Elise Angela H. EspinosaIV- Charm4Q – BIO LONG TEST NOTES

Terms to know: Recombinant DNA Technology

- The technology in which DNA is manipulated

- Genetic engineering- Taking a gene from an organism

and placing it into another Genetic Engineering

- Altering the DNA of an organism in order to enhance its activities or to combine it with genetic materials of diff. species.

DNA Sequencing- Process of determining the precise

order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

- Basically, it’s determining how the four bases are arranged. (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)

cDNA- complementary DNA- synthesized from an mRNA through

reverse transcription- used to clone eukaryotic genes in

prokaryotes Restriction Enzymes

- cut DNA molecules into sticky/blunt ends

Cloning Vectors- Small piece of DNA- Contains features that allow for the

convenient insertion or removal of the DNA fragment to or from the vector

- AmpR --- resistant to antibiotic ampicillin

- lacZ --- encodes the enzyme β-galactosidase

Plasmid- Can replicate independently of

chromosomal DNA- Carries genes that may benefit

survival of the organism (eg. Antibiotic resistance)

Clone- Exact replicate (LOL self-

explanatory) Gel Electrophoresis

- Type of DNA technology that uses electric field

- Agarose Gel

- DNA moves from – to + electrode because DNA is naturally negatively charged

- Separated/determines size DNA fingerprint

- Sets of numbers that reflect a person’s DNA

- Identifier

RFLP- Restriction Fragment Length

Polymorphism- RFLP analysis through Gel

Electrophoresis Restriction Fragments

- DNA fragment obtained from the cutting of the DNA by the restriction enzyme

Tandem Repeats- Two or more nucleotides are

repeated- Repetitions must be directly

adjacent to each other PCR

- Polymerase Chain Reaction- Amplifies few copies of DNA

Primer- Starting point for the DNA

synthesis- Required for DNA replication

Genome- Human’s hereditary information

Nucleic Acid Hybridization- Single-stranded nucleic acids to

double-stranded nucleic acids- There must be a sufficiently high

degree of base complementarity Probe

- Fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length

- Detects the nucleotide sequences complementary to the bases in the probe

Gene Therapy- Use of DNA to treat diseases

Transgenic Organism- Genetically modified organisms- Genetic codes have been altered

through genetic engineering

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

1. When was the HGP initiated and completed? Who were the proponents?

1990 – 20032. Why is it important to know the sequence of the human genome?

Three million base pairs is CRAZYYYY; Mapping the sequence of the human genome will allow specific locations to be located easier.

3. How are gene linkage maps and physical maps of the genome made?

Physical Mapping (characterizing the chromosomes; shows relative locations of specific markers) Sequencing (determining the order of the DNA bases; DNA must be amplified first)

4. What are the uses of the technique called chromosome walking?

Chromosome walking is a type of cloning used to find, isolate and clone a particular allele in the gene library

5. What issues attend the HGP? It is unethical; early detection of

diseases may cause anxiety/depression. It’s impractical and expensive to perform.