5 - bacteria pathogens
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Major Pathogens: Bacteria
![Page 2: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bacterial Pathogens
Pathogens = disease-causing bacteria
• Gram-positive cocci• Gram-negative cocci• Gram-positive rods• Gram-negative rods• Mycobacteria
• Walls too thick to stain for gram• Mycoplasma• Spirochetes• Obligate intracellular parasites
![Page 3: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gram-Positive CocciStaphylococcus
(grape-like clusters)Genus includes 33 species mostly harmlessLikes high osmotic pressure, low moisture
Staphylococcus aureusFacultative anaerobe, golden yellow pigmented colonies
Skin infections (abscesses), impetigoConjunctivitis
Food poisoningToxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)Nosocomial sepsis
![Page 4: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Staphylococcus aureus
![Page 5: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
MOT and Pathology
Normal habitat: Skin, nose, vagina
33% are carriers
Exotoxins:
Enterotoxins: Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome toxin
Scalded skin syndrome toxin
![Page 6: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Food poisoning1-6 hoursIntoxication: infection by digestion
![Page 7: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ImpetigoSkin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus
![Page 8: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Scalded Skin SyndromeStaphylococcus aureus
Usually in babies
![Page 9: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment
Coagulase-positive; Catalase-positive
MSA plate
Hand-washing; proper food storage; frequent tampon changes
Penicillin (80% resistant)
Oxacillin; (methicillin)
Vancomycin
Rabbit plasma
![Page 10: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Streptococcus = cocci that grow in chains
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A - GAS)
Pharyngitis (Strep. throat)Scarlet feverRheumatic feverNecrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)Puerperal sepsis.
![Page 11: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
MOT and Pathology
Droplet infection: Pharyngitis/ Strep throat
Exotoxins:
Scarlet fever
Erythematous rash over body
Hemolytic enzymes: necrotizing fasciitis
Capsule
Composed of hyaluronic acid
Evades phagocytosis
![Page 12: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
![Page 13: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Scarlet Fever Rash caused byStreptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus epidemitis: normal flora (non pathogenic) on the body that is opportunistic, can cause UTI’s.
![Page 14: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Necrotizing Fasciitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes
http://emedical-help.com/necrotizing-fasciitis-flesh-eating-disease/
Puerperal Sepsis: “Child Fever”
![Page 15: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment
Culture swabs from lesions
Beta-hemolytic on Blood Agar plates
Antibody titer
Proper hygiene during wound care
Prolonged treatment with penicillin (Rheumatic fever patients)
Penicillin
Debridement of infected tissues
![Page 16: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (Group B)Neonatal meningitis and sepsis
Streptococcus mutansDental caries
Streptococcus viridansBacterial endocarditis
Streptococcus pneumoniaePneumoniaAdult bacterial meningitis
![Page 17: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (Group B)Neonatal meningitis and sepsis
MOT and Pathology
Normal vaginal flora: Can colonize genital tract and cause neonatal meningitis and sepsis
Prevention
Prophylactic Ampicillin (mother)
And Treatment
Penicillin (newborn)
![Page 18: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Streptococcus mutans = facultative anaerobeDental caries (cavities)
• Metabolizes sugars to lactic acid decays enamel• Excretes a sticky polysaccharide for adhesion to
surfaces and each other plaque
• Biofilm protects from extreme and changing environment of the mouth
• Biofilm plaque best removed mechanically (floss)• Oral Hygiene is important• Treatment: Fill cavities
![Page 19: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Streptococcus viridansBacterial endocarditis
PreventionProphylactic
amoxicillin
![Page 20: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Streptococcus pneumoniaePneumonia, meningitis
MOTDroplet
DiagnosisDirect sputum culture
PreventionVaccination
TreatmentPenicillin or erythromycin
![Page 21: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Gram-Negative Cocci
Neisseria: aerobic, found in mucous membranes, release endotoxins
• Neisseria gonorrheaOphthalmic gonorrhea
Genital gonorrhea
• Neisseria meningitidis:Adult bacterial meningitis (Meningococcal
meningitis)
![Page 22: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pus Discharge in Gonorrhea
![Page 23: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
N. gonorrheaMOT & PathologySTD/STIPID (pelvic infl.
Disease)
DiagnosisCulture (Gram-
negative intracellular diplococci
PreventionSafe sex
TreatmentCeftriaxone
![Page 24: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Neisseria meningitidisMOT & Pathology
Droplet: meningitisStiff neck, fever, headache,
vomiting
DiagnosisCSF Culture
PreventionVaccine
Treatment: Penicillin, Rifampicin
![Page 25: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Gram-Positive Bacilli
• Spore-forming Gram-positive Bacilli
Bacillus anthracis: AnthraxBacillus cereus: Food poisoningClostridium botulinum: BotulismClostridium tetani: Tetanus (lockjaw)Clostridium perfringens: Gas gangreneClostridium difficile: Pseudomembranousenterocolitis
![Page 26: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
B. anthracisMOT & PathologySpores (facultative anaerobe)
DiagnosisCulture
PreventionPPEProphylaxisVaccine (only for risk groups)
TreatmentCiprofloxacin
![Page 27: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Bacillus cereus: soil dwelling aerobe
MOT and PathologySpores ingested: food
poisoningEnterotoxin
PreventionProper food handling
Treatmentself-limiting
![Page 28: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Clostridium botulinum: anaerobe
MOT and PathologyFood contaminated with spores
Vegetables, HoneyNeurotoxin: very toxic
Acetylcholine blocked: paralysis of face/limbs
PreventionProper sterilization of food
before canning
Treatment: Antitoxin
![Page 29: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Clostridium tetani
![Page 30: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
C. tetani: anaerobe
MOT and PathologySpores enter woundExotoxins
Muscle spasms, lockjaw
DiagnosisDirect observation
PreventionVaccine: DTaP/ Tdap
Treatment: Tetanus immune globulin; antibiotics
![Page 31: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Clostridium perfringens: anerobe
![Page 32: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
C. perfringensMOT & Pathology
Spores enter wound after traumaToxins and gasTissue necrosis
DiagnosticsFoul smellCrepitation
PreventionClean wound thoroughly
Treatment: Penicillin & Wound debridement
![Page 33: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Clostridium difficilePseudomembranous enterocolitis
MOT & PathologyFecal-Oral – usually nosocomialBroad-spectrum antibiotics allow C. difficile to
flourishExotoxins: severe diarrhea
TreatmentStop the antibioticRe-hydration therapy
PreventionAseptic technique
![Page 34: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Non-spore-forming Gram-positive Bacilli
Corynebacterium diphtheriaeDiphtheria
Listeria monocytogenesGastroenteritis
![Page 35: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae• MOT & Pathology
• Sore Throat, fever, trouble breathing
• Droplet infection
• Toxin: heart/ kidney damage
• Diagnosis
• Throat exam• pseudomembrane
• Prevention
• DTaP contains toxoid
• Treatment: Antitoxin, Penicillin
![Page 36: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Listeria monocytogenes• MOT & Pathology
• Ingestion of contaminated food
• Psychrophilic
• Spontaneous abortion
• Prevention
• Proper food handling
• Pasteurization
• Treatment
• Ampicillin
![Page 37: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gram-Negative BacilliEnteric Gram-negative Bacilli: facultative anaerobesEscherichia coli: UTI, gastroenteritis(Traveler’s diarrhea), hemolytic-uremicsyndrome.
Salmonella enteritidis: Gastroenteritis
Salmonella typhi: Typhoid fever
Shigella dysenteriae: Gastroenteritis
Campylobacter jejuni: Gastroenteritis
Helicobacter pylori: Gastric ulcer,carcinoma of the stomach
Vibrio cholerae: Cholera
Vibrio parahemolyticus: Food toxicity
![Page 38: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Enterobacteriaceae
• Large family of gram-negative rods
• Found primarily in colon
• Common features
• Facultative anaerobe, non-spore forming
![Page 39: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Escherichia coli• MOT & Pathology
• Normal Flora of human colon
• UTI (most common cause)
• Fecal-oral
• O157:H7 toxin: hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Treatment
• Quinolones
• Self limiting
• Prevention
• Remove urinary catheters, ♀ wipe front to back, water and food handling, handwashing
![Page 40: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Salmonella enteritidis• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human and animal)
• Eggs and poultry
• Reptiles
• Treatment
• Self-limiting
• Rehydration therapy
• Prevention
• Public health
• Personal hygiene
![Page 41: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Salmonella typhi
• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human only)
• Typhoid fever
• Treatment
• Ciprofloxacin
• Prevention
• Personal hygiene
• Vaccine available (for travelers only)
![Page 42: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Shigella dysenteriae
• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human only)
• ID50 =10
• The four Fs: fingers, flies, food, and feces
• Treatment
• Rehydration/Ciprofloxacin
• Prevention
• Public health
• Personal hygiene
![Page 43: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Campylobacter jejuni
• MOT & Pathology
• Fecal-oral (human and animal)
• Food or water contamination
• Treatment
• Ciprofloxacin
• Prevention
• Public health
• Personal hygiene
![Page 44: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
pH – Neutrophiles & Acidophiles
As with temperature, bacteria have minimum, optimum and maximum pH ranges.
Neutrophiles
• Protozoans and most bacteria have an optimum pH range of 6.5 to 7.5.
• pH range of human organs and tissues.
Acidophiles• Most fungi & some bacteria grow best in acid niches.
• Example: Chemoautotrophic bacteria that live in mines and in water that runs off from waste rock around mines.
• Obligate acidophiles have to live in an acidic environment.
• Acid-tolerant Microbes will survive in an acid environment, but do not prefer that.
Images: HelicobacterPylori : Electron micrograph of H. pylori possessing multiple flagella. Yutaka Tsutsumi, M.D. Professor Department of Pathology Fujita Health University School of Medicine
Helicobacter pylori
• Gram-negative, microaerophilic, and acidophilic bacterium.
• Infects various areas of the stomach and duodenum.
• Many cases of peptic ulcers, gastritis, duodenitis, and perhaps some cancers are caused by H. pylori infections.
• However, many who are infected do not show any symptoms.
• Helicobacter spp. only known microorganisms to thrive in highly acidic environment of stomach.
![Page 45: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Helicobacter pylori• MOT and Pathology
– Ingestion, produce ammonia
– Gastric ulcer
– Carcinoma
• Treatment
– Antibiotics
• Prevention
– None
![Page 46: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
pH : Cholera (Alkalinophiles)
Alkilinophiles• Can live in water as well as soil with pH’s around
11.5 (14 is max alkilinity)!
• Example: Vibrio cholera (Cholera) will grow outside the body at a pH of 9.0.
• Infectious gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
• Transmission occurs through ingesting contaminated water or food.
• Major reservoir for cholera long assumed to be humans, but considerable evidence exists that aquatic environments can serve as reservoirs of the bacteria.
• Gram-negative bacterium that produces cholera Alkilinophiles
• Action on mucosal epithelium lining of the small intestine responsible for the characteristic massive diarrhea.
• One of the most rapidly fatal illnesses known. Progresses from first liquid stool to shock in 4 to 12 hours, with death quickly following without rehydration treatment.
![Page 47: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Vibrio cholerae• MOT and Pathology
– Fecal-oral
– Contaminated H2O
– Enterotoxin– Watery stools
• Treatment
– Rehydration therapy
• Prevention
– Public health
– Personal hygiene
![Page 48: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Vibrio parahemolyticus
• MOT and Pathology
– Lives in warm seawater
– Ingestion of raw/undercooked seafood
• Treatment
– Self limiting (three days)
• Prevention
– Proper refrigeration and cooking of seafood
![Page 49: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Nosocomial Gram-negative Bacilli
Klebsiella pneumoniae: Pneumonia and UTI
Proteus vulgaris: UTI especially hospital acquired
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Burn sepsis and UTI and more
Serratia marcescens: Burn sepsis
![Page 50: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
• MOT & Pathology
– Respiratory tract and intestinal tract
– Droplet
– Catheter
• Treatment
– Antibiotics
• Prevention
– Prompt removal of urinary catheter
![Page 51: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Proteus vulgaris
• MOT & Pathology
– Human colon
– Soil and H2O
– Highly motile, colonizes urethra, leads to ascending infection
• Treatment/Prevention
– Antibiotics
– Prompt removal of catheters
![Page 52: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Nail Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa
![Page 53: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Psuedomonas aeruginosa• MOT & Pathology
– Soil, H2O, NF colon/skin
– Aqueous solutions
– Withstand disinfectants
– Burn wounds
– Purulent blue-green discharge/fruity odor
• Treatment/Prevention
– Antibiotics
– Highly resistant
– Sterilization
![Page 54: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Burn Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa
![Page 55: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Respiratory Gram-negative Bacilli
Bordetella pertussis: Whooping cough
Haemophilus influenza: Pediatric meningitis,
Otitis media, sinusitis, and epiglottitis
Legionella pneumophilia: Pneumonia
![Page 56: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Bordetella pertussis
• MOT & Pathology
– Whooping cough
– Droplet infection
– Complications: pneumonia or CNS
• Treatment
– Erythromycin
• Prevention
– DTaP
![Page 57: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Haemophilus influenza
• MOT & Pathology
– Droplet infection
– Type B encapsulated (Hib)
– Meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis
• Treatment/Prevention
– Ceftriaxone
– Hib vaccine (Hemophilus influenza type B)
![Page 58: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Legionella pneumophilia
• MOT & Pathology
– Inhalation of aerosols from infected H2O
– Grows best in warm waters
– Air conditioners, water-cooling towers
– Legionnaire’s disease: Pneumonia
• Treatment/Prevention
– Erythromycin
– Reduce aerosols
– Water treatment
![Page 59: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Arthropod-borne disease:
Yersinia pestis: Plague
Borelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease (Spirochete)
Rickettsia rickettsii: Rocky mountain spotted fever(Obligate intracellular parasite)
![Page 60: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Yersinia pestis
• Plague (black death)
• Killed one quarter of the population of Europe in the middle ages
• Fleas transmit
• Bubos: inflammed
lymphnodes
• Droplet = pneumonic plague
![Page 61: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Lyme disease
Causative agent:
Borrelia burgdorferi
• Reservoir: Deer
• Vector: Ticks
• First symptom:
Bull's-eye rash
• Second phase:
Irregular heartbeat,
encephalitis
• Third phase: Arthritis
![Page 62: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
• Chlamydia trachomatis: NGU, pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), eye infection
• Rickettsia rickettsii: Rocky mountain spotted
fever (RMSF)
• Rickettsia prowazeki: Typhus
• Lack ability to produce enough ATP to grow independently
![Page 64: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Chlamydia trachomatis• Most common bacterial STI in USA
• Eye infection, fomites, birth canal
• PID
• Infertility
• Erythromycin
![Page 65: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Rickettsia rickettsii: Rocky mountain Spotted Fever
• Dogs and rodents are reservoir
• Tick-borne transmission
• Tetracycline
• Insect repellent/tick inspection
![Page 67: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Rickettsia prowazeki• Typhus
– Fever, chills, rash, meningitis, death
• Louse-borne
• Disease of poverty and wartime
• Control of body lice
![Page 68: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Syphilis: Spirochaete Infection
![Page 69: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Treponema pallidum
• STI
• Chancres
• Neurosyphilis: 10%; dementia
• Penicillin to treat; safe sex to prevent
![Page 70: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Mycobacteria
• Aerobic acid-fast bacilli
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
• Pulmonary TB
– Droplet
– 90% asymptomatic: Skin Test
– Hemoptysis
• Mycobacterium avium: indistinguishable from TB
– Widespread in environment
![Page 71: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Mycobacterium leprae
• Leprosy
• Direct contact
• Nasal or skin secretions
• Replicates in skin
• Anesthesia, bone re-absorption
• Loss of digits or tip of nose
• Antibiotics
• Isolation of patients
![Page 72: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Mycoplasma
• Smallest bacteria
• Lack cell wall
• Fluorescent stains to visualize
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae: walking pneumonia
– Droplet infection
– Common on campuses
– May be self-limiting or require antibiotics
![Page 73: 5 - Bacteria Pathogens](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/55507f75b4c9052d158b5575/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Question
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus can be easily differentiated in a lab by which of the following?
a)Cell shape
b)Gram stain reaction
c)Growth in high salt concentration
d)Ability to cause disease
e)Glucose fermentation