42, 46, 50, 69, 70, 73, 76, 100, 105, 106, 154,

156, 158, 165–169, 171, 307, 309–311, 315, 323, 329, 335–337,356, 362, 363, 369, 372, 373, 379, 380, 423, 424, 428, 454, 455,492, 499, 502, 503, 514, 523, 526, 532, 533, 538, 546, 562, 585,587, 589, 590, 592, 597–599, 602–608, 610, 613, 616, 621, 625,626, 633, 636, 639, 648, 675, 679, 698, 699, 702, 704, 708, 709,

711, 718, 759, 772, 775, 781, 813, 823, 825, 826, 829, 842, 843,846, 850–853, 856, 858, 867, 875, 878, 881, 883, 885, 910–913,922, 930, 932, 938, 940

North Korea, 394North Lawrence, Ohio, 269Northwestern University, 500Northwest passage, 100, 425, 625, 868, 869, 905Northwest Territories, 307North Woods, 325, 649Norway, 139, 166, 168, 176, 214, 307, 469, 532, 623, 641, 695, 696,

802, 815, 826, 868, 947–949Norway current, 647, 696–698, 881–883Norwegian fjords, 653Novaya Zemlya, 423, 695Nuclide, 121, 137, 138Numerals, 28–30, 35, 50, 324, 409, 410, 509, 557Nummulite(s), 144–146Nürnberg (Germany), 54Nutrient(s), 631, 633, 634, 647, 653, 663–667Nuussuaq (Nûgssuaq, Noursoak) Peninsula, 100

OOahu, 813, 841Oak of Erroll, 11Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 515Oaxaca (Mexico), 113Oblate spheroid, 68, 563, 567, 583, 675Obliquity, 310, 311, 319–321, 323, 329, 332, 717Ob River, 425, 759Observational science, 9Occam's razor, 7, 10Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 212Ocean circulation, 149, 153, 331, 489, 505, 527, 586, 621, 629, 631,

636–640, 662, 666, 680, 695, 701, 842, 853, 869, 930, 941, 948Ocean Drilling Program, 6, 155, 331, 333, 335, 337, 504, 505, 641,

642, 715, 802, 816Ocean Margin Drilling Program (OMD), 713, 714Ocean trench, 163, 184, 671, 675, 680Oceanus, 637Octaves, 124, 186–188, 207, 745October Revolution, 12, 176, 650ODP. See Ocean Drilling ProgramOestara, 47, 50Office of Naval Research, 474Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 619Ohio River, 312, 648Ohio University, 153Ohio Valley, 312Ohm, 209, 408X�(X�r) (centripetal force), 61–64, 565Xv (linear momentum), 529–530, 545Oh-my-god particle, 357Old Deuteronomy, 226Older Dryas, 694, 706Oldest Dryas, 693Old snow, 371, 531Olivia (tropical cyclone), 41On-the-rocks, 23918O:16O, 156, 320–328, 331, 333–335, 383, 432, 507Ooze, 94, 491, 492, 497, 498, 501, 505, 506, 655, 705Open University, 17, 193, 640, 861

Opera, 23, 24, 53–56, 112, 186, 216, 340, 458, 487, 539, 786Optimal, 157, 259, 649, 706, 786, 849Optimum, 156, 157, 168, 539, 706, 713, 730, 733, 734, 739, 786, 808,

816, 944

Subject Index 985

Orbit, 43, 45, 48, 50, 75, 76, 78, 83, 118, 162, 169, 170, 201, 210, 212,238, 250, 259, 260, 276–278, 280, 283, 285, 307, 309–313, 315,322, 323, 328, 329, 335–337, 348, 362, 394, 420, 439, 442, 509,545, 547, 552, 556, 564, 590, 592, 663, 671, 711, 717

Orbital magnetic quantum number, 285Orbital plane, 308Orbital quantum number, 285Orbitals, 162, 169, 170, 201, 264, 280, 283, 285–287, 295, 297, 298,

309–313, 315, 317, 320, 323, 326–337, 343, 371, 383, 398, 454,504, 506, 508, 509, 557, 591, 663, 703, 787, 807, 811, 813, 815,872, 882, 885, 894, 900

Orca Basin, 663Orders of magnitude, 35, 37, 38, 79, 134, 164, 171, 238, 380, 408, 425,

449, 466, 498, 525Ordovices, 105Ordovician, 96, 98, 105, 107, 141, 154, 468, 501Oregon, 457, 488, 531, 594, 802, 915, 921Organic carbon, 153, 164, 464, 468, 472, 491, 493–495, 500, 514, 526,

594, 637, 826, 940Orion nebula, 391Orthorhombic, 657Osmium, 289OSTP. See Office of Science and Technology PolicyOstracods, 84, 86, 215Otterbein College, 269, 270Oude Gracht (Utrecht, The Netherlands), 332Ounce, 37, 59–62, 128, 136, 283, 905Outback (Australia), 265, 834Outgas, 494, 496, 657Owens College, 130, 135, 344Oxford (England), 179Oxford University, 11, 43, 99, 214, 250, 298Oxic, 663Oxidation, 219, 377, 447, 461, 472, 517, 535, 747Oxygen, 34, 63, 64, 120, 121, 134–136, 149–151, 153, 155, 160, 162,

181, 234, 238, 240, 249, 263, 278, 280, 281, 283, 286, 288, 296,298, 317, 318, 320, 321, 327, 332, 334, 335, 351, 359, 361, 377,390, 391, 398, 399, 402, 405, 406, 408, 414, 415, 433, 442, 445,446, 461–468, 471–473, 482, 485, 488, 494–496, 499, 504, 506,509, 510, 523–526, 533–535, 637, 646, 660, 663–666, 694, 700,702, 705–707, 713, 717, 807–810, 812, 814, 816, 817, 826, 864,940, 942

Oxygen minimum, 660Oysters, 338, 497Ozone, 240, 257, 263, 264, 296, 351, 369, 393, 395, 442, 445–448,

456, 461, 465, 466, 468–473, 477, 485, 536, 537, 641, 699, 782,788, 801, 900

Ozone layer, 269, 465, 466, 469–471, 473, 537

PPacific Warm Pool, 679, 938Palace of Westminster (London, UK), 451Palazzo Farnese (Rome, Italy), 56Paleocene, 98, 107, 155, 156, 333, 503, 505, 783, 816, 817, 940, 944Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 817Paleoclimate, 7, 149, 150, 313, 315, 325, 335, 372, 384, 700, 712, 861Paleogene, 96, 98, 106, 154, 501, 503Palermo (Sicily, Italy), 174Palisades (New York), 504, 706Palladium, 289Palmer Peninsula, 323Palo Alto (California), 38, 143, 530Panama Canal, 401, 436Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS),

876

Pan-European Picnic, 777Pangaea, 102, 155, 497, 500Panhandle (Texas), 478Panthalassa, 102Panthéon (Paris, France), 583Papua New Guinea, 813Parabola, 32Parabolic path, 31, 556Parallax, 201, 202Paris Basin, 93, 145, 175, 194, 338, 503Paris (France), 56, 70, 91–93, 98, 107, 111, 120, 125, 126, 129, 131,

144, 145, 175, 188, 194, 201, 202, 208, 210, 213, 214, 235, 259,329, 337–340, 351, 364, 390, 394, 444, 445, 451, 503, 575, 686,782, 800–802, 847, 848

Partida Institutional Revolucionaria (PRI), 111Parzifal, 54Pascal (unit), 47, 67, 439, 456Passus, 59Pastis de Marseille, 84Pastoral Symphony, 399Pastureland, 484, 515, 647, 782, 788, 943PDI. See Power Dissipation IndexPea-soup fog, 452Peat, 150, 495, 517, 694, 883Pechora River, 425Pee Dee Formation, 317Pence, 60Penguin, 84, 319, 399Penicillus, 659Pennsylvania, 270, 372, 385, 504, 587, 708, 749Pennsylvanian, 330Pennsylvania State University, 372, 385, 504, 526, 602, 708, 861Pennyweight, 60PEP Carboxylase, 463Perestroika, 776Peret, 43PerigeePerihelion, 310, 909Period, 6, 9, 15, 17, 19–21, 38, 43, 46, 49, 55, 56, 67, 74, 78, 82, 93,

95, 96, 98, 100, 104–106, 117, 118, 140, 141, 150–152, 155,156, 162, 164–168, 170, 171, 180, 182, 189, 201, 214, 236, 260,266, 270, 283, 292, 307, 308, 310, 312, 315, 323, 343, 344, 355,357, 361, 363, 375, 378, 400, 435, 482, 483, 488, 499, 503, 509,518, 526, 535, 563, 570, 583, 587, 590, 591, 601, 613, 623, 636,639, 641, 650, 671, 672, 678, 680, 683, 684, 688, 693, 696, 699,706, 708, 709, 713, 717, 726, 730, 734–736, 738, 739, 741, 744,750, 751, 766, 767, 774, 775, 781, 792, 793, 807, 808, 816, 817,824–826, 843, 844, 848–850, 855, 859, 896, 902, 909, 913, 924

Periodic table, 123, 124, 126, 136, 142, 159, 222, 227, 280, 281, 285,297, 298, 445

Perkins Trading Post, 667Perm, 98, 99Permafrost, 430, 532, 533, 538, 699, 800, 875, 880, 883–885, 905, 943,

944, 948Permian, 96, 98, 105, 107, 141, 154, 332, 500, 501, 666Per mille, 37, 817Perpetual Ocean (NASA animation), 624Perpignan (France), 194Persian Gulf, 939Peru, 378, 379, 706, 707, 719Peru-Chile Trench, 379Peruvian Andes, 706, 707Peruvian-Chilean upwelling system, 634Pes, 59, 65, 384, 449Petawatt, 37, 306, 597, 632, 633Petere, 75

986 Subject Index

Petermann Glacier (Greenland), 888PETM. See Paleocene-Eocene Thermal MaximumPetrograd (Russia), 2, 47Petroleos Mexicanos, 86, 87, 108, 110, 113, 618Petrolero (cocktail), 109Petroleum Exploration Schools, 572Petropavlovski Fortress, 2pH, 5, 39, 86, 95, 114, 137, 142, 143, 160, 161, 215, 276, 285, 294,

321, 336, 487, 513, 534, 656, 659, 661, 802, 861, 940Phase, 16, 43, 66, 89, 124, 125, 155, 171, 203, 238, 254, 257, 265, 269,

290, 326, 363, 369, 370, 386, 405–411, 414, 420, 433, 436, 450,458, 477, 481, 529–532, 538, 598, 704, 709, 711, 712, 788, 822,864, 873, 883

Philippines, 378, 379, 709, 851Phlogisticated air, 390, 399Phlogiston, 233, 234, 249, 389, 390, 399Phosphate, 535, 663Phosphors, 222, 296Phosphorus, 288, 390, 534Photic zone, 658, 660Photochemical smog, 453Photoelectric effect, 142, 273–276, 280, 287, 291, 297, 298, 394, 399Photoionization, 280Photon, 43, 137, 275, 277, 278, 280, 287, 290, 291, 295–297, 350, 351,

355, 357, 390, 392–396, 398, 399, 456, 461, 465Photosphere, 306, 348, 448, 468Photosynthesis, 155, 162, 199, 359, 370, 395, 398, 447, 461–464,

466–468, 472, 473, 482, 483, 492, 496, 502, 525, 526, 646, 647,657–659, 717, 815, 816, 819, 912, 942, 953

Phylloxera, 818Physikalisch-technische Reichsanstalt, 242, 246–249Pic du Midi, 356Pieds, 188, 203, 338Pinatubo, 378Pine Bark Beetle, 883, 912Pine forest, 649, 831Pinkerton’s (Detective Agency), 12Pinot Grigio, 399Pion, 356, 358, 363, 364Pisa (Italy), 29, 188Piston core(r), 319, 331, 336, 337Place des Pyramides (Paris, France), 338Plague, 50, 81, 249, 454, 517, 518, 713, 726, 732, 734, 737, 738, 741,

750, 755, 773, 774, 786, 818, 954Planetary wave, 607Plankton, 95, 114, 164, 190, 216, 302, 505, 506, 508, 509, 637, 650,

651, 658, 659, 662, 864, 939Planktonic foraminifera (‘forams’), 94, 95, 107, 114, 143–145,

173–175, 301, 318, 319, 321, 322, 333, 337, 402, 491, 492, 497,498, 501, 502, 505, 637, 651, 655, 659, 660, 782, 783, 801

Planning Committee (JOIDES), 401, 435, 436, 504, 529, 714Planning Group on Antarctic Ocean Drilling, 803Plantation of Ulster, 389Planten un Blomen (Hamburg, Germany), 53Plasma, 347, 448, 469Plate tectonics, 8, 21, 103, 104, 108, 119, 141, 149, 151, 163, 269, 316,

336, 337, 350, 359, 379, 401, 488, 492, 497, 499–501, 504, 573,671, 673–675, 711, 861

Platinum, 245, 289, 847Pleistocene, 105, 107, 108, 270, 319, 336, 650, 667Pleistogene, 96Plow, 161, 374, 517, 818Plumbium, 564Plumb line, 219, 548, 554, 555, 564, 568, 679Plum pudding model, 135Plutonium, 37, 290

PNAS. See Proceedings of the (US) National Academy of SciencesPoker Club, 390Poland, 128, 241, 548, 677, 752, 776, 777, 803, 813, 926Polar cell, 602, 604, 605, 616, 617, 640Polar easterly winds, 605, 622Polar front, 505, 623, 640Polaris, 49, 69, 70, 546, 823Polarization (of light),, 208, 214Polar orthographic projection, 70, 71Polar regions, 6, 16, 70, 95, 98, 100, 151, 153, 155, 156, 168, 171, 254,

264, 308, 309, 311, 321, 327, 330, 331, 333, 336, 363, 412, 420,422–425, 427, 430, 432, 433, 441, 442, 469, 471, 477, 478,484–486, 488, 489, 499, 500, 506, 523, 598, 609, 621, 622, 624,632, 637–640, 660, 666, 683, 700, 713, 718, 738, 816, 823, 842,856, 863, 867, 872, 875, 878, 905, 910, 930, 946, 947, 953, 954

Poldhu (Lizard Peninsula, England), 225Pollen, 166, 381, 396, 448, 647, 648, 693, 706, 708, 809, 910Pollution Prevention and Safety Panel (JOIDES), 402Polonium, 128, 142, 273, 289, 297Polymath, 60, 392, 548, 549, 559, 736, 785Polynomial curvePolynomial fitPompeii (Italy), 159, 379Pont du Gard (France), 194, 195Pontecchio (Italy), 225Pontus euxinis, 666Population, 52, 78, 80–83, 106, 112, 114, 164, 168, 233, 249, 250, 253,

259–262, 276, 302, 339, 345, 364, 396, 417, 449, 452, 509, 515,518, 537, 634, 635, 646, 649, 662, 678, 693, 725, 727, 732–734,738, 743, 752, 756, 762–764, 772, 774, 782, 784–786, 788–792,795, 797, 801, 803, 807, 833, 840, 846, 868, 883, 905, 906, 914,925, 926, 929, 936, 940, 942, 949, 951, 953–955

Porcelain, 330, 495, 752Positive feedback, 9, 155, 168, 170, 171, 182, 361, 383, 433, 465, 468,

480, 482, 485, 486, 500, 508, 599, 650, 662, 666, 667, 683, 782,815, 873, 876, 878, 880, 882, 883, 940, 949

Positron, 294, 306, 353, 355, 358, 364Potassium, 119, 124, 127, 132, 142, 158, 159, 222, 283, 288, 495, 534,

535, 656Potassium-argon dating, 158, 159Potatoes, 487, 719, 743Potemkin village, 802Potential energy, 65, 183, 238, 440, 532, 579, 598, 604, 616, 639Potential temperature, 419, 628Potomac (River), 226, 228Potsdamer Platz (Berlin, Germany), 195Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 701Pound, 37, 59–62, 136, 146, 409, 534, 550, 871Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire, 576Power, 11, 33, 35–38, 43, 47, 62–64, 234, 236, 243–245, 248, 249,

255, 268, 348, 351, 411, 449, 454, 489, 518, 549, 550, 556, 580,611, 612, 723, 747, 760, 953

Power Dissipation Index, 613, 616, 9163/2 Power law, 50Pozzuoli (Italy), 678Prague Spring, 385Praseodymium, 289Preboreal, 694Precambrian, 98, 100, 107, 133, 149, 152–154, 497, 501, 519, 526,

662, 666, 819Precession of the equinoxes, 310, 311, 336Precession of the orbit, 310–312, 336Precision, 9, 61, 72, 171, 212, 346, 361, 363, 821, 823Pressure, 33, 37, 42, 62–64, 67, 82, 121, 142, 160, 168, 181, 183, 187,

189–193, 227, 236, 243, 244, 264, 265, 283, 327, 331, 349, 373,380, 389, 390, 392, 393, 396, 397, 399, 402, 406, 408, 410, 411,

Subject Index 987

413, 414, 416, 418, 419, 426, 427, 430, 431, 439–443, 445, 447,456, 478, 480, 489, 491, 492, 494, 498, 506, 526, 527, 529, 530,548, 559, 562, 572, 587–590, 592, 599, 601, 602, 605, 607–610,613, 615, 616, 618, 625, 628, 632, 633, 636–639, 665, 671, 675,679–681, 686, 717, 784, 821, 822, 824, 851, 867, 878, 881, 882,911, 912, 916, 932, 938, 941

Pressure gradient, 412, 489, 562, 588–590, 602, 610Preston Hollow (Dallas, Texas), 22

Princeton University, 51, 118, 152, 158, 160, 301, 421, 519, 818Principle quantum number, 284, 285Prism, 36, 134, 204, 205, 208, 213, 219, 220, 227Proceedings of the (US) National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 788,

945Project LOCO, 336, 401Project Mohole, 331, 336, 400, 401, 642Prokupac, 337Promethium, 289Protactinium, 290, 321Proterozoic, 107, 152, 153, 373, 385, 468Protestant Reformation, 547Proton, 39, 63, 64, 81, 121, 123, 136–139, 159, 162, 238, 280, 283,

298, 305, 306, 326, 327, 347, 348, 354–359, 361, 363, 393, 394,398, 442, 443, 699

Pteropod, 498, 659, 660, 662Pteropod ooze, 498Puebla (Mexico), 113Puerto Rica, 658, 926Punta di Maiata (Sicily, Italy), 334Purdue University, 74PW. See PetawattPyroclastic flow, 379, 380Pythagoras theorem, 29, 73

QQE(Energy output from the Earth), 306Qin Shi Huang (China), 725QS(Energy input from the Sun), 255, 306Quanta, 274–277, 280, 285–287, 291, 293, 297, 298, 351, 355, 356,

394, 396, 467, 825Quantum mechanics, 159, 273, 291–294, 297, 298, 825Quantum physics, 135, 136, 213, 220, 227, 268, 275, 286, 290–292,

295, 297Quantum revolution, 290Quaternary, 96, 107, 141, 150, 151, 153–156, 165, 166, 172, 315,

321–323, 326, 330–332, 400, 401, 626, 710, 713, 909Quaternary glacial maximum, 167Quebec City (Canada), 379Queen Conch, 318Queen Mary (Ship), 317Queen Maud Land, 816Queretaro (Mexico), 114Quixeramobim (Brazil)

RRabbit hole, 159, 179, 273Radar, 226, 228, 382, 400, 401, 443, 611Radian, 73–77, 563, 564, 566, 583Radiance, 243, 248, 343, 344Radiant energy, 66, 240, 248, 371, 394, 399, 618Radiation, 66, 127, 128, 131, 132, 135, 142, 149, 158, 179, 193, 211,

219, 220, 224, 225, 227, 235, 240–249, 253–257, 260, 263, 268,273–275, 277, 278, 281, 284, 287, 290, 291, 295–298, 305, 306,336, 347, 351, 353, 354, 357, 359–364, 369, 377, 384, 385,391–396, 398, 412, 420, 433, 442–449, 451, 455, 456, 461,

466–469, 472, 478, 485, 499, 512, 514, 523–525, 598, 599, 638,645, 703, 709, 717, 781, 783, 824, 867, 877, 882

Radiative forcing, 449, 536, 792–795Radioactivity, 21, 81, 82, 125, 128–130, 132, 133, 142, 158, 221, 273,

297, 351, 364, 864Radiolaria, 652Radiolarian oozeRadium, 128, 131–133, 135, 136, 142, 158, 273, 290, 297Radius, 73–77, 210, 287, 288, 291, 306, 390, 442, 443, 563, 564, 566,

583, 586, 587Radon, 131, 283, 289Rain, 1, 4, 11, 20, 21, 66, 109, 118, 150, 265, 325, 363, 366, 374, 376,

378, 384, 411, 447, 451, 454, 477, 481, 483, 485, 492, 495, 526,598, 608, 615, 626, 636, 647, 660, 705, 723, 787, 821, 832, 833,914, 915, 921

Raindrops, 181, 226, 325, 374, 416, 447, 478, 497Raman scattering effect, 396Raman spectroscopy, 396Rare Earths, 291Rationalizer, The, 690Raton Basin (New Mexico), 114Ratzeburg (Germany), 802Rayleigh scattering, 395, 396Raytheon Corporation, 226RCP. See Representative Concentration PathwayRCP6 (AIM), 793RCP4.5 (GCAM), 793RCP2.6 (IMAGE), 793RCP8.5 (MESSAGE), 793, 795RCP trajectories, 793, 794Recent (geology), 99, 468Red herring, 65, 481, 497Red House (Rote Haus, Munich, Germany), 55Red October, 714Red Sea, 366, 428, 621, 626, 628, 637, 681, 689, 756, 814, 881, 939Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW), 626, 628Reef(s), 150, 196, 214, 370, 371, 500, 501, 672, 681, 682, 812–814Reefs at Risk Revisited Project, 939Reflected ray, 199Reflection, 47, 60, 156, 184, 199, 208, 213, 216, 225, 227, 236, 249,

255, 257, 323, 335, 351, 370, 419, 447, 449, 455, 474, 529, 615,708, 717, 832, 875, 877

Reflectivity, 6, 253, 255, 257, 305, 307, 315, 369, 373, 377, 384, 419,420, 709, 718, 876, 877

Reforestation, 517, 735, 744, 954Reforma Hilton (Mexico City), 111Reformation, 106, 712Refraction, 46, 184, 185, 199–201, 203, 204, 213, 227, 444, 567Refractive index, 200, 201Refugia, 649, 653Regina Hotel (Munich, Germany), 56, 339Regina (Hotel, Paris, France), 56, 338–340Reims (France), 519Relative atomic mass, 121–125, 132, 134–136Remote sensing, 183, 219, 679, 942Renault, 144, 194Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 576Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), 790, 792, 800Republic of Texas, 12Reradiation, 255, 257, 258, 597, 717Residence time, 411, 464, 477, 495Resistance to work, 577Resonator, 274Restaurant Chartier (Paris, France), 339Resurrection of Christ, 46, 50Return circulation, 618, 572

988 Subject Index

Reunification Day, 802Reykjanes Ridge, 161Rheingau (Germany), 269Rhenium, 289Rhiem Airport (Munich), 195Rhine River, 53, 84, 172, 684Rhodium, 289Rhomb, 34, 203, 204, 657, 660Rhomboidal(ly), 203, 204, 657Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase (RUBISCO), 462,

463Rice paddies, 525, 719, 720, 774Richter Scale, 40Riesling, 269Right Bank (Paris, France), 338Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, 895, 899Ring Road (Iceland), 324Ring, The, 53, 202, 277, 324, 360Rinnen, 677, 678Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 492Rioni River, 880Ripples, 42, 184Riser, 112, 572, 593, 594, 618, 619Roaring Forties, 561, 608Rochambeau Corps, 575Rockies, 7, 22, 156, 194, 360, 424, 426, 478, 485, 608, 646, 649, 651,

653, 829, 836Rocky Mountain National Park (Colorado), 240Rodinia, 497Rods, 60, 113, 206, 223, 242, 295, 540Roman, 7, 15, 23, 28, 30, 31, 46–50, 59–61, 83, 89, 98, 106, 173, 175,

194, 195, 233, 235, 249, 324, 329, 330, 379, 409–411, 454, 477,509, 515, 518, 540, 547, 678, 689, 713, 719, 721, 725–728,730–736, 739, 773, 774, 808, 824

Romanche Trench, 630Romania, 366, 754Roman Inquisition, 547, 711, 712Roman Period, 808Rome (Italy), 802Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf, 429Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (RSMAS), 6,

10, 385, 416Rossby waves, 602, 616, 878, 882Ross Ice Shelf, 429, 895Rossie Priory, 11Rossi-Forel scale, 40Ross Sea, 429, 504, 894Rostock (Germany), 677Royal Astronomical Observatory (Greenwich), 823Royal Institution (London), 240Royal Society, 90, 107, 201, 204–207, 210, 235, 237, 241, 392, 393,

549, 551–553, 555, 557, 559, 570, 744RSMAS. See Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesRSoW Red Sea Outflow Water, 628Rubidium, 160, 222, 283, 288RUBISCO activase, 462Rue d’enfer (Paris, France), 208Rue de Pyramides (Paris, France), 340Rue de Rivoli (Paris, France), 338Rue de 4 Septembre (Paris, France), 340Ruminant(s), 523Russia, 1, 12, 15, 19, 21, 47, 98, 99, 124, 157, 168, 176, 220, 241, 413,

424, 425, 454, 504, 505, 529, 646, 677, 685, 706, 708, 715, 743,

744, 746, 750, 751, 754, 759, 762, 775, 785, 803, 813, 815, 823,835, 839, 840, 845, 849, 856, 862, 868

Russian Federation, 762, 776, 833, 839Russian invasion (Czechoslovakia), 301Russian Standard - Pyccкий Cтaндapт (Vodka), 11Russian State Hydrographic Institute, 848Russian State Hydrological Institute, 848Ruthenium, 289Rutherfordium, 290rx2 (centripetal force), 76–78, 562, 565, 581, 585Rydberg constant, 223

SSabbatical, 6, 7, 10, 11, 54, 301, 386, 642, 669, 775, 776Saber-toothed tiger, 105, 649Saffir-Simpson hurricane intensity scale, 611, 612, 618Sagitta, 651Sahara, 43, 168, 171, 254, 265, 374, 713, 834, 838, 914, 919, 940, 941,

947, 948Sahel, 914, 940, 941, 943, 947, 948Salamas (Iran), 378Salford (England, UK), 238Salinity, 37, 43, 150, 168, 190, 191, 193, 227, 264, 325, 333, 408,

416–418, 425, 426, 488, 506, 625–628, 631, 640, 647, 653, 655,672, 673, 686, 696–698, 701, 704–706, 756, 759, 815, 872, 881,892, 921

Salinity oscillator, 704Salisbury plain (England, UK), 225Salt, 34, 37, 64, 98, 105, 118, 127, 128, 132, 140, 150, 158, 174, 181,

216, 219, 220, 253, 281, 325, 366, 374, 402, 408, 410, 416, 419,420, 425, 428, 488, 495, 496, 506, 531, 534, 625, 642, 655, 672,673, 681, 696, 697, 701, 703, 704, 748, 758, 821, 871, 872, 876,925

Salt dome, 402, 428Salt Lake City (Utah), 642Salzburg Festival, 54Salzkammergut (Austria), 55Samarium, 160, 289Sand, 61, 99, 144, 150, 184, 330, 371, 491, 503, 531, 586, 651, 664,

689, 722, 747, 914Sandy (Hurricane), 613, 616San Francisco (California), 38, 40, 50Sangamonian Interglacial, 808San Gimignano (Italy), 562San Juan (Puerto Rico), 658San Pellegrino (Italy), 498Santa Fe International, 594, 618, 619Santa Maria (volcano, Guatemala), 380Santa Monica (California), 255Santorini, 378, 379SAT. see Surface air temperatureSaturated, 352, 373–376, 390, 398, 408, 411, 412, 419, 478, 480–482,

491, 506, 507, 657, 724, 821, 832Saturn, 202, 246, 277, 410, 543, 549, 557, 558Saturnalia, 46Saudi Arabia, 688, 689, 915, 953Saudi Royal Family, 688Savanna, 483Savannah River Research Center, 356Scalenohedral, 657Scandinavian ice sheet, 100, 309, 507, 677, 684, 693, 694Scandium, 288, 291

Subject Index 989

Scanning electron microscope, 488, 754, 765, 766Scarpia, 23, 56Scattering (of light), 199, 240, 399, 455Scenario, 80, 81, 436, 503, 518, 662, 666, 683, 699, 788–796,

798–801, 902, 912, 924Scheme, 9, 59, 98, 119, 150, 222, 256, 266, 268, 269, 384, 471, 484,

629, 642, 759, 784Schlebusch (Westphalia, Germany), 565, 569Schlierenflysch (Switzerland), 144, 145Schrödinger equation, 293Schrödinger’s cat, 293Schweppes Tonic Water, 859Schwerin (Germany), 678Science, 1, 4–11, 15, 16, 18–22, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 37, 48, 50, 51, 59,

60, 62, 64–66, 68, 79, 82, 96, 108, 119, 120, 123–126, 128, 130,136, 139, 141–143, 149, 157–159, 173, 174, 179, 189, 195, 201,204, 206, 209, 210, 212, 215, 216, 219, 220, 227, 228, 230, 231,233–237, 239, 240, 243, 246, 248–250, 253, 254, 258, 259, 264,268–270, 273, 274, 276, 277, 284, 291, 300–302, 316, 317,320–322, 328, 331, 333, 336, 338, 348, 351, 355, 371, 372, 374,378, 385, 392, 400, 401, 403, 410, 435, 436, 439, 444, 449, 457,458, 469, 474, 475, 485, 487–489, 504, 514, 519, 520, 525, 531,539, 541, 545, 547, 553, 554, 570, 572, 573, 575, 576, 582, 583,587, 588, 590, 593, 594, 619, 629, 632, 639–642, 645, 688–690,708, 709, 711, 713–715, 743, 762, 772, 773, 776, 783, 787, 800,802–804, 819, 822, 825, 828, 847, 858, 861, 862, 864, 870, 876,905, 906, 910, 938, 945

Science Education through Earth Observation for High Schools(SEOS), 882

Science fiction, 4, 136, 264, 284, 348, 375, 553, 786Scientific notation, 35, 37Scotch whiskey, 108, 714, 949Scotland, 11, 91, 99, 107, 108, 149, 172, 219, 236, 352, 364, 389, 406,

434, 555, 558, 568, 628, 632, 655, 695–698, 701, 703, 704, 768,839, 869, 935, 944

Scottish Coast (Antarctica), 90, 92Scottish Enlightenment, 91, 210, 236, 390, 399, 713Scottish Geological Survey, 312Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 144, 300, 319, 377, 400, 435,

513, 640, 826SCUBA, 170, 194, 264, 318, 415, 420Seaborgium, 290Sea fans, 659Sea floor spreading, 91, 100, 151, 161, 163, 301, 336, 337, 401, 492Seafood, 338, 653Sea ice, 1–4, 11, 165, 168, 169, 172, 260, 336, 423, 424, 433, 471,

485–487, 505, 533, 598, 604, 616, 625, 647, 696, 698, 782, 816,842, 853, 867, 871–876, 878–880, 883, 892, 893, 905, 911, 915,921, 930, 941, 946–948, 953

Sea Interludes, 487Sea level, 2, 3, 6, 41, 62, 67, 93, 98, 151–155, 164, 166–168, 187–189,

191, 193, 261, 263, 264, 317, 321, 323, 328–330, 335, 337, 357,372, 373, 375, 383, 391, 392, 397, 398, 407, 408, 410–413, 418,428–431, 439, 456, 480, 481, 485, 492, 493, 499, 500, 508, 524,534, 538, 564, 567, 597, 626, 637, 648, 653, 654, 660, 671–675,677–688, 696, 713, 783, 808, 813–815, 831, 861, 864, 883,885–887, 889, 894, 896, 905, 909, 921, 923–926, 929, 934–936,946, 947, 949, 953, 954

Sea of Marmora, 880, 881Sea of Okhotsk, 626Sea salt, 374, 381, 382, 448, 646Sea urchin, 194, 659Seaway, 499, 637, 861Second, 5–7, 12, 17, 23, 29, 30, 37, 39, 41, 48, 54, 61, 67, 69–75, 78,

80, 86, 104, 105, 111, 117, 121, 128, 137, 141, 146, 154, 158,160, 163, 169, 180, 183, 186–190, 193, 201, 203, 204, 210, 214,

216, 224–226, 237–239, 244, 258, 264–266, 273, 274, 278, 283,286, 293, 296–298, 302, 310, 312, 317, 320, 325, 337, 344–346,350, 358, 389, 391, 392, 398, 402, 406, 410, 413, 416, 419, 424,443, 461, 485–489, 491, 496, 523, 530, 546, 547, 550, 552,560–562, 565, 572, 573, 575–577, 583, 587, 591, 618, 622, 649,664, 666, 694, 698, 718, 731, 734, 743, 750, 756, 775, 788, 800,801, 819, 822, 824, 825, 846, 848, 849, 861, 875, 900, 954, 955

Second Quantum Revolution, 290Sedges, 483, 883Seesaw effect, 698, 702Seine (River), 96, 582Seismic activity, 529Seismic profile, 529–532, 538Seismic waves, 219Selenium, 124, 288Selma chalk, 497Sensible heat, 257, 263, 440, 478, 481, 483, 598, 606, 639Serendipity, 4, 8, 52, 53, 84, 194, 220, 505, 528, 869, 907Serpentine Lake (Hyde Park, London, UK), 379SETI Institute, 226, 228Settlers, 4, 12, 59, 649, 668, 721, 867, 899Severnaya Dvina River, 425Sèvres (France), 847Seward Peninsula, 307Sexagesimal, 29, 188Shackleton Ice Shelf, 895, 903Shakespeare’s First Folio, 690Shallow water wave, 183Shanghai (China), 819Shark, 650, 651, 658Shelf, 112, 166, 425, 428, 429, 433, 505, 508, 509, 625, 637, 653, 658,

696, 718, 814, 883, 900Shelf break, 429Shelf break front, 637Shell (electron), 159, 281Shemu, 43Shetland Islands, 695Shi Lin (China), 906Shilling, 60Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 458, 714Shishi-odoshi, 704Shoemaker-Levy comet, 104, 108Shortwave radiation, 600Shortwave radio, 226Shrubland, 796SI, see Système international d'unitésSiberia, 124, 254, 323, 424, 425, 484, 500, 529, 532, 582, 623, 625,

650, 666, 667, 673, 696, 752, 861, 862, 868, 880, 883, 892, 912,921

Siberian traps, 666Siccar Point, 90, 91, 107, 108, 117, 142, 331Sicily, 174, 175, 332, 334, 724, 734Siegfried, 53, 473Siemens, 408Sierra Madre Oriental (Mexico), 87, 110Sign, 9, 32, 35, 55, 62, 75, 78, 80, 82, 184, 216, 222, 229, 231, 250,

273, 296, 301, 323, 406, 415, 451, 473, 581, 616, 662, 800–802,821, 822, 850, 900, 938

Signal Hill (Labrador, Canada), 225Sigsbee Knoll, 402, 434, 572Sigsbee scarp, 428Silica, 462, 652Silica tetrahedra, 461, 494Siliceous ooze, 651Silicon, 34, 288, 461, 494, 495Silures, 98

990 Subject Index

Silurian, 96, 141, 154, 482, 500, 501Silver, 60, 127, 205, 211, 228, 289, 667Sine (sin), 72Single malt, 108, 214, 473, 713SIPRE, see Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research EstablishmentSlavery, 12, 130Slivovitz, 229, 337, 385Slovak Academy of Sciences, 229Smallpox, 83, 106, 517, 726, 732, 735, 737, 743, 744, 751, 756, 757,

762, 773, 775, 786, 950, 954Smithsonian Institution, 349, 783Smog, 375, 449, 453, 465Smoke, 44, 102, 339, 340, 381, 382, 396, 448, 449, 454, 573, 850, 921,

932, 949SMU, see Southern Methodist UniversitySnellius’ Law, 200, 203Snell's law, 200, 213Snifter, 394, 539Snow, 6, 15, 20, 149, 152, 165, 170, 171, 254, 260, 265, 309, 312, 313,

319, 323, 327, 335, 361, 370, 371, 375, 379, 380, 411, 421,424–428, 430–433, 477, 478, 481, 485, 507, 512, 532, 536, 537,625, 648, 650, 694, 701, 702, 705, 718, 738, 740, 808–810, 821,837, 839, 871, 877, 882, 883, 889, 892, 905, 912, 914, 915

Snowball Earth, 100, 152–155, 172, 306, 343, 373, 497, 525, 526, 663Snowflakes, 327, 421, 426, 431, 696, 833Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, 430SO2, 378–380, 395, 399, 448, 449, 454, 455, 794Sodium, 64, 124, 222, 283, 284, 288, 374, 416, 428, 495, 655, 656Soft corals, 659Soil, 43, 99, 119, 151, 164, 167, 193, 240, 260, 261, 265, 312, 330,

361, 374, 407, 468, 482–484, 495, 497, 514, 517, 533, 535, 717,720, 724, 807, 812, 813, 863, 912, 915, 921, 949

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 348, 364Solar constant, 67, 243–246, 249, 305–307, 312, 369, 373, 501Solar flare, 307, 347, 348, 351, 364Solar panel, 306, 595, 906, 954Solar wind, 347, 348, 357, 360, 363, 364, 442, 443, 456Solar year, 43, 45, 46, 48Solfatara (volcano, near Naples, Italy), 518Solidarity, 776, 777Solstice, 43, 45–50, 307–311, 362, 363, 420Solstitium, 46Solubility, 496, 506, 657, 660SONAR, 160, 219, 301, 416, 870Sorbonne (Paris, France), 90, 338, 686Soufrière (volcano, St. Vincent), 380Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR), 190Sound, speed of, 416Sound waves, 185–187, 189, 193, 199, 219, 227, 444, 529, 531South Africa, 102, 363, 499, 634Southampton (England, UK), 86, 814South Atlantic, 316, 401, 402, 468, 492, 607, 622, 626, 628, 632, 637,

658, 660, 697, 743South Carolina, 317, 356South China Sea, 325South East Drilling Company (SEDCO), 618, 619Southern Alps, 96, 498, 501, 741Southern hemisphere, 42, 100, 102, 307, 311, 323, 330, 356, 363, 365,

377, 424, 426, 433, 454, 455, 492, 518, 519, 621, 625, 626, 628,633, 636, 639, 640, 694, 698, 702, 708, 709, 711

Southern Methodist University (SMU), 4, 5, 10, 12, 13, 51–53, 57, 84,466

Southern Ocean, 424, 426, 429, 433, 608, 609, 623, 628, 659, 660, 662,853, 894, 900

Southern oscillation, 633, 636, 704, 925, 926, 929South Florida, 651, 653

South Korea, 394, 770South Pacific, 378, 626, 635, 640South Sudan, 797, 801Southwest Asian Monsoon, 526, 527, 538Southwest passage, 868Soviet Republic of Moldavia, 366Soviet Union, 1, 2, 250, 301, 350, 386, 399, 436, 628, 645, 647, 714,

715, 759, 762, 776, 777, 911, 947Spaghetti diagrams, 586, 629Spain, 28, 73, 104, 113, 145, 164, 194, 332, 561, 641, 723, 740, 746,

755, 767, 772, 802, 833Spálená (street, Prague, Czechoslovakia), 215Spear, 106, 194, 649, 718, 721, 773Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), 790, 791, 801Specific gravity, 260, 418, 587Specific heat, 91, 235, 260, 261, 263, 265, 405, 407, 408, 412, 433,

597, 863Specific volume, 119, 412, 418SPECMAP Stack, 324, 807, 808, 811, 812Spectroscope, 220, 221, 227, 396Spectroscopy, 134, 135, 219, 220, 227, 249, 286, 297Spectrum, 49, 108, 130, 142, 179, 199, 204–208, 211, 213, 219–227,

235, 241, 247–249, 255–257, 273, 274, 278, 281, 282, 285, 286,295–298, 306, 343, 351, 354, 357, 363, 370, 395, 396, 398,446–448, 461, 463, 466–468, 471, 472, 477, 479, 492, 493, 523,524, 534, 557, 850

Specular reflection, 199Sphere, 36, 60, 67, 68, 70, 244, 245, 276, 295, 306, 310, 318, 333, 391,

543–547, 549, 557, 561, 563, 567, 583, 585, 587, 646, 675, 734,737, 746, 762, 777, 847

Spheroid, 563, 567, 583, 586, 851Spicules, 659Spin, 41, 277, 286, 287, 297, 298, 355, 679, 784Spin magnetic quantum number, 286Spitsbergen, 176, 421, 695, 868, 869, 876Sporer sunspot minimum, 362Spray, 42, 140, 181, 264, 416, 469, 473, 671, 915Spreading center, 163, 380Spring (season), 6, 46–48, 50, 85, 86, 110, 114, 175, 188, 189, 194,

215, 216, 245, 250, 251, 302, 369, 371, 414, 424, 433, 436, 514,626, 650, 668, 825, 828, 830

Spruce, 155, 325, 646, 649, 741, 831Spumellaria, 652Sputnik, 143, 400SRES, see Special Report on Emissions ScenariosStable coast, 684Stade, 60Stadia, 59, 60, 201, 317Stadial, 693, 694Stagg Field (Chicago, Illinois), 295Stalactites, 325, 657Stalagmites, 325, 657Standard atomic weight, 121, 123, 126Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW), 317, 318Standing wave, 277, 285, 302Stanford (California), 316, 318, 336Stanford University, 10, 38, 84, 316Stanley Steamer, 236, 762Starfish, 659Star Wars, 228State Hydrological Institute, Leningrad, 1Statistics, 82, 138, 276, 345, 564, 569, 615, 784, 848Statocumulus (clouds), 376Statute mile, 70, 306, 847St. Augustine grass, 484, 486St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 47

Subject Index 991

Steady-state, 168Steam engine, 83, 98, 119, 142, 164, 172, 236, 237, 248, 405, 433, 450,

781, 825Steamship, 236Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 244, 307Stefan's Fourth Power Law, 243, 245, 249Stephen J. Hay School, 593Steppe, 266, 796, 940Stick map, 182St. John’s (Labrador, Canada), 225St. Lawrence River, 698St. Madoes (Scotland, UK), 11St. Mark’s School of Texas, 51St. Michael (Church, Hamburg, Germany), 564, 570Stockholm (Ship), 67, 86, 100, 468, 677Stomata, 462, 463, 482–484, 502Storegga slide(s), 532St. Petersburg (Russia), 2, 47, 124, 157, 331, 685, 823, 839, 840, 845,

849St.-Pierre (Martinique), 379, 380Strait of Gibraltar, 681, 697, 881Strait of Messina, 174, 175, 621Stratopause, 442, 448, 456, 523Stratosphere, 257, 264, 351, 369, 375, 378–380, 384, 385, 393, 395,

399, 439, 442, 444, 446, 448, 451, 455, 456, 465, 469–473,484–486, 492, 523, 536, 537, 709, 733, 849–851, 900

Stratus (clouds), 376Strombus gigas, 318Strontium, 124, 288St Thomas' Hospital (London, UK), 451Studentenheim am Biederstein (Munich, Germany), 55Subatlantic, 694Subatomic particles, 159, 355, 363, 375, 390, 398, 557Subboreal, 694Subduction zone, 163, 379, 493, 498, 501, 674, 681, 814Submarex (Ship), 331Subshell, 283, 285–287, 297Subtropical front, 623, 626, 661Sucrose, 462Sudetenland, 52Suess effect, 360, 364, 512, 826Sulfur, 124, 288, 378–380, 384, 385, 448, 454, 538, 666, 709, 733,

794, 851Sumerians, 29, 50Summer, 1, 2, 4, 10, 22, 48, 56, 60, 67, 71, 85, 87, 90, 110, 111, 114,

143, 164, 165, 175, 179, 193–195, 215, 228–231, 233, 250, 254,266, 300, 307–313, 323, 335, 337, 338, 362, 363, 365, 371, 379,385, 386, 420, 424–426, 431–433, 441, 469, 473, 481, 483–485,489, 492, 495, 505, 523, 526, 527, 601–603, 607, 608, 610, 613,616, 625, 636–638, 648, 650, 668, 677, 696, 710, 717, 733, 734,741, 755, 758, 761, 772, 776, 781, 782, 786, 802, 803, 816, 825,828, 830, 837, 842, 867, 869, 870, 872, 875–878, 883, 885, 886,892–895, 899, 909, 912, 938, 943, 948, 953, 955

Summit ice core, 528, 702Sun, 1, 3, 43, 45, 46, 48–50, 60, 67, 70–72, 75, 76, 78, 83, 90, 118,

119, 127, 130, 133, 134, 142, 149, 162, 169–171, 179, 182, 199,201–206, 208, 211–213, 219–221, 225–227, 235, 243–250,253–257, 259, 264, 276, 282, 296, 297, 305–312, 315, 323, 333,335, 336, 343, 344, 346–351, 357, 362–365, 369–373, 377, 381,394–396, 408, 419, 420, 433, 442–444, 446–449, 454, 456, 461,463, 466, 468, 469, 485, 501, 519, 523, 525, 531, 543–552, 558,559, 564, 568–570, 590, 592, 597, 638, 639, 646, 668, 671, 682,689, 690, 703, 711, 712, 717, 732, 823, 867, 875, 877, 883, 953

Sunda shelf, 678Sunshade, 384

Sunspot, 150, 226, 254, 307, 343–348, 351, 357, 360–365, 379, 381,709, 824, 850

Superman, 199Supernova, 134, 139, 142, 278, 305, 350Sûreté, 340, 533Surface Air Temperature (SAT), 825Surface temperature, 119, 129, 152, 171, 240, 245, 246, 253–255, 257,

264, 305, 307, 319, 351, 362, 377, 378, 385, 410, 452, 454, 455,468, 478, 481, 500, 501, 602, 613, 616, 626, 627, 632, 634, 636,648, 688, 709, 792, 851, 863, 874, 937

Surface tension, 180, 181, 374, 408, 419Svalbard, 423, 869Švejk, 215, 250Sverdrup (unit), 622, 628Swallow float, 629Swenet (now Aswan, Egypt), 60Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 5, 10, 85, 86, 275, 430Swiss Friends of the USA, 5, 10, 85Switzerland, 2, 6, 10, 40, 51, 55, 79, 85, 99, 143–145, 157, 161, 172,

173, 194, 222, 240, 251, 269, 270, 315, 316, 353, 356, 379, 426,430, 495, 641, 700, 776, 782, 803, 819, 857, 955

Sword of Damocles, 907Sydmonton Festival, 226Syene (Egypt), 60Symbiotic algae, 653, 659, 662Système international d'unités, 65

TTabasco sauce, 428Taiga, 265, 649Taiwan, 162Tambora (volcano, Indonesia), 378, 379, 385, 415, 786, 824Tampico (Mexico), 109, 110Tangential velocity, 75–77, 585Tangent (tan), 73, 76Tanqueray (Gin), 300, 434Tantalum, 289Taormina (Sicily), 175Tasmania, 528, 529, 535, 537, 538Taxco (Mexico), 113Taylor Dome, 510, 511, 513Technetium, 288Technical University Berlin, 195Technical University (Munich), 786Telegraph, 225, 347, 348, 363, 491Television, 23, 127, 128, 140, 225, 226, 228, 607, 786, 955Tellurium, 124, 289Temperate (climate), 266, 647Temperature, 2–4, 11, 15–17, 20, 33, 43, 47, 62, 63, 66, 67, 82, 83,

118, 119, 121, 123, 129, 142, 149, 150, 152–156, 162, 164–166,168, 171, 179, 187–193, 205, 219, 227, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239,241–249, 253–255, 257, 260, 261, 263–266, 268, 269, 295, 298,305–307, 311, 317–328, 331, 335–337, 343, 344, 347, 349, 357,358, 361, 369–371, 373, 375–377, 379, 380, 384, 385, 389,391–393, 396–399, 405–414, 416–420, 425–428, 431–433,439–443, 445–447, 452–456, 462–465, 468, 471, 473, 477, 478,480–486, 488, 489, 492, 493, 496–500, 503, 507–509, 513, 517,519, 523–526, 530–532, 534, 536, 548, 602, 623, 625, 626, 628,631, 637, 638, 646, 648, 650, 662, 663, 665–667, 672, 673, 688,694, 696, 698–702, 705, 706, 708–711, 713, 717, 718, 723, 734,736, 738, 744, 747, 750, 756, 760–762, 765, 774, 781–783, 787,788, 791–793, 795, 798, 801, 808, 810, 811, 813, 815–817,821–834, 837, 839–846, 848–863, 872, 874, 875, 882, 883, 886,

992 Subject Index

895–897, 899, 909–914, 920, 921, 924, 930, 937, 938, 943, 944,947, 953, 954

Temperature‘absolute’ temperature scale, 11820th century pattern of temperature change, 827Celsius temperature scale, 118change with altitude, 373global temperature, 101, 323Holocene temperature, 708instrumental temperature record, 821Kelvin temperature scale, 66of the Earth, 235, 244paleotemperature, 320, 321, 324, 328, 331, 336potential temperature, 419pressure-temperature relationship, 264records, 823–824surface temperature, 257temperature-salinity-density-pressure relationship, 416

Temperature gradient, 156, 598, 626, 665, 825, 854, 864, 899Temple of Serapis, 678Tennessee, 325, 497, 515, 587Tephra, 379Terbium, 289Terminal moraine, 312, 676, 694Termination I, 509, 510, 601, 810, 815Termination II, 510, 808, 810, 813, 910Termination III, 509, 510Termination IV, 510, 810Termination(s), 324, 329, 335, 509, 510, 512, 515, 808Termites, 523Terra fluida, 389, 399Terra lapidea, 389, 399Terra pinguis, 233Tethys, 499, 637, 665Tetraethyl lead, 453Texaco, 23, 24Texas, 12, 22, 23, 113, 114, 160, 167, 195, 306, 316, 364, 428, 434,

436, 457, 478, 497, 508, 513, 595, 619, 640, 641, 678, 711, 818,861

Texas A & M University, 513Texas Declaration of Independence, 12Texas War of Independence, 12Thailand, 942Thaler, 62, 127Thallium, 289Thames (River), 433, 434, 451Theater am Gärtnerplatz (Munich, Germany), 56The Max Factor, 540The Netherlands, 7, 11, 175, 283, 284, 332, 502, 503, 528, 641, 647,

693, 743, 751, 802, 803, 808, 813, 912, 926Theory, 7–9, 67, 80, 99, 103, 107, 119, 120, 133, 134, 136, 141, 151,

163, 207, 209, 214, 234, 237, 273–275, 285, 298, 312, 315–317,321, 326, 330, 331, 337, 351, 362, 379, 390, 399, 401, 402, 442,544, 562, 567, 570, 573, 579, 587, 590, 592, 617, 711, 712, 750,769, 781

Theory of Relativity, 142, 273, 276, 298, 391, 825The Pennsylvania State University, 372, 385, 504, 526, 602, 708, 861Thera (island), 379The Rationalizer, 690The Ring, 53, 202, 277, 324, 360Thermal conductivity, 118, 407, 408, 412Thermal expansion, 418, 666, 688, 791, 923Thermal neutron, 357, 359, 390, 398Thermocline, 190, 192, 264, 623, 633–635, 640, 938Thermocline water, 623

Thermodynamics, 236–239, 244, 248, 273, 297, 822Thermometer, 15, 19–21, 83, 150, 191, 205, 235, 239, 242, 243, 262,

263, 343, 344, 405, 419, 439, 440, 442, 456, 478, 598, 821–823,825, 855, 857, 912

Thermopause, 442, 456Thermoscope, 439, 456, 821, 857Thermosphere, 442, 443, 456, 492Thermostat, 155, 306, 377, 378, 384, 385, 481, 494, 496, 823Thomasanerkiche (Leipzig, Germany), 776Thomas Jefferson’s Rotunda (University f Virginia), 12Thorium, 119, 128, 131, 132, 136, 140–142, 158, 263, 290, 321, 326,

681Three-body problem, 259Three Gorges (China), 906Thulium, 289Tibetan Plateau, 154, 265, 383, 480, 526, 527, 606, 608, 616, 637, 639,

673, 718, 953Tigris River, 29Tilt, 43, 45, 307, 309–311, 335, 420, 563–565, 671, 717, 787Tin, 189, 289, 390, 399Tipping point, 3, 786–788, 867, 871, 872, 905, 945, 953Titan, 410Titanium, 158, 288Toise, 203Tomato, 147, 291, 292, 503, 647, 912Ton, 37, 60, 61, 128, 136, 164, 295, 302, 331, 347, 378, 383, 395, 518,

650, 851, 896TOPEX-Poseidon (NASA satellites), 680Tornado, 44, 76, 538, 599, 615–617, 915, 916, 919, 928, 949Tornado and Storm Research Organization, 43Toronto (Canada), 513Torpille, 194Torr, 243Torre Asinelli, 563, 565, 568Torre Garisenda, 563TORRO, see Tornado and Storm Research OrganizationTosca, 23, 56Totentanz (Basel, Switzerland), 173Toxic fog, 385Trade winds, 559, 560, 562, 570, 576, 588, 592, 598, 601, 603, 604,

617, 633–636, 639, 640, 704, 709Transantarctic Mountains, 428Transatlantic agricultural revolution, 80Transatlantic telegraph cable, 94, 227Transform fault, 40, 163Transition metalsTranslational motion, 296, 297Transmittance, 397, 479, 493, 524, 534Transocean (amalgam of Global Marine, SEDCO, and Santa Fe

International), 619Travail, 576, 577Travail moteur, 577Travail resistant, 577Treaty of Rome (1957), 802Treaty of Westphalia, 712Tree-line, 648, 649Trench, 175, 379, 401, 410, 419, 493, 672, 675, 725Trendline, 828, 831, 839Triads, 123, 124, 142Triassic, 85, 98, 105, 106, 141, 154, 155, 332, 500, 501Tridacna, 659Triple point, 409, 410, 433, 822Tristan und Isolde, 54Tritium, 64, 162, 172, 327, 628, 629, 632, 699, 935Trojan War, 106, 445

Subject Index 993

Tromsø (Norway), 307Tropical (climate), 330Tropical Easterlies (winds), 638Tropical rainforest, 266, 484Tropical-subtropical anticyclonic gyre, 623Tropical year, 43Tropic of Cancer, 45, 60, 307, 851Tropic of Capricorn, 45, 307, 834, 851Tropopause, 264, 440, 442, 448, 456, 471, 900Troposphere, 264, 351, 373, 375–378, 381, 393, 441, 444, 446, 447,

449, 455, 456, 465, 471, 478, 481, 484, 492, 523, 533, 537, 602,626, 849, 884, 886, 900, 909

Troy, 60, 576Troy weight, 60Trubi, 174Trucco, 579Trustee, 13, 51, 475, 519, 520, 539–541Tsunami, 40, 41, 51, 181–184, 193, 379, 518, 532, 944Tuna, 651Tundra, 166, 265, 266, 325, 533, 648, 649, 693, 694, 875, 883, 887,

912, 948Tungsten, 255, 289Tunguska event, 650, 667Turnover, 414, 655Turntable, 579, 581, 582, 587Tuzex, 216Two slit experiment, 207Two-way flow, 880Two-way travel time, 530Typhoon, 41, 42, 560, 616, 680, 911, 915, 916, 929Typhoon Dolphin, 610, 611

UUHF, 226Ultraviolet catastrophe, 247, 249, 298Ultraviolet radiation, 222, 264, 296, 351, 369, 377, 394, 433, 443, 446,

447, 456, 461, 462, 465–469, 471–473, 537in ionosphere, 443, 456in stratosphere, 442oxygen-ozone-ultraviolet connection, 466oxygen-ozone-ultraviolet conundrum, 466

UN2015, 785Uncertainty, 7, 9, 118, 139, 158, 268, 373, 410, 502, 517, 672, 673,

688, 781, 814, 850, 942Uncertainty principle, 292, 298, 825Uncia, 59Undersaturated, 402, 507, 657, 661UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 790, 884Unexcited state, 296Unified atomic mass units (u), 121, 122Uniformitarianism, 5, 95, 104, 107, 117, 141United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 797, 801United States, 1, 8, 10, 16, 17, 19, 27, 30, 37, 38, 42, 48, 50–52, 59–62,

67, 73, 99–101, 103, 114, 125, 143, 155, 167, 176, 186, 231,235, 250, 265, 270, 312, 315, 317, 330, 366, 371, 375, 383, 394,400, 434, 436, 451, 453, 455, 457, 469, 474, 484, 515, 518, 568,576, 611, 615, 636, 647, 653, 668, 711, 713, 782, 784, 791, 792,797, 800, 801, 818, 819, 822, 828, 836, 839, 846, 847, 849, 850,852, 853, 856, 857, 870, 880, 907, 946

air pollution regulation, 453instrumental temperature record in, 821metric system in, 61land temperature calculations, 847meteorological observations, 846

United States (Ship), 155, 167, 176

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 111Université catholique de Louvain, 323, 328, 815University of Geosciences (Beijing, China), 906University of Hawaii, 457University of Oregon, 457University of Rhode Island, 457, 573Upper Midwest (US), 325, 485, 916Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 126University College (London), 98, 129–132, 142, 221, 302University of Adelaide, 152University of Alberta, 681University of Arizona, 360, 708University of Basel, 6, 10, 143, 173, 316, 782University of Berlin, 98, 241, 246University of Bern, 700University of Breslau, 241University of Bristol, 356, 364University of California at Berkeley, 158, 513University of Chicago, 8, 42, 95, 151, 152, 295, 317, 347, 360, 390,

399, 452, 456, 488, 513, 615, 826University of Colorado (at Boulder), 7, 11, 783, 786, 802University of Colorado Museum, 520, 688, 713University of Durham, 158University of East Anglia, 843, 845, 848, 858University of Essex at Colchester, 450University of Göttingen, 223, 292University of Glasgow, 118, 132, 219, 236, 390, 399University of Graz, 16University of Greifswald, 7, 11, 157University of Hamburg, 285University of Heidelberg, 15, 220, 241, 249, 823University of Illinois in Urbana, 6, 84, 86, 161, 300, 315, 539University of Illinois Library, 270University of Jena, 205University of Kansas, 802University of Karlsruhe, 223, 274University of Königsberg, 220, 241University of Leiden, 200, 283, 284University of Manchester, 130, 135, 160University of Marburg, 102, 240, 315University of Massachusetts, 504, 708, 863University of Miami, 6, 10, 195, 300, 317, 372, 385, 519, 520, 539, 541University of Michigan, 164, 301, 364, 494, 817University of Michigan - Great Lakes Research Institute, 301University of Minnesota, 140, 158, 159University of Munich, 16, 21, 52, 53, 55, 273, 292, 297, 776University of New Hampshire, 269, 270University of Padua, 96, 98, 354University of Stockholm, 468, 686, 816, 870University of Texas, 22, 84, 87, 110, 457, 861University of Tokyo, 384, 942University of Utrecht, 11, 332, 333, 335, 443, 502, 803, 808, 863University of Vienna, 11, 243, 803, 864University of Virginia, 12, 510University of Washington, 435, 876, 905University of Würzburg, 127, 315University of Zürich, 5, 10, 85, 142, 315Updraft, 376, 377, 635Uppsala University, 253Upwelling, 119, 160, 628, 632–635, 639, 640, 664, 665, 679, 709, 894,

896, 938Uranium, 37, 81, 119, 126–128, 130–134, 136, 138–142, 158, 161,

221, 228, 263, 280, 283, 284, 286, 290, 294, 295, 321, 326, 681Uranus, 246, 557Urban sprawl, 371, 384, 509, 782, 788, 801, 906Urea, 534

994 Subject Index

U.S. Army Signal Service, 588U.S. Atomic Energy Agency, 137U.S. climate regions, 268US Geological Survey, 104, 144, 374USHCN. See U.S. Historical Climate NetworkU.S. Historical Climate Network (USHCN), 845U.S. National Climate Data Center (NCDC), 845, 848, 849, 857U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), 331, 686U.S. National Severe Storms Forecast Center, 42US Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s Joint Global Change

Research Institute, 793USSR, 151, 152, 231, 336, 386, 457, 640, 641, 672, 699, 713–715,

803, 826, 839, 850, 856USSR Academy of Sciences, 498, 714U.S. standard atmosphere, 187, 269U.S. statute miles, 70U.S. Weather Bureau, 588Ut tensio, sic vis, 392, 399UV-A, UV-B, UV-C, 466Uzbekistan, 715, 758

VVáclavské náměsti (Wenceslas Square, Prague, Czechoslovakia), 215Vaduz (Liechtenstein), 144Valence, 124, 132, 142Valency, 124Value, 5, 9, 29, 31, 32, 38, 41, 43, 60–62, 67, 68, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82,

83, 119, 122, 123, 132, 141, 150, 157, 173, 188–190, 193, 200,202, 203, 207, 209, 210, 213, 214, 222, 227, 233, 239, 243–245,249, 259–262, 266, 268, 274, 280, 286, 293, 301, 307, 318, 321,324, 371, 378, 417, 418, 449, 468, 473, 501, 514, 520, 525, 534,541, 552, 554, 555, 557, 568, 569, 582, 587, 688, 694, 784, 785,787, 793, 808, 809, 811, 813, 848, 849, 947

Vanadium, 288Vapor, 66, 67, 240, 254, 257, 260, 296, 319, 321, 325, 373–375, 377,

390, 398, 405–412, 420, 421, 426, 433, 446, 447, 477–486, 492,500, 532, 587, 599, 626, 640, 647, 706, 788, 822, 832, 850, 875,882

Vaporization, 407 See also Latent heat of vaporizationVapor pressure, 408Variability, 15, 149, 150, 168–170, 254, 346, 347, 629, 717, 784, 786,

787, 808–810, 828, 830, 831, 833, 837, 839, 840, 842, 848, 850,851, 853, 856, 892

environmental variability, 786of temperature, 837solar variability, 343, 363

Varve, 107, 142, 693Vatican, 344, 547Vatnajökull Glacier (Iceland), 380Vector, 33, 34, 63, 77, 78, 246, 543, 547, 548, 552, 557, 558, 576, 581,

582, 590, 591, 597, 711Veen, 693Vega (Ship), 868, 905Velasco formation (Mexico), 86, 215Vela supernova remnant, 278Vema (Ship), 160, 319, 336Venetian Republic, 880Venice (Italy), 683Venice of the North, 2, 683Venus, 246, 307, 369, 391, 590, 591, 597, 711Vermouth, 38, 239, 300, 434, 487Vernadsky Institute, 1, 645Vernal equinox, 47, 50, 71, 311, 371, 372Vesuvius, 379, 380, 518, 678VHF, 226

Vibration frequency, 296Victoria (Lake), 344, 364Victoria University College, 135Vienna, 6, 7, 56, 144, 215, 242, 246, 250, 251, 318, 362, 686, 725, 741,

775, 803, 817, 819Vierzehnheiligen (Church, Germany), 32, 34Vietnam War, 337, 365Vikings, 689, 726, 735, 743, 803, 867, 868, 905Vinland Sagas, 868Virginia, 4, 10, 12, 541, 781Virginia Key (Florida), 541Vltava (Moldau) River, 215Vodka, 2, 11, 375, 413, 456, 487, 645Volcanic ash and climate change, 378Volcanism, 152, 153, 378, 380, 500, 666, 675, 734Volcano, 110, 175Volcano

‘intraplate volcanoes’, 492carbon cycle and, 492Eifel volcanoes, 498

Vostok (ice core), 328, 335, 337, 383, 384, 409–411, 426, 432,508–510, 699, 700, 810, 811

Vostok (station), 327Vulture Capitalism, 818

WWagner festival, 53WAIS. See West Antarctic Ice SheetWales, 98, 99, 107, 913, 914Walker circulation, 607, 608, 632, 633, 639Wall Street Journal, 690, 712, 713Warm Earth, 6, 105, 488, 489, 636, 639, 783, 803, 859, 861, 864, 912Warnemünde (Germany), 677War of 1812, 61Washington, D.C., 4, 6, 11, 35, 36, 189, 437, 561, 573, 648, 755, 757,

773, 776, 838, 905Washington-on-the Brazos (Texas), 12Washington University, 321, 351Water

mass, in ocean, 672hydrologic cycle, 411, 482, 483, 625, 718ice forms from, 425, 892ice, 254, 407, 639natural water, 415pure water, 253, 408, 412speed of sound in, 189surface tension, 180, 181, 374, 408, 419upwelling, from ocean’s interior to surface, 632volume, in ocean, 672

Watergate, 573Waterloo (Belgium), 822Water of life, 539Water vapor, 240, 248, 249, 254, 257, 263, 296, 298, 323, 325,

373–378, 393, 407, 408, 412, 419, 426, 445–449, 451, 452, 464,465, 477–479, 481, 482, 485, 486, 489, 492, 496, 500, 523, 529,589, 598, 603–606, 616, 626, 630, 647, 665, 681, 824, 849–851,853, 854, 856, 863, 864, 873, 875, 930, 945, 946, 954

Water waves, 179–185, 192, 193, 199, 203, 204, 207, 213, 227, 285,395

Waterwheel, 577, 579, 580, 592Watt, 37, 62, 63, 67, 83, 119, 142, 179, 236, 242, 245, 248, 305–307,

362, 369, 371, 407, 463, 485, 633, 745, 793Wave-cut terraces, 813Wave group, 180, 183Wavelets, 42

Subject Index 995

Wave mechanics, 294Waves, 179–196

electromagnetic waves, 66, 209–211, 219, 223–225, 227, 244, 248,274, 275, 394

Kelvin waves, 636, 637, 640, 938Rossby waves, 602, 616, 878, 882sound waves, 185–187water waves, 179–185, 192, 193, 199, 203, 204, 207, 213, 227, 395

Wayne State University, 5, 10, 53Weather, 1, 4, 11, 15–17, 19, 21, 41, 47, 54, 67, 82, 127, 149–151, 155,

167, 172, 195, 226, 233, 258–260, 266, 269, 348, 351, 372, 373,375, 378–380, 410, 453, 478, 482, 483, 494, 495, 497, 514, 551,555, 557, 601, 602, 615, 618, 626, 646, 650, 668, 695, 696, 717,718, 733, 738, 743, 784, 786, 787, 824, 826, 828, 829, 848,854–857, 859, 862, 911, 912, 914, 915, 919–921, 930, 942

Weddell Sea, 424, 429, 628, 640, 698, 816, 894, 896, 899Weichselian, 693, 808Weights, 27, 33, 34, 37, 49, 59–65, 76, 112, 114, 119–121, 124, 128,

166, 245, 265, 283, 317, 318, 331, 380, 390, 391, 398, 399, 413,416, 425, 426, 429, 439, 445, 446, 461, 492, 495, 561, 518, 583,618, 625, 660, 662, 673, 675–680, 683, 684, 696, 849, 926

Weimar Republic, 54Weisswurst, 56Wellfleet (Massachusetts), 225Wesleyan University, 502West African Monsoon, 948West Antarctica, 428, 682, 887, 889, 894, 896, 899, 924West Antarctic Ice Sheet, 814, 815, 885, 894, 896, 905, 934, 948West Berlin, 195Westerly winds, 426, 561, 564, 601, 606, 613, 616, 621, 623, 625, 632,

636, 639, 661, 878, 932Western boundary current, 621, 633Western Pacific warm pool, 634, 679West Germany, 777, 802West German Geological Survey (Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung),

230West Greenland Current, 882, 886West Ice Shelf, 895Westminster Abbey (London, UK), 91, 108West Virginia, 588, 757West Wind Drift, 622Wet-bulb temperature, 912, 914Wetlands, 523, 527, 535, 722, 723, 883Whiskey, 59, 108, 520White Cliffs (Dover, England, UK), 93, 98White House, 251, 436, 570, 593, 595, 640, 922White nights, 1, 3White Sea, 813Whitings, 658Wien's Displacement Law, 242, 246, 247Wien's Distribution Law, 247, 274Wikipedia, 29, 32, 39, 61, 122, 123, 349, 353, 393, 395, 516, 554, 584,

720, 724, 730, 734, 736, 738–740, 744, 745, 747–749, 751, 764,769, 847, 905, 940, 941, 944, 945

Wilkes Land, 900Wilkins Ice Shelf, 895, 896Will o' the wisp, 414Windemere, 693Winter, 4, 15, 16, 23, 46–48, 50, 56, 67, 71, 102, 144, 155, 157, 168,

172, 195, 233, 254, 266, 307–313, 315, 323, 335, 362, 363, 371,413, 414, 423–426, 430, 431, 441, 469, 471, 478, 481, 484, 485,489, 492, 500, 514, 523, 526, 527, 529, 532, 602, 603, 608, 625,636–638, 650, 668, 696, 697, 704, 706, 710, 717, 719, 723, 725,738–741, 754, 758, 761, 769, 772, 800, 824, 825, 828–830, 832,

863, 867, 868, 878, 882, 892, 893, 899, 909, 911, 912, 915, 930,947, 954

Winter Palace, 2Wireless telegraph, 225, 228Wireline coring, 402Wisconsinan (glaciation), 312Wivenhoe Park (Essex, England, UK), 450WMO. See World Meteorological OrganizationWolf sunspot minimum, 362Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer, 40Wood gas, 389, 399Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 301, 686, 870Work, 1, 4, 6–8, 10, 15, 20–22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 33, 39, 40, 48, 51, 60,

62–65, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75, 84–86, 89–91, 93, 95, 99, 102, 103,107, 112, 117, 120, 124, 125, 131, 132, 135, 136, 139, 142, 143,146, 151, 152, 158, 159, 162, 169, 172, 174, 175, 180, 183, 184,186, 188, 189, 193, 195, 201, 206, 212–216, 220, 222, 223, 226,227, 229–231, 234, 236–244, 247, 249–251, 255, 258, 259, 262,266, 268–270, 274–276, 284, 285, 287, 291, 292, 294, 297, 298,300–302, 305, 306, 315–317, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 330, 332,333, 339, 340, 345, 348, 350, 351, 366, 371, 372, 375, 378, 380,385, 386, 390, 392, 393, 401, 402, 411, 412, 419, 425, 428, 431,439, 440, 442, 444, 451, 454, 461, 463–465, 469, 471, 473–475,477, 480, 485, 486, 489, 491, 494, 497, 498, 500, 502–506, 513,520, 521, 529, 531, 534, 540, 575–577, 579–583, 586, 588, 592,597, 599, 608, 618, 625, 626, 628, 629, 632, 641, 642, 645, 649,655, 657, 660, 662, 664, 668, 677, 683, 695, 700, 705, 781–784,792, 800, 803, 804, 808, 814, 815, 818, 821, 825, 845, 861, 864,876, 906, 912, 949, 950, 954

World Bank, 678, 923, 929World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 823, 825, 831, 845, 846,

848, 857World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), 631World Trade Center, 563World War I, 106, 127, 160, 175, 215, 468, 535, 729, 754World War II, 1, 22, 52, 86, 106, 151, 158, 190, 226, 258, 294, 295,

301, 318, 355, 359, 416, 449, 468, 474, 491, 756, 762, 775, 513,535, 823, 849, 856, 871, 892, 906, 946

World Weather Records (WWR), 824, 825, 855, 857Wormwood, 38, 51Worst case (scenario), 518WSJ. See Wall Street JournalWWR. See World Weather Records

XXenon, 283, 289, 391Xian (China), 906X-ray, 127, 128, 131, 142

YYale University, 29, 98, 140, 502Yangtze River (China), 906Yard, 59, 60, 189, 340, 579, 645, 846, 847YBC 7289, 29Year, 10–12, 19–23, 28–30, 35Year without a summer, 379, 385, 733, 824, 955Yellow River, 164, 383Yemen, 690Younger Dryas, 166, 167, 171, 527, 694, 695, 697–699, 701, 702, 706,

707, 723, 808, 930Young sea ice effect, 876Ynch, 59

996 Subject Index

Ytterbium, 289Yttrium, 288, 291Yucatan, 117, 163, 503, 653

ZZea mays, 647Zeeman effect, 284, 297, 298Zermatt (Switzerland), 55

Zeroth law, 239Zinc, 135, 288, 566Zinc Sulfide (ZnS), 135Zinfandel, 818Zirconium, 288Zoo (Berlin, Germany), 20, 63, 76, 81, 140, 154, 195, 223, 260, 298,

305, 327, 348, 365, 610, 651, 857Zur alten Rosskunst (mine, Germany), 565, 569, 570Zürich (Switzerland), 5, 10, 52, 85, 86, 275, 298, 315, 330, 426, 430

Subject Index 997

Index of Works Mentioned

CCanon of insolation and the ice-age problem, 336Catching the light -: the entwined history of light and mind, 214Cats, 199, 226, 293, 457, 458, 494, 738, 766Causes of climate change over the past 1,000 years, 378, 449Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate, 365Charterhouse of Parma, The, 174Chemical evolution of the atmosphere in the Phanerozoic, 10Chilling Stars: a new Theory of Climate Change, The, 365Circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea, The, 881Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from

theVostok ice core, Antarctica, 509Climate and time, in their geological relations, 312Climate change 2007: the physical science basis, 539Climate Change; Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced

GlobalWarming?, 10, 953Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic, 172Climate over the past two millennia, 708CO2 as the primary driver of Phanerozoic climate, 365Coevolution of climate and life, 345, 365, 783Comparison of Ancient Climates with the Ancient Latitudes

deducedfrom Rock Magnetic Measurements, 172Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing -

TheScience of Transposition and Cancelation, The, 30Concise Geologic Time Scale, The, 108Continent and ocean basin evolution by spreading of the sea floor, 400Cosmic rays and particle physics, 365Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide and climate, 365Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton, The, 352Crest of the Peacock, The, 51Cynic’s Word Book, The, 10

DDana's System of Mineralogy, 100Dark Side of the Earth, The, 11Day after Tomorrow, The, 699De revolutionibur orbium coelestium, 336der schönen blauen Donau, An, 385Deterministic nonperiodic flow, 258Detrital sediment fluxes from continents to oceans, 157Devil’s Dictionary, The, 10, 65Die Kimate der geologischen Vorzeit, 336Die Natur der chemischen Elemente als Funktion ihrer Atomgewichte,

297Discours de la Méthode pour bien conduire sa Raison et chercher

laVérité dans les Sciences, 201Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe, 93

Discourse on the method of using Reason and searching for Truth intheSciences, 201

Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, 564Divine Comedy, The, 233, 249Du calcul de l'effet des machines, ou Considérations sur l'emploi

desmoteurs et sur leur évaluation: pour servir d'introductionàl'étude spéciale des machines, 592

Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, A, 214

EEarth's Climate: Past and Future, 888Earth System History, 108Effect of solar radiation variation on the climate of the earth, The, 385Essay on the principle of population, 80, 83Essay on the Winds and Currents of the Ocean, An, 592Étude sur les glaciers, 99, 107Experiments on the law of fall, on the resistance of the air, and on

therotation of the Earth, 567–569

FFrankenstein, 379, 786, 955From Earth to the Moon, 364Fundamentals of Geology, 157, 172

GGame of Science, The, 11Global Carbon Cycle, The, 361, 519Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, The, 11Good bye Lenin, 777Good Soldier Švejk, The, 250Great Ice Age, The, 314Grundprobleme der Geologie, 118, 172

HHarmonie Universelle, 188, 189, 193Historical Perspectives on Climate Change, 11, 51, 84, 444History of Earth's Atmosphere, 1, 2History of Ocean Basins, 400History of the Thermometer and Its Use in Meteorology, A,, 205Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, The, 39

II am Furious (Yellow) (The Simpsons), 276

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license toSpringer Nature Switzerland AG 2021W. W. Hay, Experimenting on a Small Planet,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76339-8

999

Ice Ages, The, 152, 154, 253, 319, 322, 327, 337, 482, 486, 487, 532,718

Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth, 107Inconvenient truth, An, 708Influence of Great Epochs of Limestone Formation upon

theConstitution of the Atmosphere, The, 297Influence of the Earth’s Rotation Upon the Motion of Bodies Near

ItsSurface, The, 588International one-atmosphere equation of state for sea water, 433Introduction to the Coriolis Force, An, 590

JJournal de physique, de chimie et d’histoire naturelle, 120

KKanon der Erdebestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf

dasEiszeitenproblem, 336Kinetic model for the composition of seawater, A, 488Kunstformen der Natur, 651, 667

LLa Bohême, 785L'apprenti sorcier, 539Last Man, The, 786Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: The Snowball Earth,

385Le Monde ou Traité de la Lumière, 201, 213Le Sacre du Printemps, 172Limits to Growth - The 30-Year Update, 788, 789Limits to Growth, The, 788, 801Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, 540Longitude: the true story of a lone genius who solved the

greatestscientific problem of his time, 84

MMa vlast, 215Malt Whiskey Companion, 108Manual of Geology, 100Mathematical Theory of the Effects of the Game of Billiards, 579Mécanique Céleste, 329, 564, 590Memoire: Sur le principe des forces vives dans le movement relatifs des

machines, 579, 592Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses, The, 8, 10, 11Micrographia, 392, 399Mirifici logarithmorum canonis description, 50Motion of the Solar System in Space, 211

NName of the Rose, The, 8, 233, 249Natural resources and an optimum human population, 786New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, A, 142New geomagnetic polarity timescale for the late Cretaceous and

Cenozoic, A, 161New System of Chemical Philosophy, A, 142, 239, 433Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and

Light, 298Note on the relation between the intensity and direction of the wind and

concurrent spread of barometry, 588Note sur le rapport de l'intensité et de la direction du vent avec les

écarts simultanés du barometer, 588, 592

OOcean Circulation, 2nd Edition, 640Old possum's book of practical cats, 226On calculating the effects of machines, or Considerations on the use of

motors and their evaluation to serve as an introduction to thespecial study of machines, 576

On Physical Lines of Force, 210, 214On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of

the Ground, 142, 269, 297, 781, 857On the influence of uniform electrical oscillations on a neighboring

electrical circuit, 224On the Nature of Things, 477On the Photochemistry of ozone in the Stratosphere and Troposphere

and Pollution of the Stratosphere by high flying aircraft, 468On the Smallness of Sinking Regions in the Ocean, 625On the structure of atoms, 277, 298

Opera Once Over Lightly, 23Opticks, 204, 213Opus novum Emendatione Temporum, 48, 50Origin of Species, The, 107, 690, 818

PPaleoclimatology, Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary, 710Persistence of Memory, The, 712Peter Grimes, 487Philosophæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 552Physical Geography of the Sea, 561, 587Physics of Climate, 269, 385, 456, 618Physics of the Air, 451Pink Panther Strikes Again, The, 533Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of Life and

Environment, 51Pleistocene Geology, 270Pleistocene temperatures, 319, 336, 667Polar ice and climate, 336Postglacial coastal evolution: Ice-ocean-solid Earth interactions in a

period of rapid climate change, 684Primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate, A, 538Principia Mathematica, 30 , 189, 193, 392, 552, 570Principia philosophiæ, 576Principles of Geology, 93, 95, 107, 315Principles of Physical Geology, 140, 160, 336Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 294

QQuantisierung als Eigenwertproblem, 298Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem, 293

RRadio-Activity, 128Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, 249Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, 249Reflexions sur le Phlogistique, 234Remarques generales sur les températures du globe terrestre et

desespaces planétaires, 235, 249, 444, 456Report of the Director of the (British) Meteorological Office upon an

Inquiry into the Relations between the Estimates of Wind ForceAccording to Admiral Beaufort’s Scale and the VelocitiesRecorded by Anemometers Belonging to the Office, 41

Rite of Spring, The, 667, 775Rocks and Mineral Deposits, 50, 64, 83

1000 Index of Works Mentioned

SScience: A History, 399Science et Methode, 259Science of Boiling an Egg, The, 410, 433Scientific Companion: Exploring the Physical World with Facts,

Figures, The, 51, 302Sea Frontiers, 519Sea Level Change, 151, 260Simple Mathematical Models with very Complicated Dynamics, 269Simpsons: I am Furious (Yellow), The, 276Simpsons: The Boring World of Niels Bohr, The, 298Sorcerer’s Apprentice, The, 539Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), 790, 793, 795, 798,

799SRES. See Special Report on Emissions ScenariosSur la Combustion en General, 390, 399Surface History of the Earth, The, 140Sur les Equations du Mouvement Relatif des Systemes de Corps, 592,

617Swell and sea in the emerging Arctic Ocean, 878Symphonie sur un chant montagnard français, 818Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, 51Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, 51

TTackling unintelligent design, 818Tale of Two Cities, A, 824Temperature of Pacific bottom waters and polar superficial

watersduring the Tertiary, 336Theoretical Biologist's Toolbox, The, 276Théorie mathématique des Effets du Jeu de Billiard, 579, 592Theory of the Earth, 90, 91, 107, 210Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds

deducedfrom observations of the 1987 El Niño, 385Third Report on Meteorology, 587Timing of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature

Changesacross Termination III, 509

Tornado trends over the past 30 years, 617Towards the Edge of the Universe, 365Traite de la Lumiere, 201, 213Treatise on Navigation, A, 60Treatment of complex ions in seawater, A, 276

UÜber den Bau der Atome, 728, 798Über die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen electrischen Schwingung

aufeine benachbarte Strombahn, 224

VVariation in Cosmic Ray Flux and Global Cloud Coverage, 361, 365Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of, 322, 337Vesuche über des Gesetz des Falls, über den Widerstand der

Luftundüber die Umdrehung der Erde, 567, 569Victory at Sea, 688View of the Sea—A Discussion between a Chief Engineer and

anOceanographer about the Machinery of Ocean Circulation,A, 640

WWall Map of Climate regions following W Köppens classification, 266,

946Wandkarte der Klimagebiete der Erde nach W. Köppens Klassifikation,

268War of the Worlds, The, 136Waves, Tides, and Shallow Water Processes, 193Wealth of Nations, 91, 107What is Life?, 293Where Discovery Sparks Imagination: A Pictorial History of Radio

andElectricity, 228World or Treatise on Light, The, 201, 203, 213World Set Free, The, 136

Index of Works Mentioned 1001