Human Factors Interface With Systems Engineering For Nasa Human SpaceflightsHabitability and Human Factors BranchNASA, Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX

Douglas T. Wong, P.E.HSIS 200917-19 March 2009Annapolis, Maryland

OutlineHabitability and Human Factors Branch at NASA JSCHuman-As-A-System (HAAS) Design PhilosophyPast Success in Promoting the HAAS modelCurrent Endeavors FutureConclusion

Habitability and Human Factors Branch (SF3)NASA Johnson Space CenterPart of Space Life Sciences Directorate (SA)Human Factors EngineeringSupporting NASA space programs since 1987Facilitates humans to work safely and productively in spaceEstablishing conceptual designs for space habitats and crew systemsDeveloping requirements and guidelines for programsVerifying human-machine interfaces and operational habitability of spacecrafts / habitatsOverseeing / conducting research in space human factors to improve human performance and productivityInternal Website:http://jsc-sls-sisl8:1117/HHFO/Default.aspx

Human-As-A-System Design ModelHHFB has been promoting the Human-As-A-System (HAAS) design model to NASAs Systems Engineering (SE) process since 1987HAAS modelSystems are ultimately designed for humansHumans should be considered as a system within the systems Human factors discipline should play an important role in systems development to ensure properly designed human / machine interfaces

Past Successes in Promoting the HAAS ModelCreation of the NASA-STD-3000 Space Human Factors StandardsInternational Space Station Program Flight Crew IntegrationNASAs Systems Engineering Handbook UpdateSpace Human Factors Engineering Projects Human Systems Integration (HSI) ContributionShuttle and International Space Station (ISS) Lighting Improvements

Creation of the NASA-STD-3000 Space Human Factors StandardsMan-Systems Integration Standards (NASA-STD-3000): released in 1987Human factors design guide for space equipment All generic requirements for space facilities and related equipment interfaces with crewmembers Applicable to terrestrial human interface and engineering problems (Note: some instances are tailored to micro-g environment) NASA-STD-3000/T A subset of NASA-STD 3000 data Also called SSP 50005 Specific International Space Station (ISS) Flight Crew Integration StandardsISS Program contractually binding human systems integration design requirementshttp://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/NASA STD-3000

VOLUMEIOVERALL GENERICSTANDARDAPPENDICESINTERNATIONAL SPACE STATIONNASA STD-3000

VOLUMEIINASA STD-3000/T

(SSP 50005)DATABASECustomer orders and Tracking Database of all changes to all of the documents in the MSIS familyOn-orbit Illustrations of human engineering problems extracted from Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and STS flight films

International Space Station Program Flight Crew Integration (FCI)Composed of HHFB staff Provide human factors analyses to the ISSAnalyses performed throughDesign review proceedingsInternational partner activitiesAnalysis and Integration Team meetingsFCIs Operational Habitability (OpsHab) team Collects / analyzes space flight mission data: identifying human factors and habitability lessons-learnedvalidating human factors engineering requirements and designssolving operational challengesimproving habitability and human performance for future ISS missionsConducts Crew debriefs long-duration space flights (e.g., Skylab, Mir, ISS)space-analog environments (e.g., the Antarctic, Submarines, etc.)research findings from behavioral science Focused evaluations on ISS to identify human factors and habitability improvementsCollected data now incorporated in the upcoming Human Interface Design Handbook, a companion to the NASA Standard 3001 The lessons-learned data from ISS also benefits subsequent space programs: Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)

NASAs Systems Engineering Handbook Updated to Include the HAAS Design PhilosophySystems Engineering Handbook (NASA/SP-6105): HHFB a major contributor to the human factors sectionsFirst published in 1995Fundamental Systems Engineering (SE) concepts and techniques tailored to NASAs systems and environment The 2007 RevisionUpdated the NASAs SE body of knowledgeProvide guidance for insight into current best NASA practicesAligning the handbook with the new NASA SE policy2007 Revision: Human Factors SectionsPromote human factors engineering (HFE) as a recommended practiceStress roles of humans in SE for human spaceflight: The humans (as operators and maintainers) are critical components of the mission and the systemProvide human factors engineering analysis techniques and methods summary PDF of SE Handbookhttp://education.ksc.nasa.gov/esmdspacegrant/Documents/NASA%20SP-2007-6105%20Rev%201%20Final%2031Dec2007.pdf

Space Human Factors Engineering Projects HSI ContributionHHFB manages the Space Human Factors Engineering (SHFE) project, an element of NASAs Human Research Program SHFEs goal: Develop human factors standards and models to ensure space system designs are compatible with crewmembers physical and cognitive capabilitiesResearch and Technology Gap Analysis in 2005:Addressed key questions on Human Systems Integration (HSI) for the Constellation Program (CxP) Orion space vehicle development White-paper reviews compared state-of-the-art and state-of-practice human factors technologies with CxP requirementsWhite papers were supplemented with expert knowledge: in-depth reviews with SMEs (space human factors and users)Apollo and Skylab historical reportsSpace Shuttle and ISS debriefs and lessons-learnedSHFE now sponsors many research and technical development tasks to address the gaps identified

Shuttle and ISS Lighting Improvements Ring-mounted LED lights around each camera lens: Four Shuttle payload bay cameras Two robotic arm camerasHHFBs Lighting Environment Test Facility (LETF) Shuttle and ISS: Light sources must be bright, durable, light weight, and low-powerAdopted then new LED technology for general illumination in the Shuttles camera systemsJune 1998 STS-91: First illumination system of forty white LEDsMay 1999 STS-96: White 180-LED system 2008: First evaluation prototype LED system on ISSDayNight

Current Endeavors in Promoting the HAAS ModelNASA Standard 3001Constellation Program Human Systems Integration GroupOrion Project CEV-HSI TeamLunar Rover DevelopmentAnthropometry in Constellation Spacesuit DevelopmentOLED Emergency Egress Lighting System Development

NASA Standard 3001Update of NASA STD-3000Developed by HHFB since 2007 through SHFEAlso called Space Flight Human Systems Standard (SFHSS) To be published in 2009Defines spaceflight systems design standards for crew health and performanceEstablished by the Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer A two-volume Agency-level standardsVolume I - Crew Health: Standards related to crew healthVolume II - Habitability and Environmental Health: Environmental, habitability, and human factors standards for human-system interfaces Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH)Accompanied handbook to NASA STD-3001Data and guidance to derive and implement SFHSS-compliant / program-specific requirementsCrew health, habitability, environment, and human factors design guidance Two primary uses prepare contractual program-specific human interface requirementsdevelop human interfaces designs and operations standards for space vehicles and habitats

Constellation Program (CxP) Human Systems Integration Group (HSIG)HHFBs success in the International Space Station Program has drawn attention from NASAs CxPHHFB leads the CxP HSIGSystems Engineering and Integration (SE&I) group program-level authorityDevelops and maintains Human Systems Integration Architecture (HSIA) Analyzes, integrates, and dispositions technical changes and issues affecting the application of HSI Works with NASA centers and/or external agencies to resolve lower-level HSI-focused technical issues Plays major roles: Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, EVA Project, Altair Lunar Vehicles, Ground Operations Project, and ARES I RocketDevelops Human Systems Integration Requirements (CxP 70024) Key mechanism for achieving human rating of CxP systemsApply to all CxP mission phasesDevelops Crew Interface Labeling Standards (CxP 70152)Standards for labeling and coding of CxP crew interfaces on flight hardware

Constellation Program Orion Project CEV-HSI TeamResource planning and allocationSpacecraft Designs and Interfaces Usability Testing and Analysis FacilityHabitability Design CenterRequirements oversight, validation studies, strategic supportManages the children flow-down requirements from Human Systems Integration Requirements (HSIR)Assists stakeholders in the interpretation of requirements Addresses HSIR issues and determining their impacts on subsystem designsParticipates in design reviews and validation studies (e.g., needs assessments, cost credibility studies, and flight demonstration projects) Safety Oversight and Risk Mitigation PlanningConduit between Space Life Science Directorate (HHFBs parent organization) and Orions Health and Medical Technical Authority on human health and performanceIdentifies / develops mitigation plans for human health and performance related risksIndependent entity on boards and panels to address unresolved human health and performance issue

Constellation Program Lunar Rover DevelopmentCxP Lunar Architecture / Lunar Surface SystemsLunar Unpressurized Rover (UPR)Small Pressurized Rover (SPR)HHFBs InvolvementUsability Testing and Analysis Facility (UTAF)Usability evaluations of UPR and SPRHabitability Design CenterIterative design / evaluations of SPR cabin w/ UTAFLunar Unpressurized RoverSmall Pressurized Rover

Anthropometry in Constellation Program Spacesuit DevelopmentHHFBs Anthropometry and Biomechanics Facility (ABF) identified several key anthropometric factors to improved crew-interface accommodation (Jeevarajan and Rajulu 2008): Minimum mobility needed to perform tasksMinimum strength a suited crew population can exertCapabilities / limitations on pressurized gloves dexterity and tactilityThe results facilitate human factors engineers, spacesuit designers, and engineers in developing EVA spacesuits requirementsEliminate or minimize potential injuriesImprove the safety / comfort of new spacesuits

Organic LED (OLED) Emergency Egress Lighting System DevelopmentLighting Environment Test Facility (LETF):Future emergency egress lighting systemOLED composes of long-lasting photo-luminescent material and ultra low power organic polymerWill greatly reduce maintenance costs without compromising safety for future space vehicles

Future: Human-Centered Design Philosophy for NASA SE ProcessHHFB plans to make Human Factors Engineering an integral part of the NASA SE process Introduce the Human-Centered Design Philosophy (HCDP)A holistic / iterative human-centered systems design / development processSpiral / iterative design where more effort is spent on the early stages to explore feasible conceptsEntire system life-cycle considerationMultidisciplinary team of professionals First step: update the next NASA SE Handbook with HCDP-relevant language

SummaryThe HHFB had much success in the past two decades to convey to major NASA programs the benefits of the Human-As-A-System (HAAS) model in Systems EngineeringIntroducing the HAAS model is only the interim solution to HSI Ultimate goal is to introduce the Human-centered Design Philosophy (HCDP) to the NASA SE processHCDP will greatly enhance the qualities of future NASA human and non-human rated space systems with higher efficiency, reduced cost, and increased safety

BibliographyA Holistic Approach to Systems Development, D. Wong, 11th Annual Systems Engineering Conference, National Defense Industrial Association, October 20-23, 2008, San Diego. A Safe Space Suit: A Human Factor (Anthropometry and Biomechanics) Approach, A. Jeevarajan, S. Rajulu, 2008.Constellation Program Crew Interface Labeling Standard, NASA CxP 70152, October 2007.Constellation Program Human-Systems Integration Requirements, NASA CxP 70024, October 2008Human Research Program Annual Report, D. Grounds et al., NASA, 2007.Human Systems Integration Challenges for Constellation, J. McCandless et al, Human Factors and Ergonomic Society Conference, San Francisco, October 2006.Man-Systems Integration Standards (NASA-STD-3000), B. Tillman, Human Factors Society (now HFES) Bulletin, Vol. 30, Number 6, June 1987.Man-Systems Integration Standards: NASA-STD-3000 Vol. 1, 2, and 3, Revision B, Tillman et al., July 1995. NASA Systems Engineering Handbook, NASA/SP-2007-6105 Rev 1, December 2007.A Comparison of the Unpressurized Rover and Small Pressurized Rover During a Desert Field Evaluation, H. Litaker et al, NASA Document, December 2008.

Would like audience to understand what steps JSCs human factors group has taken to promote human systems integration in NASAs systems engineering process.I will be talking about our past, present, and future endeavors

Who are we? SF3 is part of the Space Life Science DirectorateOne of Our main product is human factors engineeringWe have been supporting the NASA (and therefore the US) space programs since 1987Here are the main jobs we do:Habitats designRequirements developmentUsability analysesSpace human factors researchWe also have a food science group but it is not the focus of this topic.One of the reasons for success has been the result of promoting the Human-As-A-System model for NASAs system engineering process.The HAAS model emphasizes that:We have indeed done a lot in the past two decades to promote the HAAS model.We promote it because we know it would make a difference, as in the examples below, which I am about to elaborateThis is just a small list but the major contributions we have made.We created the NASA STD 3000Nowadays, the document is widely used not only within NASA but also throughout the human factors design community.Although developed for space applications, it is also applicable to terrestrial human factors designs as long as the caveats are recognizedThe document also results in a set of contractually binding HSI design requirements for the ISS.The document is available online in the following website.Our involvement in the ISS is not limited to the NASA STD-3000, we also formed the Flight Crew Integration group to provide human factors analyses to the International Space StationHuman factors analyses are performed through: design review proceedings, international partner activities, and analysis and integration team meetingsA critical component of the FCI group is the Operational Habitability Team. The team:Collects and analyzes space flight missions by Conducts crew debriefs on many NASA human space flightsFocused evals The collect data are being incorporated in the upcoming NASA STD 3001, which I will talk about later.A very important outcome of this activity is that the design of future space vehicles can benefit from the lessons-learned from ISS.The CEV being one of them, which I will also talk about our involvements later.The staff at the HHFB was the major contributor to the human factors sections in the 2007 Systems Engineering HandbookInitially published in 1995, the handbook describes the fundamental concepts and techniques taliored to NASA systems and environmentThe human factors section of the handbookPromotes human factors engineering (HFE) as a recommended practiceStresses that humans (as operators and maintainers) are critical components of the mission and the systemThe section also provides a summary on HFE analysis techniques and methods

HHFB also manages the Space Human Factors Engineering (SHFE) project, which is an element of NASAs Human Research Program SHFEs goal is to Develop human factors standards and models to ensure space system designs are compatible with crewmembers physical and cognitive capabilitiesIn 2005, SHFE conducted a Gap Analysis to:Address key questions on HSI for the Constellation programThey also conducted a white paper review to compare state-of-the-art and state-of-practice human factors technologies with CxP requirementsThe white papers were supplemented with expert in depth reviews and knowledge form past programsSHFE now sponsors many research and technical development projects to address the gapsWith the ever-increasing complexities in space operations, the Lighting Environment Test Facility (LETF) at the HHFB felt it would be a great improvement in operation efficiency to mount state-of-the-art lights on all cameras on the current Space ShuttleBut space lighting faces many challenges such as durability and power consumption.At the end, the then new LED technology was chosen. LETF developed ring-mounted LED light around each lens for the cameras.LETF also developed the illumination systems for the ISS and shuttle. (see picture)

Pictures:LED Rings mounted on the two shuttle cameras in the aft payload bay of ShuttleSTS-109 Flight Day Six - 03/08/02 Hubble Repair Mission.Success in the ISSP and other activities mentioned previously provided HHFB an experience base that further triggered other NASA programs to recognize our effort. I will be summarized these efforts in the subsequent slides.NASA STD 3001 is an update to the NASA STD 3000It will be published this yearThe document defines defines spaceflight systems design standards for crew health and performanceThere are two volumes: crew health and habitability and environmental healthA companion document to the standard is the Human Integration Design Handbook It contains:Data and guidance needed for standard-compliant program-specific requirementsThe two primary use will be to

HHFBs involvement in the Constellation Program is largely a result of our success in the station.HHFB now leads the Constellation Programs Human Systems Integration Group, or HSIG. HSIG is:A program-level authority of the CxP Systems Engineering and Integration (SE&I) group Besides dealing with various important Cx-related HSI issues, one of HSIGs major contribution to the program is the development of the Human Systems Integration Requirements and the Crew Interface Labeling Standards. HSIR is a key human factors standard for the CxP.

HHFB also plays a major role in the CxPs Orion Contract by providingMajor responsibilities include:Resource planning and allocationRequirements oversight, validation studies, & strategic supportAnd Safety oversight and risk mitigation planning.Part I am familiar with is the human modeling and simulation activities: I am responsible for overseeing the development of the models and sims, in particular, how to ensure the they are of sufficient quality for CEV development.Combined Effort of the CxP Lunar Architecture Team and Lunar Surface Systems ProjectAnthropometry is another large effort current on-going at HHFB.The Anthropometry and Biomechanics Facility (ABF) is now supporting the CxP EVA projectABF has recently identified several key anthropometric factors to improved crew-interface accommodation The results will facilitate human factors engineers, spacesuit designers, and engineers in developing spacesuits requirementsThe newest activity from the Lighting Environment Test Facility (LETF) is the use of Organic LED (OLED) for emergency egress lighting systemOLED is a very new technology. Its attributes are high brightness and ultra low power consumption. It will help greatly reduce maintenance costs without compromising safety for future space vehicles.As you can see, HHFB has achieved much success in the past two decades at NASA to promote human factors in the SE process.But we dont want to stop here. Our next goal is to introduce a human-centered design philosophy to the NASA SE process.In HAAS, we have talked about human should play an equal role with other subsystem. But since ultimately, humans are the final users of systems, systems should be design around the human. That is the reason our ultimate goal is to bring forward the idea of a human-centered design philosophy.HCDP is aA holistic / iterative human-centered systems design / development processIt encourages a spiral and iterative design process where more effort is spent early onA multidisciplinary team of professionals should be working concurrently at each stage of the design processOur first step in promoting the HDCP is to update the next NASA SE Handbook with HCDP-relevant language