5 diversity of flowers - educational publications department 5.pdf · w identify the morphological...

73For free distribution

w identify the morphological diversity of flowers.

w describe a flower by using scientific conventions.

w investigate the patterns of inflorescences.

w analyse the structure of fruits.

w use the diversity of life time of plants to fulfil the day - today pursuits.

By the end of this chapter, you will be competent to...

Diversity of flowers5


The plants which bear flowers are known as flowering plants. Plants which do

not bear flowers are categorised as non-flowering plants. e.g. mosses, ferns, algae

and conifers.

Majority of the plants in the plant kingdom produce flowers. Though flowers are

generally considered as structures which are colourful, beautiful and consist of petals,

small flowers which are not noticeable at first glance are also found in herbs and

grass varieties.

Flowering plants can be divided into two categories as dicotyledons and

monocotyledons.

Flowers are specially structured for reproduction. A Flower can be considered

as a special structure designed to determine the survival and existence of its species.

A flower is a modified shoot. That is instead of a bud grows and produces a

shoot, it gets modified to produce a flower. The flower is fixed on to the stem by a

stalk. The top of the stalk is expanded to form a torus or thalamus. All the parts of

the flower is arranged in four whorls on the torus. In a flower four types of flower parts

can be identified. They are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynaecium (from outer

ring to inner).

5.1.1 Parts of a flower and their arrangement

5.1 Morphological diversity of flowers

pedicel (stalk)

thalamus

Sepals

Petals

filament

antherstamen

Ovary

Stigma

Style gynaecium

Fig 5.1.1 Main parts of a flower

}

}

(corolla)

(calyx)

(torus)


Calyx

Calyx is a cup shaped structure. It is found at the bottom of all the other parts. It

is the outer most whorl of a flower. It consists of sepals. Sepals are similar to small

green leaves. Colurful sepals can be seen in some flowers.

Function of the calyx is the protection of the tender flower bud. Photosynthesis

takes place in green coloured sepals. Colourful sepals are important to attract insects

for pollination. (Fig 5.1.2 and 5.1.3)

Rose Sesbenia Tribulus Muntingia

Fig 5.1.2 - Flowers with green sepals

Shoe flower Cotton flower

calyx and epicalyx

Do you know

In some flowers a whorl of floral

leaves can be seen outside the calyx. It

is known as epicalyx

Example:- Shoe flower

Cotton flower

Species of Musandas

Fig 5.1.3 - Flowers with colourful sepals


Corolla

Within the calyx are the whorl of floral leaves called petals, together forming the

corolla. It is the most beautiful and attractive part of most flowers.

The corolla protects the internal parts of the flower and also helps to attract

insects for pollination. The corolla is colourful in majority of flowers which are pollinated

by insects. Corolla shows diversity in colour and shape. Examples:- Fig 5.1.4

Clitoria Catharanthus Alstonia

Wrightia Shoe flower Orchid

Fig 5.1.4 - Diversity of Corolla in shape and colour

Do you know?

In some flowers the

sepals do not fall off even

after the fruits are produced.

Example :- Mangoosteen

Guava

Rose apple Guava Mangoosteen

Fruits with persistent sepals


In most of the flowers which bloom during the night, the corolla is white in colour,

and the flowers are scented. This is also important to attract insects for pollination.

Examples:-Fig 5.1.5

Androecium

Androecium is the male part of a flower. It is the whorl of floral leaves found

inside the corolla.

Andreoecium consists of stamens. A stamen consists of the anther and the filament.

The function of the androecium is to produce pollen grains for reproduction.

Structure of Androecium in different Flowers

Stamens of flowers can be independent or connected to the petals. e.g: Fig 5.1.6

Coral jasmine (Sepalika) Kadupul Getapichcha

Fig 5.1.5 - Flowers bloom during the night

Passion fruit Shoe flower Gloriosa

Torenia Brassica Calotropis

Fig 5.1.6 - Situation of anthers in different flowers


Gynoecium or Pistil

Gynoecium or pistil is the female part of a flower,

It is the innermost part of a flower. It consists of three

parts namely stigma, style and ovary. The stigma

is situated at the top and the ovary is situated at the

base. The style is a tube like structure which connects

the stigma and the ovary. Ovules can be seen in the

ovary.

After pollination and fertilization the ovary be-

comes the fruit and the ovules become seeds.

Unisexual and Bisexual Flowers

If both the gynoecium (pistil) and the androecium are present in a flower it is

called a bisexual flower.

Examples:- Hibiscus (Shoe flower) , Sesbenia, Lotus, Blue Lily

In some flowers only one of these parts is present. Such flowers are called

unisexual flowers.

Example:- Coconut, Maize

Shoe flower Cannon ball tree Caesalpinia

Fig 5.1.8 - Bisexual Flowers

a - staminate flowers b - pistilate flowers

Fig 5.1.9 zia - maize

Fig 5.1.7 - gynoecium of a

flower

ovary

style

stigma

Fig 5.1.10 - coconut

staminate

flower

pistilate

flower

(In coconut, both staminate and pistilateflowers present in the same in florescense)


Flowers which consist of only the gynoecium (pistil) are called pistilate flowers

while flowers consist of only the androecium are called staminate flowers.

Symmetry of flowers

Actinomorphic Flowers

If a flower can be divided into two similar halves by cutting vertically through any

one of its axis which passes through the centre, such flowers are known as radially

symmetrical flowers or an actinomorphic flowers.

Examples:- Shoe flowers, Jam, Temple flowers, Hendirikka (Mirabilis)

Wrightia, Kaduru, Pupmpkin

Zygomorphic flowers

Some flowers can be divided into two similar halves by cutting along only one

symmetrical axis. These flowers are known as bilaterally symmetrical flowers or

zygomorphic flowers.

Catharanthus Shoe flower Temple flower

Pumpkin Kaduru Mirabilis Wrighita

Fig. 5.1.11 – Actinomarphic flowers

Activity - 5.1.1

Divide your class into four groups. Select 10 kinds of flowers which can be

easily found from your surrounding. Observe and identify the diversity in the calyx,

corolla, androecium and gynoecium


Asymmetrical flowers

Some flowers cannot be divided into two similar halves by cutting along any axix.

These flowers are known as irregular or asymmetrical flowers.

Examples:- Cannas, Cactus

Thunbergia Sesbenia Salvia

Orchid Leucus zeylaniea Caesalpinia Crotolaria

Fig 5.1.12 - zygomarphic flowers

Species of Cactus Species of Cactus Species of Canna

Fig 5.1.13 Irregular flowers

Activity - 5.1.2

Bring 20 kinds of flowers which can be easily found from your surrounding to

the school. Observe its symmetry and group them as actinomophic, zygomorphic

and asymmetrical flowers.


There are some standard methods to describe the structure of flowers. They are

1. Whole flower and half flower

2. floral diagram

3. floral formula

Whole Flower

By observing a flower

externally we can study the

structure of the flower. To observe

the colour, the nature, its parts and

their position in the flower by the

naked eye one has to observe a

whole flower.

Half Flower

To observe the parts of a

flower more clearly we can

separate a flower into two similar

halves through a symmetrical axis

of the flower.

Because some parts which

cannot be seen by observing the

flower externally, can be clearly

seen in a half flower. (fig 5.2.2)

Therefore a half flower is

used to describe the structure of a

flower. Half flower can be depicted

by a line diagram.

5.2 Structure of flowers

Fig 5.2.2 – a half flower

Fig - 5.2.1 – whole flower


Floral Diagram

A transverse section drawn so that all the

parts of the flower are in the same level is called

a floral diagram. This is similar to a diagram of

a flower drawn as seen from the top. To draw a

floral diagram the main axis of the tree should

placed to the anterior side and the bract should

placed to the posterior side.

a) Position of a flower in the tree

b) Floral diagram of a flower

Floral Formula

A formula written using standard symbols to describe the morphological features

of a flower is known as floral formula.

Example :- floral formula of a shoe flower

The symmetry of the flower is depicted by the first symbol.

Symbol Symmetry

According to this, the symmetry of a shoe flower is actinomorphic.

The second symbol depicts the sex of the flower

According to this, the shoe flower is bisexual

The third symbol ‘K’ depicts the calyx. The numeral at the bottom shows the

number of sepals. If the numeral is written within brackets it depicts that the sepals are

connected.

- Actinomorphic

- Zygomorphic

- staminate

- pistilate

- bisexual

Fig 5.2.3 - Position of a Flower and

Floral diagram

ksm;%h

a b

Aα

K(5)

C5 G

(5)

bract

main axisof the tree


According to this, the shoe flower has 5 connected sepals.

The fourth symbol ‘C’ depicts the corolla The numeral at the bottom shows the

number of petals in the . If the numeral is written within brackets it indicates that the

petals are fused.

According to this, the corolla of the shoe flower has five independent

petals.

The fifth symbol ‘A’ depicts the androecium. The numeral at the bottom shows

the number of stamens. If the numeral is written within brackets the stamens are fused.

According to this, the number of stamens in the androecium cannot be

counted easily.

All the filaments of the stamens of a shoe flower are connected

to make the staminal tube.

The sixth symbol ‘G’ depicts the gynaecium. The numeral at the bottom shows

the number of parts in the pistil. If the numeral is written within brackets, it depicts that

these parts are connected to each other.

The situation of gynaecium is depicted by drawing a line over or below its symbol.

If it is situated above all the other parts of the flower, the short line should be drawn

below the letter ‘G’. If the ovary is situated below the other parts of the flower, the

short line should be drawn above the letter ‘G’.

According to this, the gynaecium of the shoe flower consists of five parts

and they are connected. The gynaecium is situated above all the other parts.

Now let us consider the floral formula of two other kinds of flowers.

Sesbenia

Ipomea

K(5)

C(2)+2+1

A(9) +1 G

(1)

A5

G(2)K

5C

(5)

C A

Assignment 1

Try to describe the features of the Sesbenia and Ipomea flowers by studying

their floral formula.


Leaves and flowers are situated on the tree

trunks according to a certain way. Some flowers are

situated alone while some are situated as groups on a

central axis. When flowers are situated as groups on a

central axis it is called an inflorescence.

The main axis of an inflorescence is the peduncle

while the stalk of each flower is called a pedicel.

Inflorescence can be divided into two categories

according to the way in which flowers are arranged on

the main axis.

1. Racemose Inflorescence

2. Cymose Inflorescence

Terminal buds of racemose inflorescences continuously grow for some time and

flowers gradually start growing from the bottom of the axillary bud towards the top of

it. Matured flowers can be seen at the bottom of the inflorescence while tender flowers

can be seen on the top. Flowers start blooming from the bottom of the inflorescence

and continue upwards towards the top.

Raceme

These flowers consist of pedicels.

Examples:- Crotolaria, Orchid, Ehela (Cassia fistula)

Fig - 5.3.1- an inflorescene

5.3 Inflorescence

5.3.1 Racemose inflorescences

Fig - 5.3.2- Racemose inflorescence

Orchid Ehela (Cassia fistula)


Spike

This is similar in all aspects to a raceme, but the flowers are sessile.

Examples - Amaranthus, Stachetophyta

Spadix

The flowers are sessile. These flowers are attached to a fleshy, thick central axis.

A leaf like structure called spathe can be seen at the bottom of the central axis.

This is an adaptation of the bract. Before the inflorescene bloom it is

completely covered by the spathe. Examples:- Anthurium, Alocasia

Corymb

As the stalks of the basal flowers are longer than the stalks of the terminal

flowers, they seem to be in one level.

Examples –Caesalpinia pulcherima, Some Cassia species

Cat's tail Stachetophyta Amaranthus

(Acalypha) (Balunakuta) (Tampala)

Fig - 5.3.3- Spike

Thora (Cassia) Caesalpinia pulcherima

(Monera mal)

Fig - 5.3.5- Corymb

Anthurium, Alocasia Anthurium species

(Gahala)

Fig - 5.3.4 Spadix

sheath

inflorescence


Umbel

All the flowers appear in the same level. Matured flowers are situated outside the

inflorescence while tender flowers are seen at the centre of the inflorescence.

Examples –Red onion, Crinum, Lantana, Isora

Capitulum

The flowers are sessile. A disc like structure is created as a result of the flat

central axis. The flowers are seen on this disc like structure. Here too the tender

flowers are situated at the centre of the inflorescence while matured flowers are seen

in the outer part of it. Examples – Tridax, Zenia, Monarakudumbiya, Sun flower

There are more than one axis in cymose inflorescences. The main axis ends

with a flower. In a cymose inflorescene tender flowers can be seen at the bottom while

the matured flowers are at the top. Flowers bloom from the top towards the bottom

according to the centrifugal method. Cymose

inflorescences can be further classified into several

types.

Simple cyme

There are only three flowers in a Simple cymose

inflorescene.

Example:- Some Jasminum species.

5.3.2 Cymose Inflorescenses

Lantana Crinum

Fig - 5.3.6 - Umbel

A species of 'Pichcha'

Fig - 5.3.8 - Simple cyme

Sun flower Zenia Tridax

Fig 5.3.7 - Capitulum


Dichasial cyme

A dichasial cyme can be formed due to the continuous branching of lateral

branches. Examples:- Begonia, Girithilla

Helicoid cyme

Lateral branches always grow on one side of the central axis. As a result a curved

inflorescence is formed. Examples :- Brinjal, ' Ethhonda'

Scorpoid cyme

Lateral branches grow on the either

sides of the central axis. Here monochasiums

formed by inhibiting the lateral branches side

by side.

Examples:- Leucus zelaynica,

'Uruhonda '

Though the inflorescences are

classified as racemose and cymose, you

may find other types of inflorescences which

do not belong to any of these catagories .

Brinjal 'Ethhonda'

Fig - 5.3.10 - Helicoid cyme

Begonia Girithilla

Fig - 5.3.9 - Dichasial cyme

Leucus zelaynica

Fig - 5.3.10 - Helicoid cyme

Assignment - 1

Make a small booklet about inflorescences including examples for each type

of inflorscene you studied in this chapter.


Fruits

A fruit is an ovary developed and grown larger after stimulated by pollination.

After pollination the ovary becomes the fruit while the ovules become the seeds.

Fruits are mainly of three types. They are

1. Simple fruits

2. Aggregate fruits

3. Composite fruits / Multiple fruits

Simple fruits can be divided into two, according to the nature of pericarp. They are

1. Fleshy (Succulent ) fruits

2. Dry fruits

Simple Fleshy fruits

Pericarp of this fruits are fleshy or fibrous. Fleshy fruits are of many types.

Mango Coconut Tomato

Guava Apple Orange Pumpkin

Fig 5.4.1 - Simple Fleshy fruits

5.4 Diversity of fruits

5.4.1. Simple fruits


Simple dry fruits

The fruits which are having a dry nature at the time of seed dispersal are simple

dry fruits.

Example - Beans, Olinda, Calotropis, Ladies fingers.

Sun flower, Paddy, maize, Wheat, Vernonia, Dipterocarpus, cashew nuts, Anona

Mimosa and castor.

An aggregate fruit is produced by a single flower with an apocarpous ovary.

Fruitlets develop one by one gradually. A fruit of this type is a collection of fruitlets.

Anona Strawberry Anona specias

Fig 5.4.3 - Aggregate fruits

beans Calotropis Cashew Ladies finger Wheat

Paddy Maize Popy

Fig 5.4.1 - Simple dry fruits

5.4.2 Aggregate fruits


If a simple fruit originates from an inflorescene it is known as a composite fruit

(multiple fruit).

Example :- Pineapple, jak, mulberry, Ficus (Bo, Nuga, Attikka), Bread-fruit.

A fruit is produced in a tree for the purpose of reproduction to produce a new

plant. A new plant is produced by the germination of seeds in a fruit. A single tree

produces a large number of fruits at a time. Therefore a tree produces a large number

of fruits in a number of seasons throughout its life time. The aim of producing fruits is

to ensure the existence of the species.

All these seeds may not get a chance to produce new plants.Only a few of them

are able to produce new plants.

If all the seeds get germinated near the mother plant they will rarely grow into

healthy, matured plants. The probability of these seeds growing into healthy, matured

plants is less. This is due to the competition for space, water, air, nutrients etc.

Sometimes when a certain species of plant is limited to one area they can get

destroyed by natural disasters. So dispersal of fruits and seeds is essential for the

survival of the species.

There are 4 ways in which fruits and seeds are dispersed. They are :

1. By wind

2. By water

3. By animals and

4. By explosive mechanisms

Pineapple jak bread-fruit

Fig 5.4.4 Composite fruits

5.4.3 Composite fruits

5.5 Dispersal of fruits and seeds


Fruits that use explosive mechanisms for dispersal, dispersal agents are the seeds.

The fruits that depend on other factors such as wind, water and animals for dispersal,

dispersal agent can be a whole fruit or a part of a fruit.

Fruits and seeds show various adaptations for dispersal.

A large number of fruits and seeds are produced in trees where the dispersal of

fruits and seeds is caused by wind. Sometimes these fruits and seeds may land in

places which are not suitable for the germination, causing a wastage. That is the reason

for producing a large number of fruits and seeds.

Some of the adaptations seen in fruits and seeds for dispersal by wind is stated below.

1. Light weighted and small seeds

examples - Orchid

2. Having Structures such as wings

Examples – Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Pterocarpus, Tecoma

3. Having hair like structures

Examples – Vernonia, Nerium, Calatropis, Cotton

Pterocarpus Dipterocarpus Tecoma

' Thotila ' Calotropis Cotton

Fig 5.5.1 - Fruits and seeds dispearsed by wind

5.5.1 Dispersal by wind


In plants growing in or around water, dispersal of fruits and seeds is occured by

water.

There are various adaptations in these seeds and fruits to float on water. Some of

them are, presence of air spaces, holes, having a fibrous covering and being

impermeable to water.

Examples :- Calophyllum, Terminalia, ' Kaduru ', Lotus, Coconut, Arecanut

Rhizophora(Kadol), Water lily, Blue lily

Seeds that are dispersed by animals show various adaptations.

1. Having a fleshy part which can be consumed by animals

Fruits or seeds which can be consumed by animals and dispersed in various

places. Most of the time the seed is thrown away after eating the fleshy part.

Examples:- papaw, mango, dates, orange, avacardo

In some instances the seed too is consumed with the fruit. Afterwards the seed

will come out of the body with the waste matters. When the seed is passing through

the digestive system no harm will be caused to the seed. After coming out of the body,

it will get germinated when it finds a suitable place.

Examples:- guava, tomato, chillie

Arecanut Coconut Terminalia

Calophyllum Kaduru Lotus

Fig 5.5.2 - Fruits and Seeds dispersed by water

5.5.2 Dispersal by water

5.5.3 Dispersal by animals


2. Having appendages to cling on to animals

Examples:- Love grass, 'Karal heba', 'Nerenchi', Tiger claws (Nagadarana)

Seeds of some fruits are visible as small insects to trick the animals. So the

birds carry them off and drop them in another place. Through this method too the

seeds get dispersed.

Examples:- Castor, 'Madatiya' , 'Crabs eyes' (olinda)

Due to a change caused in pericarp the fruits burst and the seeds are thrown

away to a distance.

Examples – Balsom, ' Madatiya ' , ' Crabs eyes ' Bauhenia" Rubber

The method of dispersal by explosion is not very successful as the seeds are not

thrown far away.

Tomato Papaw Guava Chillie

Tiger claws Castor ' Nerenchi '

Fig 5.5.3 - Fruits and seeds dispearsed by animals

Rubber Balsam Bauhenia Madatiya

Fig 5.5.4 - Fruits and seeds dispearsed by explosion

5.5.4 Dispersal by explosive mechanisms


Grouping plants according to its life span

Plants show a diversity in the life span too. They can be divided into 3 groups.

1. Annuals

2. Biennials

3. Perennials

The plants which completes its life span and die within one season or one year are

known as annuals.

Example :- Grains like paddy and wheat, vegetables like cucumber and tomato.

The growth of these plants occur during the early stage. Reproduction occurs

during the last stage after the growth stops. They produce flowers, fruits and seeds and

die at the end of a season or a year. These plants spend the unfavourable season as

seeds.

Plants which completes its life cycle and die within two years or two seasons are

known as biennials. Growth continues upto two years and at the end of the second

year they die after producing flowers, fruits and seeds.

Example:- Vegetables like cabbage, carrot and beet- root.

The food produced during the growing stage of the first year is stored in storage

organs like underground roots. Flowers are not produced at the end of the first

growing stage. At the beginning of the unfavourable season the aerial parts of the plant

die and the undergroond roots and the terminal bud remains inactive (dormant). Again

when the favourable season begins the underground roots and the terminal buds begin

their work, start growing and produce a new shoot. These plants produce flowers,

fruits, seeds at the end of the second season of growth and die.

Paddy Maize Tomato

Fig 5.6.1. Some annual plants

5.6 Diversity in plant habit

5.6.1 Annuals

5.6.2 Biennials


These plants spend one unfavourable season as underground stems and

terminal buds, and spend the other unfavourable season as seeds.

Plants which live for more than two years are known as perennials. These plants

are adapted to survive even during the unfavourable seasons. Surviving these

unfavourable seasons using various methods is known as perennation. Perennation is

a characteristic of perennials. There are different adaptations in plants for perennation.

Some of them are given below.

1. Live underground and being inactive.

2. Have inactive (dormant) buds

3. Covered with a bark containing non living tissues.

4. Leaves fall off to avoid transpiration during dry seasons.

Perennials are mainly of two types.

1. Herbaceous perennials

2. Woody perennials

Herbaceous perennials

These plants live as herbs. They have underground stems. Perennation is done as

underground stems.

Examples:- grass, ginger, colocasia, onion

Carrot Beet root Cabbage

Fig 5.6.2 Some biennial plants

5.6.3 Perennials


Woody perennials

Shrubs and trees are included. The aerial parts continue growing for some years.

Reproduction occurs after growth. After that flowers and fruits are produced untill the

end of their life span. Having a bark with phellem, having inactive or dormant buds and

leaves falling off are some adaptations for perennation.

Annuals

Most of the plants taken as food by humans and animals fall under this category.

Paddy, wheat, maize which are considered as main food items of humans are annuals.

Leafy vegetables and medicinal plants too belong to this category. These plants

complete their life span at the end of a year or a season and the fruits, seeds and other

parts are taken into use by humans and animals.

Biennials

These plants too are taken as food by humans.

Colocasia Ginger Crysanthimum

Fig 5.6.3 Some herbaceous perennials

Mango Jak Coconut

Fig 5.6.4 Some woody perennials

5.6.4 Uses of plants to humans


Perennials

These plants are used as food and for many other needs.

Examples -

1. As food items (jak, bread fruit)

2. As fruits (Mango, jambu, avacardo, rambutan).

3. To make drinks (tea, coffee, cocoa)

5. As medicines (Aralu, Bulu, Nelli)

6. To obtain oils (coconut, Citronella, castor)

7. To obtain fibres (cotton, jute&

8. To produce useful objects (rubber)

9. As timber (Satinwood, halmilla, teak, nedun)

10. For shade (Mara)

11. For beauty (Plumeria, roses)

Exercises

1. Select the correct answer for the statements given below from the words within

brackets.

(calyx, receptacle, umbel, androecium, floral formula, spadix, corolla, gynaecium)

i. The most outstanding colourful part of a flower -

ii. The whorl that protects the tender flower -

iii. The male part of a flower -

iv. The female part of a flower -

v. Use to describe the structure of a flower -

vi. A racemose inflorescene covered by a structure (sheath) called spathe -

vii. All the parts of a flower situated in whorls on this structure -

2.

i Fruits and seeds get a chance to germinate far away

from the mother plant by various dispersal methods.

Give two reasons for the necessity of such a process.

ii What is the dispersal method of the seed given in the

picture according to its adaptations.

iii Write two characteristic features of the above

mentioned seed to be dispersed by the method you mentioned.

Assignment - 1

Prepare a list of plants found in your home - garden or school garden. Classify

and tabulate them as annuals, biennials and perennials.


3. Plants are classified into three categories according to the plant habbit. They can

be classified into three categories according to the life span also.

i What are the three categories of plants according to their life span ?

ii Classify the plants which are giving the following products according to the

above classification,.

tomato, bread fruit, mango, onion, carrot, cucumber, papaw, beet-root, zea

maize, jak, anona, cabbage.

iii Classify and tabulate the fruits mentioned below as simple, aggregate, and

multiple composite.

tomato, cucumber, bread fruit, mango, jak, anona.

4. Floral formula are used to describe the morphological features of a flower.

Mentioned below is a floral formula of an imaginary flower. Study it carefully and

fill in the blanks.

(Please copy this paragraph into your note book before you do the exercise)

The flower depicted by this floral formula is ........................... (actinomorphic/

zygomorphic). That is a ..........(unisexual / bisexual) flower.This flower has five ...........

(free/ combined) petals. The number of stamens are ................... (five / two). Gynacium

has two chambers. The gynaecium is situated ................... (below/ above) the other

parts of the flower.

A5

G2K

5C

(5)

5 diversity of flowers - educational publications department 5.pdf · w identify the morphological...

Documents