5-2 ergogenic aids

7/23/2019 5-2 Ergogenic Aids

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Ergogenic Aids

Introduction to Kinesiology



Ergogenic Aid

• A substance or procedure that might improve

performance.

• The most basic form of an ergogenic aid in sport

performance is intelligent food and fluid intake.



Ergogenic Aids

• The idea of ergogenic aids goes back

many years.

•Historically it was believed that ! To increase bravery" you should eat a heart.

! To increase intelligence" you should eat a

brain.

! To increase strength" you should eat a lion#s

teeth.



Testing Ergogenic Aids

• Ergogenic aids are tested by giving thesubstance to individuals and measuring thechange in performance over time.

• Typically there are three groups of sub$ects inthis type of test ! Group 1: Experimental group % are given the drug

&or other substance'.

! Group 2: Placebo group ! are given anothersubstance that looks like the drug" but has no effecton performance.

! Group 3: Control group ! not given anything at all.




• PLACEBO EFFECT ! (sually when a placebo &fake drug with no effect' is used" the

individuals who receive the placebo don#t know that it is not thedrug.

! )ometimes" the people who are given the placebo assume the

placebo is the drug and report that they e*perience the benefitsof the drug.

! +or e*ample" a person given a sugar pill to treat a headache" willreport that the headache goes away.

• DOBLE!BL"#D $TD%

! ,hen the effects of a drug &or other substance' are being tested"the study is usually a double%blind study. ! This means that everything is coded" so that neither the

researcher" nor the sub$ect" know if a placebo or a drug is beinggiven" until after the test is complete.




• If a particular drug works as an ergogenicaid" the following results would beobserved when it is tested

! -erformance of the e*perimental group willincrease.

! -erformance of the control group will stay thesame.

! -erformance of the placebo group mayincrease to some degree" or may stay thesame.




ontrol

-lacebo &/'

E*perimental

Time

- e r f o r m a

n c e

E*perimental group % drugontrol group % no drug

-lacebo % 0pseudo1 drug



-otential Ergogenic Aids

1& 'itamin(

! water%soluble &" 2' not stored

! fat%soluble &A" 3' stored

! solved by food intake




2& Al)aline $alt(

• E.g. bicarbonate &baking soda'.

• (sed to overcome the problem of lowblood pH &acidic' encountered during

e*ercise.

! (seful for brief" high%intensity e*ercise &4%5

minutes'.

! 6ore useful in untrained individuals.




3& Analge(ic(

• E.g. Aspirin.

• (sed to overcome the problem of pain. ! 2locks free fatty acid release.

! Therefore" is detrimental to endurance

performance.




*& Ca++eine

• (sed to enhance performance.

! Improves utili7ation of free fatty acids asenergy source.

! )pares muscle glycogen.

! 6ay reduce fatigue perception.

! 2anned by the International 8lympic

ommittee &I8'.




,& Carbo-./rate Loa/ing

• (sed to overcome the problem of carbohydrate

use during e*ercise.

• Involves depleting muscle glycogen storesappro*imately one week prior to competition.

• 9eload on carbohydrates :%4 days prior to

competition.• 9esults in increased muscle glycogen stores.




0& Protein Loa/ing

• (sed to help increase muscle mass.

!;ot very useful.

! Typically we get all the protein we can use in

our regular diet.




& Anabolic $teroi/(• (sed to increase muscle mass and strength.• 8riginally created to overcome muscle atrophy

&decreased muscle si7e' in AI3) patients.• Effects of anabolic steroids are short%term.• 3angerous side%effects.

↑ cardiovascular disease ↑

prostate cancer ↑ mental health problems ↓ connective tissue

! closure of growth plate &adolescents'



& Creatine• (sed to create more energy and increase strength.• 9emember that an immediate source of energy comes from the

breakdown of creatine phosphate• This reaction can go in the opposite direction.

- < A3- AT- < creatine• The idea is that if we store more creatine" when we need energy" it

can be turned into - and be used to form AT-.- < A3- AT- < creatine

• ,e get creatine from our diet in meat and fish.•

2eneficial in those with low creatine stores &e.g. vegetarians'" butnot useful in those with normal creatine levels.• an increase strength" but no endurance benefit.• Increased risk of dehydration and kidney problems.





& Ep-e/ra• )ympathomimetic drug

! 6imics action of the sympathetic nervous system.• )timulates heart.• Temperature control.

• (sed in weight control.• ;o ergogenic effect.• )ome professional athletes have suffered

serious health conse=uences" or have died afterbecoming severely dehydrated from the use ofEphedra.




Korey )tringer

6innesota >ikings tackle

)teve 2echler

2altimore 8rioles pitcher

Ephedra




14& An/ro(tene/ione 5an/ro6

• Thought to increase strength by increasing

testosterone levels.

• ;o strong evidence to suggest that it

works.




11& Gro7t- 8ormone

• Thought to increase strength by increasing

muscle si7e.

• ;o scientific evidence to support this.




12& Bloo/ Doping

• Involves removing your own blood and

storing it.

• ?ust before competition" the blood is re%

in$ected into the body.

! Increases the volume of blood.

! ,ith greater blood volume" more hemoglobin

and greater o*ygen carrying capacity.




13& Er.t-ropoietin 5EPO6

! Increases the number of red blood cells.

! ,ith more red blood cells" more hemoglobin.

! @reater o*ygen carrying capacity of blood.




1*& Ot-er P-enomena

• 8.pno(i(

! ;o benefit.

• 9ental "mager.

! ould be useful when learning a new skill.



The +uture of Ergogenic Aids

• @enetic manipulation.

• +ar from this in humans.



Ineffective Ergogenic Aids

• oen7yme :B

• peppermint

• lavender • aromatherapy

• Amino Acids

• Arginine

• beta%blockers

• H62 &/'

• hromium

• Tea

• Alcohol

• @inseng• 9ibose

• C%HT-

• Alpha%lipoic acid

• 2arley @rass

• 6olasses

• 2oron



E*ample of Ineffective )ubstances

• 8*ygen in a pillD

• ou can fool some of

the people all of the

time" and all of thepeople some of the

time" but you can#t

fool all of the people

all of the time.

5-2 ergogenic aids

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