4.perception and attributes f

8/7/2019 4.Perception and Attributes F

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PERCEPTION AND

ATTRIBUTION

Motiur Rahman



Is there anything

here?



Yes!!!



What do you see here?



Lef t: Red Indian, Right: Eskimo

Nose & Mouth

Of Red Indian

Face of Eskimo to LEFT



Read again!

PARIS

IN THE

THE SPRING



Wh

ich

line isL

ONGER?



Theyre EQUAL!



W

hat do you see here?



W

hats here?



Perception It is a unique interpretation of the

situation, not an exact recording of

it.

It is a very complex cognitiveprocess that yields a uniquepicture of the world, a picture that may be quite different from reality.



Sensation

Senses are considered to be vision, hearing,touch, smell and taste.

These five sense are constantly bombarded bythe stimuli that are both inside and outside the

body

Outside stimuli includes: Light waves, soundwaves, mechanical energy of pressure, chemicalenergy from objects.

Inside stimuli includes: energy generated bymuscles, food passing through the digestivesystem, gland secreting behavior influencing

hormones.



Sensation

Sensation deals with veryelementary behavior that is

determined largely by physiologicalfunctioning.

Human being uses the senses toexperience the color, brightness,shape, loudness, pitch, heat, odorand taste.



Perceptual Process

Perceptual process may be defined as acomplicated interaction of selection,organization and interpretation.

Although perception depends largely on thesense for raw data the process filters,modifies or completely changes the data.

Perception begins when a person isconfronted with a stimulus or a situation.



The sub process of perception

Confrontation RegistrationPhysiological(hear, see)

InterpretationOther physiological

FeedbackChange in voice of supervisor

Behavior

Or Reaction

Consequence



Perceptual Selectivity

and organization1.Intensity :

The more intense the external stimulus, the

more likely it is to be perceived.2.Size:

The larger the objective, more likely it willbe perceived.

3,Contrast: External stimuli that stand out against the

background or that is not what people are

expecting will receive their attention.



Perceptual Selectivity

and organization4. Repetition. A repeated external stimulus is more

attention getting than a single one.

5.Motion People will pay more attention to moving

objects in their field of vision than they will

to stationary objects.

6. Novelty and familiarity Either a novel or a familiar external

situation can serve as an attention getter.



Perceptual organization

Perceptual organization focuses onwhat takes place in the perceptualprocess once the information from

the situation is received.

1,Closure.

The persons perceptual process will closethe gaps that are unfilled from sensoryinput.

(A person will sometime perceive a wholewhen one does not actually exist.)(Gestalt principle).



Perceptual organization2.Continuity.

Continuity principle says that a person will tendto perceive a continuous line or pattern

3. Proximity The principle of proximity state that a group of

stimuli that are close together will be receivedas a whole pattern of part belonging together.

4.Similarity The principle of similarity state that the greater

the similarity of the stimuli the greater thetendency to perceive them as a common

group.



Figure/ground

�we need to separate a dominantshape (a 'figure' with a definitecontour)

�Is the figure a white vase on ablack background or silhouetted

profiles on a white background?�we tend to favour oneinterpretation over the other (thoughaltering the amount of black or whitewhich is visible can create a bias

towards one or the other)� When we have identified a figure,the contours seem to belong to it,and it appears to be in front of theground.



proximity

What you are likely tonotice fairly quicklyis that this is not just

a square pattern of dots but rather is aseries of columns of dots. The principle of proximity is that

features whichare close togetherare associated.

Here weare likely

to groupthe dotstogether inrows.



We are more likely to associate the lines whichare close together than those which are furtherapart. In this example we tend to see three pairs

of lines which are fairly close together (and alonely line on the far right) rather than threepairs of lines which are further apart (and a loneline on the far left).



similarity

Here the little circles and squares are evenlyspaced both horizontally and vertically so

proximity does not come into play.However, we do tend to see alternatingcolumns of circles and squares.This is because of the principle of similarity -features which look similar are associated.

Without the two different recurrent features wewould see either rows or columns or both...



continuity

This principle is thatcontours based on smoothcontinuity are preferred toabrupt changes of direction.

Here, for instance, we aremore likely to identify linesa-b and c-d crossing thanto identify a-d and c-b or

a-c and d-b as lines.



closure

Interpretations which produce 'closed'rather than 'open' figures are favoured.H

ere we tend to see three brokenrectangles (and a lonely shape on the farleft) rather than three 'girder' profiles(and a lonely shape on the right).In this case the principle of closure cuts

across the principle of proximity, since if we remove the bracket shapes, we returnto an image used earlier to illustrateproximity...



This Ad Demonstrates the Use of Closure: PeopleThis Ad Demonstrates the Use of Closure: People

Have to Mentally Fill in the Gaps in the SentenceHave to Mentally Fill in the Gaps in the Sentence



Social Perception

Social perceptions directly concerned withhow one individual perceive otherindividual.

Characteristics of perceiver and perceived:

Profile of a perceiver, Knowing oneself makes it easier to see

other accurately.

Ones own characteristic affect the

characteristic one is likely to see in others. People who accept themselves are more

likely to to be able to see favorable aspect of other people.

Accuracy in perceiving others is not a single

skills.



Social Perception

Profile of person being perceived

The status of the person perceived willgreatly influenced other perception of the

person.

The person being perceived is usuallyplaced into categories to simplify the

viewers perceptual activities.

The visible traits of the person perceivedwill greatly influence other perception of the

person.



Stereotyping The term stereotype refers to the tendency to

perceive another person as belonging to a singleclass or category.

Stereotyping is a frequently used term to describe

perceptual errors.

Stereotyping may attributes favorable andunfavorable traits to the person being perceived.

The Halo Effect.

Under the halo effect the person is perceived on thebases of one trait.



ATTRIBUTION

Attribution refers simply to how peopleexplain the cause of another s or their ownbehavior.

It is a process by which people drawconclusion about the factors that influence ormake sense of, one another,s behavior.



ATTRIBUTION

There are two types of attribution:

Dispositional attributions, which ascribes apersons behavior to internal factors such as

personality traits, motivation, or ability.

Situational attributes which attributes a personsbehavior to external factors such as equipment

or social influence for others.



Attribution Theory

Attributes theory is concerned with therelationship between personal, social perceptionand interpersonal behavior. The assumption is:

We seek to make sense of our world.

We often attributes peoples actions either tointernal or external causes.

We do so in fairly logical ways.



Attribution Errors

Two biases while making attribution:

Fundamental Attribution Error:People tends to

ignore powerful situational force when explaining

others behavior,

Self Service Bias: People readily accept credit

when told that they have succeeded



IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

Impression Management is theprocess by which people attempt

to manage or control theperceptions others form of them.

4.perception and attributes f

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