5 – environmental assessment tools
TRANSCRIPT
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
1/57
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5.2 Eco Design5.2 Eco Design
5.3 Mass Flow Analysis5.3 Mass Flow Analysis
Environmental Assessment Environmental Assessment ToolsTools
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
2/57
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) atau Analisis Siklus Hidupatau Analisis Siklus Hidup.. Berikutnya Berikutnya akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang
Eco-design,Eco-design, yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran siklus hidup didalam disain produk. siklus hidup didalam disain produk.
Material Flow Analysis (MFA)Material Flow Analysis (MFA),, yang merupakan suatu instrumen yang merupakan suatu instrumen untuk mengetahui aliran material/bahan dan energi. MFA untuk mengetahui aliran material/bahan dan energi. MFA digunakan pada penelitian-penelitian pada tingkat global, regional digunakan pada penelitian-penelitian pada tingkat global, regional dan lokal, serta pengelolaan sampah (padat) regional, misalnya dan lokal, serta pengelolaan sampah (padat) regional, misalnya untuk meganalisis zat-zat berbahaya.untuk meganalisis zat-zat berbahaya.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
3/57
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle AnalysisAnalysis of Environmental, Financial and Analysis of Environmental, Financial and
Social Impacts throughout the Life-cycle of Social Impacts throughout the Life-cycle of Products and ProcessesProducts and Processes
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
• LCA merupakan suatu teknik yang LCA merupakan suatu teknik yang digunakan untuk mengukur aspek-aspek digunakan untuk mengukur aspek-aspek lingkungan yang terkait dengan suatu lingkungan yang terkait dengan suatu produk, suatu proses pembuatannya, produk, suatu proses pembuatannya, ataupun ‘layanan’ yang diberikan oleh ataupun ‘layanan’ yang diberikan oleh produk tersebut selama siklus hidupnya. produk tersebut selama siklus hidupnya.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
4/57
• Aplikasi-aplikasi yang paling penting antara lain Aplikasi-aplikasi yang paling penting antara lain • (1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup (1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup
terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada perbaikan-dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada perbaikan-perbaikan produk atau proses dan perbaikan produk atau proses dan
• (2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi (2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi internal.internal.
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Siklus Hidup KapasSiklus Hidup Kapas
pesticides
irrigation
harvest transport
Ginning and spinning Weaving
and dying
Cotton seed (by product)
detergents Washing
drying Final waste
Saling Terkait satu Saling Terkait satu sama lainsama lain
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
6/57
Contoh dari Implementasi LCA didalam Industri.Contoh dari Implementasi LCA didalam Industri. Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B. memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B. Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi. menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi.
Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
7/57
Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim, lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim, toksisitas dan penipisan ozontoksisitas dan penipisan ozon. .
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
Mesin A B
Dampak yang ditimbulkan selama konstruksi
(Ecopoints)
210 185
Dampak dari bahan kimia, penggunaan energi,
pemeliharaan (Ecopoints/year)
20 24
Dampak pembuangannya setelah digunakan
(Ecopoints.)
6 4
Umur Penggunaannya (years) 15 10
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
8/57
The Concept of LCA (2)
• Some products have a dominating environmental load in production, some in use, some in disposal:
Examples:
books, furniture, art etc.
Examples:
cars, television, airco etc.
Examples:
Ni-Cd batteries, household chemicals, fireworks etc.
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
9/57
Methodology of LCA (1)
- Product developmentand improvement
- Strategic planning
- Public policy making
- Marketing
- Other
Goaland scopedefinition
Inventoryanalysis
Impactassessment
Interpretation
Direct applications:
Life cycle assessment framework
The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
(1) Mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup kajian;
(2) membuat model siklus hidup produk dengan semua inflow
dan outflow lingkungan. Tahap ini sering diistilahkan sebagai
tahap life cycle inventory (LCI);(3) memahami relevansi
lingkungan dari semua inflow dan outflow, tahap ini sering
disebut dengan tahap life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) dan
(4) interpretasi penelitian. Diagram berikut menunjukkan kerangka
kerja ini yang sesuai dengan standar-standar LCA dari ISO.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
10/57
Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan, yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan, menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk. menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk.
Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya. beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya.
Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).
Methodology of LCA (2), Goal and Scope
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
11/57
• Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural aspects Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent
function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
Functional unit is basis for comparison
Methodology of LCA (3), Goal and Scope
=?
“Compare environmental
impacts of packaging of 1000 litres milk in carton packages or glass
bottles”
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
12/57
Example of Product system and Inventory Table
Methodology of LCA (5), Inventory Pengumpulan Data
electricity
steel
plastic
production distribution use dump
incineration
reuse
recycling
LCI table with environmental interventions
Crude oil from earth
40000 kg
CO2 to air 3500
SO2 to air 20 kg
NOx to air 100 kg
Cd to water 5 g
PAH to water
8 kg
Etc. …….
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
13/57
Methodology of LCA (9), Impact assessmentPengukuran Dampak
EffectIntervention Damage CO2
PSO2NOx
DDTDust
VOC
Cd
PAHCFC
Heavy metals
Greenhouse effect
Acidification
Pesticides
Eutrophication Damage to Eco-systems
Damage to human health
IndicatorWinter smog
Summer smog
CarconogenicsOzone layer depl.
Category indicators are quantifiable representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99, Impact 2002+ etc.)
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
14/57
Methodology of LCA (8), Impact assessment:Pengukuran Dampak
• Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization: Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact category, e.g. CO2 and
CH4 to climate change Multiply environmental interventions (resources, emissions etc.) from LCI with a
characterisation factor to get indicator results Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the indicator results and to get
dimensionless score (useful for comparison)Impact category
Char. Factor (Global Warming Potential)Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
15/57
Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation
• “Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)
• To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope: Are the the general assumptions reasonable? Is the functional unit well chosen? Are ISO standards applied? Has a peer review been conducted?
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
16/57
Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation
• Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of important choices or assumptions What if other allocations are applied. What if other boundaries are applied. What if other impact assessment method is used.
• By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how the conclusions connect with the assumptions.
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
17/57
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (1)
• LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but scope can be extended to include economic and social impacts.
• Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing (LCC);• Analysis of life cycle costs
• Social LCA• Social impacts throughout life cycle of products and
processes
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
18/57
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (2)
• What are the costs and revenues incured during the life cycle of a product or process?
• R&D• Production• Marketing• Sales• Etc.
• Sometimes external costs included as well (costs that are ‘imposed’ on society or the environment):
• Monetary valuation of environmental LCI and LCIA results…but is it possible to monetise all environmental services?
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
19/57
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (3)
• Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment and health: Job quality Quality physical health Quality social health Earthly possessions
• Challenging to model social life cycle impacts, because social conditions do change more rapidly impacts from changes in employment conditions may dissipate emotions resulting from changes disappear with time diseases get cured people who are laid off may find new jobs)
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
20/57
5.2 Eco5.2 Eco-Design-DesignLife Cycle Thinking within the Design of
Products and Processes
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
21/57
• What is Eco-Design?• Implications for the Design Process.• Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid
Waste.• Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable
Product Design.
Contents
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
22/57
Eco-design merupakan suatu instrumen Eco-design merupakan suatu instrumen prosedural untuk pembuatan keputusan prosedural untuk pembuatan keputusan lingkungan, yang secara khusus mengarah lingkungan, yang secara khusus mengarah kepada disain dari produk dan proses. kepada disain dari produk dan proses.
Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan produk dan proses. Eco-design produk dan proses. Eco-design menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup didalam mengidentifikasi kemungkinan-didalam mengidentifikasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan. kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan.
What is Eco-Design?
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
23/57
Eco-design juga merupakan aplikasi logis dari eco-efficiency. Eco-design juga merupakan aplikasi logis dari eco-efficiency. eco-efficiency didefinisikan sebagai kinerja fungsional dari eco-efficiency didefinisikan sebagai kinerja fungsional dari produk-produk pada siklus hidup yang dibagi kedalam produk-produk pada siklus hidup yang dibagi kedalam dampak-dampak lingkungan dari produk pada siklus dampak-dampak lingkungan dari produk pada siklus hidupnya. hidupnya.
Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik. Aspek-menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik. Aspek-aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.
What is Eco-Design?
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
24/57
Studi kasus/Latihan: Cangkir Keramik ataukah Mug dari Kertas?
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
(Kementrian Lingkungkan Hidup Indonesia) Manakah yang lebih ramah lingkungan, cangkir berbahan keramik ataukah mug berbahan styrofoam? Untuk menemukan jawabannya, maka penelitian harus mengukur siklus hidup cangkir keramik tersebut, yaitu dari proses produksinya yang berupa pemrosesan bahan mentah hingga tidak terpakai lagi dan dibuang ke tempat sampah. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penghitungan konsumsi bahan mentah, penggunaan energi (untuk pengolahan, transportasi dan pembersihan), output bahan-bahan berbahaya ke air dan udara serta volume kotoran yang dihasilkan.
Penghitungan ini mengabaikan beberapa dampak lingkungan lain yang biasanya bersifat lokal, seperti kebisingan, bau dan bahaya terhadap bentang alam (landscape).Cangkir dan piring keramik memiliki satu kekurangan: cangkir dan piring jenis ini harus dicuci. Untuk mencuci cangkir dan piring keramik didalam dishwasher (mesin pencuci piring) tentu memiliki dampak yang lebih besar terhadap air daripada jika kita menggunakan cangkir atau piring sekali pakai. Bahan surfactant didalam deterjen, yang selalu kita pakai
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
25/57
• The relative complex LCA procedure and the creative slightly chaotic design process are not so easy to combine:
Implications for the Design Process (2)
Problem
Idea
Decision
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
26/57
Implications for the Design Process (3)
Planning Idea generation Concept development Detailed design
Availability of information on the product
Freedom to change the design
Complexity of the Design Process
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
27/57
Implications for the Design Process (4)Design phase Design activity LCA activity LCA information
generated
Product planning
Target is defined as product/market
combination
Assessment of strategy Strategic choices
Analysis Refinement of target and definition of
requirements
LCA of reference product
Design guidelines and eco-indicators
Idea generation
Creativity techniques are used to generate
new solutions
Use of design rules and eco-indicators Pre-selection of ideas
Concept Best ideas are selected and elaborated
Short screenings and what-if analysis
Support in concept choices
Detailed design
Best concept is detailed; prototype and
CAD drawings
Specific questions and issues
Support in detailed design choices
Application of LCA results in Design for Environment
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
28/57
Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid Waste (2)
• Eco-Design improves Eco-efficiency:
Eco-efficiency =Functional performance provided by product over life cycle
Environmental Impacts of product over life cycle
eco-efficiency resource-efficiency
reduction haz. substances= +
applying Eco-efficiency results in Eco-products…
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
29/57
Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid Waste (3)
Consequences for solid waste:• Reduction of natural resource extractions (materials and energy)• Reduction or elimination of hazardous materials within waste• Reduction of toxic emissions during incineration
Eco-products
Improved material and
energy content (quantity and
quality) in products
Reduced solid waste amount and
hazardousness composition
5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
30/57
Design for Environment (DfE): “the systematic consideration of design performance with respect to environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full product and process life cycle” (Fiksel, 1996 in Wrisberg et al. 2002).
DfE…• focuses on existing products and processes that fulfil
a specific function (function-oriented systems)• expands the design scope towards environmental and
social implications of products and processes
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (1)
Des
ign
for E
nviro
nmen
t5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
31/57
Sustainable Product Design: investigates possibilities for improvement on a broader scale.
Examples:• Alternative Function Fulfilment (changes the way in
which a specific function or need is fulfilled)• System innovation (redesigning of product production
systems, creating ‘closed-loop’ economies etc.)
Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (2)
Sust
aina
ble
Prod
uct D
esig
n5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
33/57
5.3 Material Flow Analysis 5.3 Material Flow Analysis (MFA)(MFA)
Analysis of Material FlowsAnalysis of Material Flows in a Regionin a Region
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
34/57
MFA• suatu instrumen pengukuran yang menggabungkan
aspek-aspek sumberdaya dan polusi dari masalah-masalah lingkungan didalam perekonomian kita. Material Flow Analysis (MFA
• MFA adalah suatu pengukuran sistematis dari aliran-aliran bahan di suatu kawasan.
• Ada dua jenis MFA yaitu bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik) dan yang kedua adalah Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
35/57
Ada dua jenis MFA• bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran
bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik)
• Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
36/57
MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Definisi dan sasaran dari pengelolaan sampah terus mengalami perubahan.
Pengelolaan sampah yang terorganisir muncul ketika manusia mulai mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya.
Apa yang dilakukan ini merupakan langkah penting untuk menjaga kebersihan dan membantu mencegah munculnya
wabah (epidemik) penyakit. Masalah baru.
Pertama, (landfill) menyebabkan terjadi masalah polusi air tanah dan menghasilkan gas-gas rumah kaca.
Kedua, lokasi landfill semakin langka pada kawasan-kawasan berpenduduk padat. Bahkan Sanitary landfilling tidak bisa
memecahkan masalah-masalah ini dalam jangka panjang.
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
37/57
MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
Saat ini, pengelolaan sampah merupakan suatu konsep terpadu yang terdiri dari praktik-praktik yang berbeda dan
pilihan perlakuan yang terdiri dari strategi pencegahan dan pengumpulan; langkah-langkah terpisah untuk memproduksi barang yang bisa didaur ulang atau pemrosesan berikutnya
dengan menggunakan teknologi pengolahan secara biologis, fisika, kimiawi, dan thermal; dan jenis-jenis landfill yang
berbeda. Setiap orang saat ini memiliki kesempatan-kesempatan (dan juga tanggungjawab) untuk memisahkan antara kertas, kaca, logam, bahan yang bisa terurai, plastik, sampah berbahaya,
dan bahan-bahan lainnya kedalam kelompoknya sendiri-sendiri. Tujuan dari pengelolaan sampah modern adalah
untuk:
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
38/57
Why MFA? (1)
…hence, material flows and stocks from the economy are crucial to the understanding of environmental problems
Material flows and accumulations
Quantity-aspect
Throughput
Quality-aspect
Hazard potentialThroughput Hazard potential
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
39/57
Why MFA? (2)
… and eventually solutions are based on an analysis of environmental problems in material/physical terms (Van der Voet, 1996)
Environment: resource base
Environment: resource base
Extractions of materials
Natural Resource Depletion
Environment: resource base
Environment: waste sink
Pollution
Waste Absorption
Quantitatively: lower materials throughputQualitatively: less hazardous materials
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
40/57
What is MFA? (1)
MFA is a tool for systematic research of flows and stocks of materials from ‘cradle to grave’ (LCA!) in a region:
MFA is useful for:
•Identification of sources of environmental pollution
•Identification of accumulations of hazardous substances
•Identification of potential control points, useful for environmental management
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
41/57
What is MFA? (2)
• MFA describes the industrial ‘metabolism’ of a region: the transfer, storage and transformation of substances within an anthropogenic (=human controlled) system and the exchange of these substances with the environment (Brunner and Rechberger 2004).
• Examples: Sources, pathways and sinks for mercury in a watershed Nitrogen flows and stocks in the Malang area
• Sometimes MFA is applied on systems of smaller scale; for example the flows and stocks of heavy metals in a waste incineration plant
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
42/57
Systematic analysis of regional material flows and stocks• Systematic description of
Flows and Stocks of materials in a region where activities in the anthroposhere are taking place
• There is an exchange of materials between and within anthropogenic (economic) and environmental subsystems
Systematic overview of material flows in a region
Economy-Environment Boundary
Processes within subsystem ‘water’
Processes within subsystem ‘earth’
Processes within subsystem ‘air’
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
43/57
Rationale of MFA: The Mass Balance Principle (1)
• Mass balance: the law of conservation of mass• Mass output = Mass input + Mass accumulation
1
3
2
Xp-q: Material Flow from process ‘p’ to process ‘q’ • X0-1 = X1-2 + X1-3
• X1-2 = X2-0
• X1-3 = X3-0
• X0-1 = X2-0+ X3-0
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
44/57
Advantages of applying Mass Balance Principle
1. Mass balances can be applied at different system levels:• Single processes• Complex combinations of processes at smaller and larger
scales: Household Country World
2. Valuable tool to calculate regional streams that are hardly measurable, like in waste residual outputs (Ayres 1989).
3. Efficient way to obtain accurate results even when some data are missing
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
45/57
Framework of MFA (1)
Goal and system definition
Quantification of flows and stocks
Interpretation
Problem
1
2
3
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
46/57
Framework of MFA (1)
Goal definition = selection of substance or material to be investigated: single element (Substance Flow Analysis) or group of substances (Material Flow Analysis)
System definition = definition of system boundaries and relevant processes
a. Spatial boundary: Geographical or administrative boundary (e.g. watershed or country)
b. Temporal boundary: Flows per hour or month or year. Often 1 year because of data availabillity
c. Selection of relevant processes: Only processes that are significant to the substance(s) under investigation
1
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
47/57
Framework of MFA (2)
Quantification of stocks and flows: Calculate mass flows of goods that enter and leave
processes (measurements or applying mass balance) Calculate substance flows within these flows (multiplying
mass flows of goods with element concentrations) Calculate stocks: is there any type of accumulation
occuring?
Example of mass flow of goods and a substance (Cadmium) in a municipal waste incinerator
2
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
48/57
Framework of MFA (3)
• Interpretation of results:
What is the relative contribution of processes to certain flows?Where are hotspots and potential control points? Is there a possibility of problem shifting when certain flows will
be restricted?
3
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
49/57
Framework of MFA (4)
• MFA is a cyclical process: start with provisional data and rough estimations; refine and improve system until required data quality is achieved
Systematic overview of MFA procedures
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
50/57
Applications of MFA: resource management
• Analysis and planning of resources• Identification of depletion and accumulation of
materials in society; forecasting of resource scarcities and ‘secondary’ sources (recycling, landfills)
Example: natural resources are transformed to ‘anthropogenic’ resources; stocks in landfills become important for future mining of substances
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
51/57
Applications of MFA; resource management
• Resource study: Copper cycle in Asia
Copper cycle in Asia The units are Gg Cu/year; Lith=Lithosphere
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
52/57
Applications of MFA; environmental management
• Identification of existence, size and fate of hazardous substances in a region
• Identification of hotspots and control points• Identification of problem shifts
Example (hypothetical): “A Material Flow Account of a harbour watershed shows a large flow of mercury in wastewater. Laboratories are relatively the largest contributors. In wastewater treatment plants, absorption and deposition to sludge are a major removal mechanism for mercury. When mercury flows in wastewater are restricted by means of imposing advanced treatment technology to wastewater treatment plants in the region, then mercury outflows to landfills are likely to increase.”
substance
source
problem shift
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
53/57
Applications of MFA in soil management
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
54/57
Applications of MFA; solid waste management
• MFA discerns between flows of ‘goods’ and ‘substances’ Important because substances cause environmental
problems, while flows of substances can only be controlled indirectly via flows of the goods that contain the substances.
“It is not the good leachate of a landfill that imposes danger to the groundwater. The danger resides in the cocktail of hazardous substances in the leachate of the landfill.” (Brunner and Rechberger 2004)
• MFA can identify appropriate recycling optionsElemental composition of materials determine whether a
material is appropriate for recycling• MFA identifies side-effects of recycling
Accumulation of heavy metals in soils when sewage sludge is used as agricultural fertilizer
5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis