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5 – Environmental Assessment 5 – Environmental Assessment Tools Tools 1/57 5.1 Life Cycle Analysis 5.1 Life Cycle Analysis 5.2 Eco Design 5.2 Eco Design 5.3 Mass Flow Analysis 5.3 Mass Flow Analysis Environmental Environmental Assessment Tools Assessment Tools

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5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

5.2 Eco Design5.2 Eco Design

5.3 Mass Flow Analysis5.3 Mass Flow Analysis

Environmental Assessment Environmental Assessment ToolsTools

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Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) atau Analisis Siklus Hidupatau Analisis Siklus Hidup.. Berikutnya Berikutnya akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang

Eco-design,Eco-design, yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran siklus hidup didalam disain produk. siklus hidup didalam disain produk.

Material Flow Analysis (MFA)Material Flow Analysis (MFA),, yang merupakan suatu instrumen yang merupakan suatu instrumen untuk mengetahui aliran material/bahan dan energi. MFA untuk mengetahui aliran material/bahan dan energi. MFA digunakan pada penelitian-penelitian pada tingkat global, regional digunakan pada penelitian-penelitian pada tingkat global, regional dan lokal, serta pengelolaan sampah (padat) regional, misalnya dan lokal, serta pengelolaan sampah (padat) regional, misalnya untuk meganalisis zat-zat berbahaya.untuk meganalisis zat-zat berbahaya.

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5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle AnalysisAnalysis of Environmental, Financial and Analysis of Environmental, Financial and

Social Impacts throughout the Life-cycle of Social Impacts throughout the Life-cycle of Products and ProcessesProducts and Processes

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

• LCA merupakan suatu teknik yang LCA merupakan suatu teknik yang digunakan untuk mengukur aspek-aspek digunakan untuk mengukur aspek-aspek lingkungan yang terkait dengan suatu lingkungan yang terkait dengan suatu produk, suatu proses pembuatannya, produk, suatu proses pembuatannya, ataupun ‘layanan’ yang diberikan oleh ataupun ‘layanan’ yang diberikan oleh produk tersebut selama siklus hidupnya. produk tersebut selama siklus hidupnya.

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• Aplikasi-aplikasi yang paling penting antara lain Aplikasi-aplikasi yang paling penting antara lain • (1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup (1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup

terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada perbaikan-dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada perbaikan-perbaikan produk atau proses dan perbaikan produk atau proses dan

• (2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi (2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi internal.internal.

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Siklus Hidup KapasSiklus Hidup Kapas

pesticides

irrigation

harvest transport

Ginning and spinning Weaving

and dying

Cotton seed (by product)

detergents Washing

drying Final waste

Saling Terkait satu Saling Terkait satu sama lainsama lain

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Contoh dari Implementasi LCA didalam Industri.Contoh dari Implementasi LCA didalam Industri.  Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B. memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B. Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi. menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi.

Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?

Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim, lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim, toksisitas dan penipisan ozontoksisitas dan penipisan ozon. .

Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no. 45268

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

Mesin A B

Dampak yang ditimbulkan selama konstruksi

(Ecopoints)

210 185

Dampak dari bahan kimia, penggunaan energi,

pemeliharaan (Ecopoints/year)

20 24

Dampak pembuangannya setelah digunakan

(Ecopoints.)

6 4

Umur Penggunaannya (years) 15 10

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The Concept of LCA (2)

• Some products have a dominating environmental load in production, some in use, some in disposal:

Examples:

books, furniture, art etc.

Examples:

cars, television, airco etc.

Examples:

Ni-Cd batteries, household chemicals, fireworks etc.

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Methodology of LCA (1)

- Product developmentand improvement

- Strategic planning

- Public policy making

- Marketing

- Other

Goaland scopedefinition

Inventoryanalysis

Impactassessment

Interpretation

Direct applications:

Life cycle assessment framework

The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

(1) Mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup kajian;

(2) membuat model siklus hidup produk dengan semua inflow

dan outflow lingkungan. Tahap ini sering diistilahkan sebagai

tahap life cycle inventory (LCI);(3) memahami relevansi

lingkungan dari semua inflow dan outflow, tahap ini sering

disebut dengan tahap life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) dan

(4) interpretasi penelitian. Diagram berikut menunjukkan kerangka

kerja ini yang sesuai dengan standar-standar LCA dari ISO.

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Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan, yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan, menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk. menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk.

Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya. beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya.

Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).

Methodology of LCA (2), Goal and Scope

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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• Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural aspects Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent

function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.

Functional unit is basis for comparison

Methodology of LCA (3), Goal and Scope

=?

“Compare environmental

impacts of packaging of 1000 litres milk in carton packages or glass

bottles”

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Example of Product system and Inventory Table

Methodology of LCA (5), Inventory Pengumpulan Data

electricity

steel

plastic

production distribution use dump

incineration

reuse

recycling

LCI table with environmental interventions

Crude oil from earth

40000 kg

CO2 to air 3500

SO2 to air 20 kg

NOx to air 100 kg

Cd to water 5 g

PAH to water

8 kg

Etc. …….

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Methodology of LCA (9), Impact assessmentPengukuran Dampak

EffectIntervention Damage CO2

PSO2NOx

DDTDust

VOC

Cd

PAHCFC

Heavy metals

Greenhouse effect

Acidification

Pesticides

Eutrophication Damage to Eco-systems

Damage to human health

IndicatorWinter smog

Summer smog

CarconogenicsOzone layer depl.

Category indicators are quantifiable representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99, Impact 2002+ etc.)

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Methodology of LCA (8), Impact assessment:Pengukuran Dampak

• Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization: Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact category, e.g. CO2 and

CH4 to climate change Multiply environmental interventions (resources, emissions etc.) from LCI with a

characterisation factor to get indicator results Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the indicator results and to get

dimensionless score (useful for comparison)Impact category

Char. Factor (Global Warming Potential)Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation

• “Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)

• To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope: Are the the general assumptions reasonable? Is the functional unit well chosen? Are ISO standards applied? Has a peer review been conducted?

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation

• Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of important choices or assumptions What if other allocations are applied. What if other boundaries are applied. What if other impact assessment method is used.

• By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how the conclusions connect with the assumptions.

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (1)

• LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but scope can be extended to include economic and social impacts.

• Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing (LCC);• Analysis of life cycle costs

• Social LCA• Social impacts throughout life cycle of products and

processes

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (2)

• What are the costs and revenues incured during the life cycle of a product or process?

• R&D• Production• Marketing• Sales• Etc.

• Sometimes external costs included as well (costs that are ‘imposed’ on society or the environment):

• Monetary valuation of environmental LCI and LCIA results…but is it possible to monetise all environmental services?

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (3)

• Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment and health: Job quality Quality physical health Quality social health Earthly possessions

• Challenging to model social life cycle impacts, because social conditions do change more rapidly impacts from changes in employment conditions may dissipate emotions resulting from changes disappear with time diseases get cured people who are laid off may find new jobs)

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

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5.2 Eco5.2 Eco-Design-DesignLife Cycle Thinking within the Design of

Products and Processes

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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• What is Eco-Design?• Implications for the Design Process.• Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid

Waste.• Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable

Product Design.

Contents

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Eco-design merupakan suatu instrumen Eco-design merupakan suatu instrumen prosedural untuk pembuatan keputusan prosedural untuk pembuatan keputusan lingkungan, yang secara khusus mengarah lingkungan, yang secara khusus mengarah kepada disain dari produk dan proses. kepada disain dari produk dan proses.

Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan produk dan proses. Eco-design produk dan proses. Eco-design menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup didalam mengidentifikasi kemungkinan-didalam mengidentifikasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan. kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan.

What is Eco-Design?

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Eco-design juga merupakan aplikasi logis dari eco-efficiency. Eco-design juga merupakan aplikasi logis dari eco-efficiency. eco-efficiency didefinisikan sebagai kinerja fungsional dari eco-efficiency didefinisikan sebagai kinerja fungsional dari produk-produk pada siklus hidup yang dibagi kedalam produk-produk pada siklus hidup yang dibagi kedalam dampak-dampak lingkungan dari produk pada siklus dampak-dampak lingkungan dari produk pada siklus hidupnya. hidupnya.

Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik. Aspek-menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik. Aspek-aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.

What is Eco-Design?

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Studi kasus/Latihan: Cangkir Keramik ataukah Mug dari Kertas?

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

(Kementrian Lingkungkan Hidup Indonesia) Manakah yang lebih ramah lingkungan, cangkir berbahan keramik ataukah mug berbahan styrofoam? Untuk menemukan jawabannya, maka penelitian harus mengukur siklus hidup cangkir keramik tersebut, yaitu dari proses produksinya yang berupa pemrosesan bahan mentah hingga tidak terpakai lagi dan dibuang ke tempat sampah. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penghitungan konsumsi bahan mentah, penggunaan energi (untuk pengolahan, transportasi dan pembersihan), output bahan-bahan berbahaya ke air dan udara serta volume kotoran yang dihasilkan.

Penghitungan ini mengabaikan beberapa dampak lingkungan lain yang biasanya bersifat lokal, seperti kebisingan, bau dan bahaya terhadap bentang alam (landscape).Cangkir dan piring keramik memiliki satu kekurangan: cangkir dan piring jenis ini harus dicuci. Untuk mencuci cangkir dan piring keramik didalam dishwasher (mesin pencuci piring) tentu memiliki dampak yang lebih besar terhadap air daripada jika kita menggunakan cangkir atau piring sekali pakai. Bahan surfactant didalam deterjen, yang selalu kita pakai

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• The relative complex LCA procedure and the creative slightly chaotic design process are not so easy to combine:

Implications for the Design Process (2)

Problem

Idea

Decision

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Implications for the Design Process (3)

Planning Idea generation Concept development Detailed design

Availability of information on the product

Freedom to change the design

Complexity of the Design Process

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Implications for the Design Process (4)Design phase Design activity LCA activity LCA information

generated

Product planning

Target is defined as product/market

combination

Assessment of strategy Strategic choices

Analysis Refinement of target and definition of

requirements

LCA of reference product

Design guidelines and eco-indicators

Idea generation

Creativity techniques are used to generate

new solutions

Use of design rules and eco-indicators Pre-selection of ideas

Concept Best ideas are selected and elaborated

Short screenings and what-if analysis

Support in concept choices

Detailed design

Best concept is detailed; prototype and

CAD drawings

Specific questions and issues

Support in detailed design choices

Application of LCA results in Design for Environment

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid Waste (2)

• Eco-Design improves Eco-efficiency:

Eco-efficiency =Functional performance provided by product over life cycle

Environmental Impacts of product over life cycle

eco-efficiency resource-efficiency

reduction haz. substances= +

applying Eco-efficiency results in Eco-products…

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid Waste (3)

Consequences for solid waste:• Reduction of natural resource extractions (materials and energy)• Reduction or elimination of hazardous materials within waste• Reduction of toxic emissions during incineration

Eco-products

Improved material and

energy content (quantity and

quality) in products

Reduced solid waste amount and

hazardousness composition

5.2 Eco-design5.2 Eco-design

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Design for Environment (DfE): “the systematic consideration of design performance with respect to environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full product and process life cycle” (Fiksel, 1996 in Wrisberg et al. 2002).

DfE…• focuses on existing products and processes that fulfil

a specific function (function-oriented systems)• expands the design scope towards environmental and

social implications of products and processes

Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (1)

Des

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Sustainable Product Design: investigates possibilities for improvement on a broader scale.

Examples:• Alternative Function Fulfilment (changes the way in

which a specific function or need is fulfilled)• System innovation (redesigning of product production

systems, creating ‘closed-loop’ economies etc.)

Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable Product Design (2)

Sust

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5.3 Material Flow Analysis 5.3 Material Flow Analysis (MFA)(MFA)

Analysis of Material FlowsAnalysis of Material Flows in a Regionin a Region

5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

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MFA• suatu instrumen pengukuran yang menggabungkan

aspek-aspek sumberdaya dan polusi dari masalah-masalah lingkungan didalam perekonomian kita. Material Flow Analysis (MFA

• MFA adalah suatu pengukuran sistematis dari aliran-aliran bahan di suatu kawasan.

• Ada dua jenis MFA yaitu bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik) dan yang kedua adalah Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).

5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

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Ada dua jenis MFA• bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran

bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk sampah elektronik)

• Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat (seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).

5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

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MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

Definisi dan sasaran dari pengelolaan sampah terus mengalami perubahan.

Pengelolaan sampah yang terorganisir muncul ketika manusia mulai mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya.

Apa yang dilakukan ini merupakan langkah penting untuk menjaga kebersihan dan membantu mencegah munculnya

wabah (epidemik) penyakit. Masalah baru.

Pertama, (landfill) menyebabkan terjadi masalah polusi air tanah dan menghasilkan gas-gas rumah kaca.

Kedua, lokasi landfill semakin langka pada kawasan-kawasan berpenduduk padat. Bahkan Sanitary landfilling tidak bisa

memecahkan masalah-masalah ini dalam jangka panjang.

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MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

Saat ini, pengelolaan sampah merupakan suatu konsep terpadu yang terdiri dari praktik-praktik yang berbeda dan

pilihan perlakuan yang terdiri dari strategi pencegahan dan pengumpulan; langkah-langkah terpisah untuk memproduksi barang yang bisa didaur ulang atau pemrosesan berikutnya

dengan menggunakan teknologi pengolahan secara biologis, fisika, kimiawi, dan thermal; dan jenis-jenis landfill yang

berbeda. Setiap orang saat ini memiliki kesempatan-kesempatan (dan juga tanggungjawab) untuk memisahkan antara kertas, kaca, logam, bahan yang bisa terurai, plastik, sampah berbahaya,

dan bahan-bahan lainnya kedalam kelompoknya sendiri-sendiri. Tujuan dari pengelolaan sampah modern adalah

untuk:

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Why MFA? (1)

…hence, material flows and stocks from the economy are crucial to the understanding of environmental problems

Material flows and accumulations

Quantity-aspect

Throughput

Quality-aspect

Hazard potentialThroughput Hazard potential

5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

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Why MFA? (2)

… and eventually solutions are based on an analysis of environmental problems in material/physical terms (Van der Voet, 1996)

Environment: resource base

Environment: resource base

Extractions of materials

Natural Resource Depletion

Environment: resource base

Environment: waste sink

Pollution

Waste Absorption

Quantitatively: lower materials throughputQualitatively: less hazardous materials

5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

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What is MFA? (1)

MFA is a tool for systematic research of flows and stocks of materials from ‘cradle to grave’ (LCA!) in a region:

MFA is useful for:

•Identification of sources of environmental pollution

•Identification of accumulations of hazardous substances

•Identification of potential control points, useful for environmental management

5.3 Material Flow Analysis5.3 Material Flow Analysis

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What is MFA? (2)

• MFA describes the industrial ‘metabolism’ of a region: the transfer, storage and transformation of substances within an anthropogenic (=human controlled) system and the exchange of these substances with the environment (Brunner and Rechberger 2004).

• Examples: Sources, pathways and sinks for mercury in a watershed Nitrogen flows and stocks in the Malang area

• Sometimes MFA is applied on systems of smaller scale; for example the flows and stocks of heavy metals in a waste incineration plant

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Systematic analysis of regional material flows and stocks• Systematic description of

Flows and Stocks of materials in a region where activities in the anthroposhere are taking place

• There is an exchange of materials between and within anthropogenic (economic) and environmental subsystems

Systematic overview of material flows in a region

Economy-Environment Boundary

Processes within subsystem ‘water’

Processes within subsystem ‘earth’

Processes within subsystem ‘air’

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Rationale of MFA: The Mass Balance Principle (1)

• Mass balance: the law of conservation of mass• Mass output = Mass input + Mass accumulation

1

3

2

Xp-q: Material Flow from process ‘p’ to process ‘q’ • X0-1 = X1-2 + X1-3

• X1-2 = X2-0

• X1-3 = X3-0

• X0-1 = X2-0+ X3-0

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Advantages of applying Mass Balance Principle

1. Mass balances can be applied at different system levels:• Single processes• Complex combinations of processes at smaller and larger

scales: Household Country World

2. Valuable tool to calculate regional streams that are hardly measurable, like in waste residual outputs (Ayres 1989).

3. Efficient way to obtain accurate results even when some data are missing

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Framework of MFA (1)

Goal and system definition

Quantification of flows and stocks

Interpretation

Problem

1

2

3

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Framework of MFA (1)

Goal definition = selection of substance or material to be investigated: single element (Substance Flow Analysis) or group of substances (Material Flow Analysis)

System definition = definition of system boundaries and relevant processes

a. Spatial boundary: Geographical or administrative boundary (e.g. watershed or country)

b. Temporal boundary: Flows per hour or month or year. Often 1 year because of data availabillity

c. Selection of relevant processes: Only processes that are significant to the substance(s) under investigation

1

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Framework of MFA (2)

Quantification of stocks and flows: Calculate mass flows of goods that enter and leave

processes (measurements or applying mass balance) Calculate substance flows within these flows (multiplying

mass flows of goods with element concentrations) Calculate stocks: is there any type of accumulation

occuring?

Example of mass flow of goods and a substance (Cadmium) in a municipal waste incinerator

2

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Framework of MFA (3)

• Interpretation of results:

What is the relative contribution of processes to certain flows?Where are hotspots and potential control points? Is there a possibility of problem shifting when certain flows will

be restricted?

3

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Framework of MFA (4)

• MFA is a cyclical process: start with provisional data and rough estimations; refine and improve system until required data quality is achieved

Systematic overview of MFA procedures

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Applications of MFA: resource management

• Analysis and planning of resources• Identification of depletion and accumulation of

materials in society; forecasting of resource scarcities and ‘secondary’ sources (recycling, landfills)

Example: natural resources are transformed to ‘anthropogenic’ resources; stocks in landfills become important for future mining of substances

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Applications of MFA; resource management

• Resource study: Copper cycle in Asia

Copper cycle in Asia The units are Gg Cu/year; Lith=Lithosphere

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Applications of MFA; environmental management

• Identification of existence, size and fate of hazardous substances in a region

• Identification of hotspots and control points• Identification of problem shifts

Example (hypothetical): “A Material Flow Account of a harbour watershed shows a large flow of mercury in wastewater. Laboratories are relatively the largest contributors. In wastewater treatment plants, absorption and deposition to sludge are a major removal mechanism for mercury. When mercury flows in wastewater are restricted by means of imposing advanced treatment technology to wastewater treatment plants in the region, then mercury outflows to landfills are likely to increase.”

substance

source

problem shift

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Applications of MFA in soil management

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Applications of MFA; solid waste management

• MFA discerns between flows of ‘goods’ and ‘substances’ Important because substances cause environmental

problems, while flows of substances can only be controlled indirectly via flows of the goods that contain the substances.

“It is not the good leachate of a landfill that imposes danger to the groundwater. The danger resides in the cocktail of hazardous substances in the leachate of the landfill.” (Brunner and Rechberger 2004)

• MFA can identify appropriate recycling optionsElemental composition of materials determine whether a

material is appropriate for recycling• MFA identifies side-effects of recycling

Accumulation of heavy metals in soils when sewage sludge is used as agricultural fertilizer

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