APAPER PRESENTATION

SUBMITTED TO:

TECHfIESTA 2011ON

4G

Submitted By:-

PANKAJ D. NIKAM NIKHIL N. LONKALKAR

F.E. (E&TC)-SEM II F.E. (MECH)-SEM II

pankajnikam1992@gmail.com nikhillonkalkar@yahoo.com

P.S.G.V.P’S

D.N.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

SHAHADA.

2010 – 2011

ABSTRACT

4G wireless communication networks are characterized by the need to support

heterogeneous terminals differing in size, display, battery, computational power, etc. For

efficient usage of the wireless spectrum all devices should be served by the same

spectrum instead of allocating spectra dedicated to the different terminal classes. 4G

mobile communications should not focus only on data-rate increase and new air-interface,

but should, instead converge the advanced wireless mobile communications and high-

speed wireless access systems into an OWA platform, which becomes the core of this

emerging next-generation mobile technology. Based on this OWA model, 4G mobile will

deliver the best business solutions to the wireless and mobile industries, such as

CDMA/WLAN/GPRS and WCDMA/OFDM/WLAN.

This paper looks beyond 3G Networks and visualizes the network of the next

generation, i.e., 4G Networks. Essentially it discusses what 4G network is and the need

for 4G Networks. Also the advantages and applications of 4G Network have been

discussed. The paper also discusses how the network will be IP based and how it is

different from its previous networks.

4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements

set by forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging

Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting

(DVB), global positioning system (GPS), minimal service like voice and data, and other

streaming services for “anytime-anywhere”.

Future wireless service will be characterized by global mobile access (terminal

and personal mobility); high quality of service (full coverage, intelligibility, no drop, and

no/lower call blocking and latency); and easy and simple access to multimedia voice,

data, message, video, Worldwide Web, global positioning system (GPS), etc., services via

a single user terminal.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 4

2. WIRELESS SYSTEM EVOLUTION 5

3. FEATURES OF 4G 6

4. PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES USED IN 4G

4.1 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

4.2 MIMO (Multiple Input-Multiple Output)

4.3 AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)

4.4 Open Broadband Wireless Core

5. WORKING OF 4G 8

5.1 Internet protocol

5.2 OFDM

5.3 CDMA (Code division multiple Access)

5.4 Spectrum Efficiency and Capacity Enhancement

5.5 Open Wireless Architecture

6. APPLICATIONS OF 4G 11

7. CONCLUSION 12

8. REFERENCES 13

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

4G or Fourth Generation is future technology for mobile and wireless

communications. It will be the successor for the 3rd Generation (3G) network technology.

Currently 3G networks are under deployment. Approximately 4G deployments are

expected to be seen around 2010 to 2015. There is no formal definition for what 4G is;

however, there are certain objectives that are projected for 4G. These objectives include,

that 4G will be fully IP based integrated system. 4G will be capable of providing between

100 Mbps and 1Gbps speeds both indoor and outdoor with premium quality and high

security.

The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better quality

(e.g. multimedia, video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more sophistication in

the association of a large quantity of information, and improved personalization.

Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about through the

high session data rate. Machine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic

equipment types: sensors (which measure parameters) and tags (which are generally

read/write equipment). In simplest terms, 4G will be an integrated system of voice, data

and image communications that will support a wide range of personal and business

communications.

2. WIRELESS SYSTEM EVOLUTION

The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to 4G

(fourth generation) are discussed in this section. As the second generation was a total

replacement of the first generation networks and handsets, and the third generation was a

total replacement of the second generation networks and handsets, so the fourth

generation cannot be just an incremental evolution of 3G technologies. The following

table presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies.hnolo.5G 3G 4G

Technology 1G 2G 3G 4G

Design began 1970 1980 1990 2000

Implementation 1984 1991 2002 2010?

Service Analog voice,

synchronous

data to 9.6Kbps

Digital voice,

short messages

Higher

capacity,

broadband data

up to 2Mbps

Higher

capacity,

completely IP

oriented,

multimedia,

data to

hundreds of

megabits

Standards AMPS, TACS,

NMT, etc.

TDMA,

CDMA, GSM,

PDC, GPRS

WCDMA,

CDMA2000

Single Standard

Data Bandwidth 1.9 Kbps 14.4 Kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA,

CDMA

CDMA CDMA?

Core Network PSTN PSTN Packet Network Internet

Tech

ABBREVIATIONS:

AMPS = advanced mobile phone service CDMA = code division multiple access

FDMA = frequency division multiple access GPRS = general packet radio system

GSM = global system for mobile NMT = Nordic mobile telephone

PDC = personal digital cellular PSTN = public switched telephone network

TACS = total access communications system TDMA = time division multiple access

WCDMA = wideband CDMA

G

Fig. (a) Evolution of wireless communication technologies

3. FEATURES OF 4G

A spectrally efficient system

High network capacity i.e. more simultaneous users per cell

A nominal data rate of 100 Mbps while the client physically moves at high speed

relative to station, and 1Gbps while client and station are in relatively fixed

positions as defined by ITU

Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks, seamless connectivity and global

roaming across multiple networks

High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio,

high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc.)

Global mobile access (terminal and personal mobility)

High quality of service (full coverage, intelligibility, no drop, and no/lower call

blocking and latency)

Easy and simple access to multimedia voice, data, message, video, Worldwide

Web, Global Positioning System (GPS), etc.

Power efficiency- 100 MOPS/mW and more

High-level modem virtual machine interface (VMI), simplified programming for

each standard, enhanced reuse across standards

Integration across many platforms, no digital signal processing (DSP) and

minimal microprocessor-dependent code

4. PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES USED IN 4G

4.1 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing):-

OFDM increases bandwidth by splitting a data-bearing radio signal into smaller

signal sets and modulating each onto a different subcarrier, transmitting them

simultaneously at different frequencies. The subcarriers are spaced orthogonally and thus

large numbers can be packed closely together with minimal interference. To maintain

orthogonality among the tones, a cyclic prefix is added, the length of which is greater

than the expected delay spread. With proper coding and interleaving across frequencies,

multipath becomes an OFDM system advantage by yielding

frequency diversity. OFDM can be implemented efficiently by using fast Fourier

transforms (FFTs) at the transmitter and receiver.

4.2 MIMO (Multiple Input-Multiple Output):-

MIMO is a spatial diversity technique that increases coverage or data capacity by

either transmitting the same data on different antennas or different data on different

antennas. A high-performance 4G broadband wireless mobile service requires multiple

antennas be used at both the base station and subscriber ends. Multiple antenna

technologies enable high capacities suited for internet and multimedia services and also

dramatically increase range and reliability. Multiple antennas at the transmitter and

receiver provide diversity in a fading environment. By employing multiple antennas,

multiple spatial channels are created, making it unlikely that all channels fade

simultaneously. With MIMO, the channel response becomes a matrix. Because each

narrow band carrier can be equalized independently, the complexity of space-time

equalizers is avoided.

4.3 AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding):-

The principle of AMC is to change the modulation and coding format (transport

format) in accordance with instantaneous variations in channel conditions. AMC extends

the system‘s ability to adapt to good channel conditions. Channel conditions should be

estimated based on feedback from the receiver. AMC allows different data rates to be

assigned to different users, depending on their channel conditions. Since channel

conditions vary over time, the receiver collects a set of channel statistics, such as

modulation and coding, signal bandwidth, signal power, training period, channel

estimation filters, and automatic gain control, which are used by both the transmitter and

the receiver to optimize system parameters.

4.4 Open Broadband Wireless Core:-

The open wireless platform requires:

Area- and power-efficient broadband signal processing for wideband wireless

applications

The highest industry channel density (million operations per second [MOPS]

pooling) in flexible new base transceiver station (BTS) signal processing

architectures

Waveform-specific processors that provide new architecture for platform reuse in

terminals for multiservice capability

Terminal solutions that achieve the highest computational efficiency for

application with high flexibility

Powerful, layered software architecture using the virtual machine programming

concept

5. WORKING OF 4G

5.1 Internet Protocol

In the 4G wireless networks, each node will be assigned a 4G-IP address (based

on IPv6), which will be formed by a permanent “home” IP address and a dynamic “care-

of” address that represents its actual location. When a device (computer) in the Internet

wants to communicate with another device (cell phone) in the wireless network, the

computer will send a packet to the 4G-IP address of the cell phone targeting on its home

address. Then a directory server on the cell phone’s home network will forward this

packet to the cell phone’s care-of address through a tunnel, mobile IP; moreover, the

directory server will also inform the computer that the cell phone’s care-of address (real

location), so next packets can be sent to the cell phone directly.

The idea is that the 4G-IP address (IPv6) can carry more information than the IP

address (IPv4) that we use right now. IPv6 includes 128 bits, which is 4 times more than

32bits IP address in IPv4. In this rich data IP address, software can use them to

distinguish different services and to communicate and combine with other network areas,

such as computer (PC) and cell phones’ network.

5.2 OFDM

OFDM transmits large amounts of digital data over a radio wave. OFDM works

by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted

simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver. OFDM is a digital modulation

technology in which in one more than thousands of orthogonal waves are multiplexed for

increasing signal strength. This is good for high bandwidth digital data transition. In

OFDM, two wireless devices will establish a connection tunnel before they start their

communication. Therefore, after making a connection between a certain target, the radio

signal will split into many smaller sub-signals with accurate direction to the target. This is

shown in the figure below where the lines have the same direction to their destination (a

laptop).

Fig (b): OFDM working principle

5.3 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

MC-CDMA stands for Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access, which is

actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. It allows flexible system design between cellular

system and signal cell system. In MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes,

where the data is spread in time or frequency.

LAS-CDMA stands for Large Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access

which is a patented 4G wireless technology. LAS-CDMA enables high-speed data and

increases voice capacity and the latest innovative solution is Code-Division Duplex

(CDD) which merges the highly spectral efficient LAS-CDMA technology with the

superior data transmission characteristics of Time-Division Duplex (TDD). This resulting

combination makes CDD to be the most spectrally efficient, high-capacity duplex system

available today. In the 4G area, LAS-CDMA is played as a global transmission protocol

(“World Cell”). It means that if the distance is too far to two wireless devices, they have

to use this protocol with IPv6 to establish their connection.

5.4 Spectrum Efficiency and Capacity Enhancement

Wide-area wireless broadband system is spectrally efficient that is to be delivered

simultaneously to many users in a cell, reducing the cost of service delivery for this mass

market broadband service. This system are optimized to exploit the full potential of

adaptive antenna signal processing, thereby providing robust, high speed connection for

mobile users with a minimum of radio infrastructure. A fully capable and commercially

viable mobile broadband system can operate in as little as 5 MHz of unpaired spectrum

with a total of 20 Mbps throughout per cell in that amount of spectrum. Spectral

efficiency measures the ability of wireless system to deliver information. In cellular radio

systems, spectral efficiency is measured in bits/sec/Hertz/cell (bps/Hz/cell).

5.5 Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)

4G mobile systems will mainly be characterized by a horizontal communication

model, where different access technologies such as cellular, cordless, wireless local area

network (WLAN), short-range wireless connectivity, and wired systems will be combined

on a common platform to complement each other optimally for different service

requirements and radio environments. This platform is technically called the converged

broadband wireless platform or open wireless architecture (OWA). OWA defines the

open interfaces in wireless networks and systems, including the baseband signal

processing parts, radio frequency (RF) parts, networking parts, and operating system (OS)

and application parts, so that the system can support different industrial standards and

integrate the various wireless networks into an open broadband platform.

6. APPLICATIONS

To achieve the goals of true broadband service, the systems need to make the leap

to a fourth-generation (4G) network. This is where Global Wireless Communications

(GWC) enters the fray and excels at it. GWC will provide high speed, high capacity, low

cost-per-bit IP-based services; fiber optic wireless connections and a truly global wireless

communications system operating in frequency ranges that surpass all other

telecommunication companies on planet Earth.

Fig: Various applications of 4G

4G will consist of a hierarchy of quality/bandwidth modes, organized somewhat like this:

Voice, low-to-medium resolution images, moderate data rates.

High quality audio, images with good quality on small screens (handset, PDA,

laptop PC). This can be achieved with WiMax, cable, satellite and DSL in

supporting roles.

Wide coverage with HDTV quality images, hundreds of Mbps data rates.

Broadcast HDTV, digital cable, satellite and next generations of WiMax/WiBro

support this level of quality.

Local distribution of HDTV quality images, hundreds of Mbps data rates. UWB,

60 GHz systems, and other developing technologies can address this application

area.

Some of the other applications of 4G are given as follows:

Virtual Presence: This means that the 4G provides user services at all times,

even if the user is off-site.

Virtual navigation: 4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a

user can access a database of a street, building, etc.

Tele-geoprocessing application: This is a combination of GIS (Geographical

Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user can

get the location by querying.

Tele-Medicine and Education: 4G will support remote health monitoring

of patient. For people who are interested in lifelong education, 4G provides a good

opportunity.

7. CONCLUSION

4G is more than a cellular technology. It combines the cellular and WLANs to

create the ultimate network. 4G networks are fully compatible with each other and offer

truly global and local roaming. As wireless carriers explore the most efficient ways to

deploy 4G services, they will face numerous challenges. However, with the range of

solutions that will be available at their disposal, they will also have to opportunity to

shorten their return on investment, improve operating efficiency, and increase revenues.

The key is to align business challenges with infrastructure choices. 4G seems to be a very

promising generation of wireless communication that will change the people’s life in the

wireless world. 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the world is looking forward

for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.

The future may be bright, but it's in the hands of the customer, not the service

provider and certainly not the network provider.

8. REFERENCES

1. “WIRELESS BROADBAND TEXTBOOK”, Takeshi Hattori, Masanobu Fujioka,

IDG, Japan.

2. “ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION”, Wayne Thomasi, 3rd edition.

3. “ADVANCED 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION”, Davis Smith, Tokyo, Japan

4. J. Pereira, “Fourth generation – Beyond the hype, a new paradigm”, IEE 3G

Mobile Communication Technologies, March 28, 2001, London, United

Kingdom.