(5) navigasi n shipping
TRANSCRIPT
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HUKUM LAUT INTERNASIONAL
NAVIGATION AND SHIPPING
Dhiana Puspitawati, SH, LLM, PhD
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Navigation vs.Shipping
Navigation: the theory and practice of
navigating, especially the charting of a
course for a ship or aircraft; travel or traffic
by vessels
Shipping: the body of ships belonging to
one port, industry, or country, often
referred to in aggregate tonnage.
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INTRODUCTION
Ketika pesawat terbang menggantikan fungsikapal sebagai pengangkut penumpang melintasibenua, kapal akan tetap sebagai saranapengangkut barang melintasi benua
95% dari international trade is seaborne Pada sub bahasan ini akan dibahas: (i) rights ofnavigation yang dinikmati oleh kapal2 di lautbebas dan pada zona maritim yang ditetapkanoleh LOSC subject to the jurisdiction of coastal
state (not in depth discussion); dan (ii) konvensi2internasional yang mengatur safety standardsdan regulasi dalam menjalankan hak2 pelayarandengan benar.
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FAKTOR2 PENYEBAB DIPERLUKANNYASAFETY STANDARDS DAN REGULASI
PELAYARAN:
Adanya kenaikan jumlah kapal yang signifikanmenyebabkan kepadatan lalu lintas laut yang luar biasa
Ukuran kapal yang makin hari makin besar sehinggadiperlukan safety standard tertentu dalam
pengoperasiannya supertanker travelling at full speedtakes several miles to stop
Kapal2 sekarang membawa cargo yang semakin berbahaya
Adanya resesi dunia thn. 1970-80 mengakibatkanmenurunnya pembuatan kapal2 baru sehingga banyak
digunakan kapal2 lama yang melebihi umur standarpengoperasian kapal (pada th. 1995 kapal2 yg beroperasirata2 berumur 16-17 th.
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Sebelum membahas right of navigation perlulah
kiranya kita membahas nationality of ships(kebangsaan kapal). Hal ini penting mengingat hak
dan kewajiban internasional tidak dapatdiberlakukan pada kapal directly (kapal bukan
subyek HI) akan tetapi diberlakukan pada negara(negara adalah subyek HI). Oleh karena itu agar
aturan2 internasional tsb dapat diberlakukan padakapal maka kapal tsb perlu mempunyai kebangsaan.
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NATIONALITY OF SHIPS
Kebangsaan suatu kapal adalah sangat pentingdalam mempertahankan public order di laut
Kabangsaan suatu kapal menentukan negaramana yang dapat memberlakukan yurisdiksinyaberdasarkan flag state jurisdiction
Penting untuk menentukan negara mana yangbertanggung jawab menurut HI jika kapaltersebut melakukan kesalahan dan untuk
menentukan negara mana yang dapat melakukandiplomatic protection pada kapal tersebut
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The State of Registration
Kebangsaan suatu kapal dapat diperoleh melaluiproses pendaftaran kapal sehingga diperolahotoritas dari negara ybs shg kapal bisamengibarkan bendera negara tsb.
Thus,theState of Registration=FlagState Did International Law lays down any rules which
govern the circumstances in which a State maygrant its nationality to a vessel?
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MUSCAT DHOWS CASE 1905
Perancis memperbolehkan Sultan Muscatmengibarkan bendera Perancis di kapalnya
Permanent Court of Arbitration menyatakan:Generallyspeaking it belongs to every sovereignto decide to whom he will accord the right to flyhis flag and to prescribe the rules covering suchgrants.
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1958 CONVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS
Article 5: Each State shall fix the conditions forthe grant of its nationality to ships, for theregistration of ships in its territory, and for theright to fly its flag.
Dengan pembatasan lebih lanjut sbb:
There must exist a genuine link between the
State and the ship; in particular, the State musteffectively exercise its jurisdiction and control inadministrative, technical and social matters overships flying its flag.
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GENUINE LINK REQUIREMENT
Perumus 1958 HSC (ILC) mendasaran diri pada keputusanICJ pada kasus Nottebohm Case 1955
Suatu kapal hanya diperbolehkan mengibarkan benderadari negara yang punya hubungan dengan kapal tsb (ada
hubungan antara individu dan negara) what exectltcomprises such link?
ILC dalam draftnya tahun 1955 menyusun kriteria theexistence of genuine link, akan tetapi kriteria tsbdihapuskan krn not-practicableremains unclear
Tidak jelas juga apa konsekuensinya jika tidak adagenuinelinkantara kapal dan negara yang benderanya dikibarkan.
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NEGARA2 PENGANUT GENUINE LINKREQIREMENT
Portugal dan Perancis
Requirement of genuine link biasanya diekspresikan dengan persyaratan a fixedproportion of the ships owners and /or crewmust have the nationality of the State concerned.
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High Seas Convention 1958
Ada klausula dalam Preambule-nya yangmenyatakan bahwa ketentuan2 dalam konvensiini sifatnya generally declaratory of establishedprincipal of international law
Dengan demikian requirementgenuinelinktidakserta merta menjadi hukum kebiasaaninternasional
Hal ini terbukti dengan adanya negara2 yang
tidak mensyaratkan genuine link untukpendaftaran kapal.open registry state
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FLAG OF CONVINIENCE/OPEN REGISTRYSTATE
Menunjuk pada negara-negara yangmemperbolehkan pemilik kapal2 asingmengibarkan benderanya tanpa mempunyai realconnection atau genuine link dengan negara ybs.
(Greece, Japan, UK, USA, Hong Kong, Norway)
Biasanya kurang dapat meet the safety standardskrn lack of personnel qualification, ex. BahamaCuma punya 15 surveyor untuk 973 kapal
dibawah pendaftarannya.
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LOSC
Walaupun requirement genuine linkyang diaturdalam 1958 HSC tidak banyak berpengaruh padapraktek negara2, LOSC mengulang requirementini dalam Article 91
Efektifitas yurisdiksi flag state diatur dalam pasal94Duties of Flag State.
Article 91 LOSC inipun tidak berpengaruh banyakpada prakterk negara-negara
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Art. 91 LOSCNationality of Ships
1. Every State shall fix the conditions for the grantof its nationality to ships, for the registration ofships in its territory, and for the right to fly itsflag. Ships have the nationality of the State
whose flag they ara entitled to fly. There mustexist a genuine link between the State and theship.
2. Every State shall issue to ships to which it hasgranted the right to fly its flag documents tothat effect.
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UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADEAND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD)
Akhir tahun 1970-an UNCTAD membahas masalahflag of convinience
UNCTAD mensponsori konferensi diplomatiktahun 1984-1986 result: United NationConvention of Conditions for Registration ofShips, 1986
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United Nation Convention of Conditions for
Registration of Ships, 1986
Bertujuan memperkuatlinkantara kapal dengannegara bendera danmemastikan negara tersebutmemberlakukan yurisdiksinya dan ship control
secara efektif
Deng/ki hubungan antara kapal dan flag statebukan hanya sebatas hubungan administrasi,teknis, ekonomi dan sosial akan tetapi lebih jelas
identification dan accountability-nya antarapemilik kapal dan operator
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Continued
Requires the maintenance of details register
Maintain a competent and effective maritime
administration
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Ratifikasi Konvensi
Setelah 10 tahun konvensi ini hanya diratifikasioleh 10 negara dari syarat 40 negara peratifikasi
Thus, belum dapat dipastikan juga bahwanegara2 flag of convenience akan meratifikasinya
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
Dapatkah suatu kapal berlayar dibawah bendera subyekHI yang lain selain negara, ex. Organisasi internasional?
ILC dalam persiapan drat ps. 2 HSC 1958 menolak ide u/memasukkan suatu ketentuan yang mengakui hak PBBdan OI lainnya u/ menjalankan kapal secara eksklusif dibawah benderanya
Alasannya legal system dari flag state akan berlakupada kapal ybs, dan dlm hal ini PBB tidak mempunyai
legal sytem spt negara
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Article 7 HSC 1958
The provisions of the Convention do not prejudicethe question of ships employed on the officialservice of an intergovernmental organizationflying the flag of the organization
The exact meaning of the provision remain unclear
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RIGHTS OF NAVIGATION
Internal watersno rights of navigation, kecualipada internal waters yang sebelum diterapkannyastraight baselines system merupakan bagian darilaut teritorial atau laut bebas, innocent passage
tetap dapat diberlakukan. Archipelagic waterinnocent passage dan ASLP
Straits transit passage Selat bukan separatemaritime zone!!!
Territorial watersinnocent passage exist
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Continued
Beyond territorial sea freedom ofnavigation applied, however, subject to anumber of limitation:
- di zona tambahan (contiguous zone)
freedom of navigation is subject to hakberdaulat (sovereign right) negarapantai u/ melakukan pengawasan dibidang bea-culai, fiskal, imigrasi,sanitary (ballast waters)
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Continued
Di high seassubject to the general obligationto have due regard to the interests of otherstates in their exercise of the freedom of highseas ( Art. 87 (2) LOSC)
Yang terakhir dimanapun kapal itu berada diaharis memperhatikan kewajiban2 internasionalyg relevant (juga mrpkn tanggung jawab flagstate), seperti pollution control dan shipping
safety.
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Safety of Shipping
Kepentingan shipowners dan seafearer safe,minimum foundering, stranding or collision
Art. 10 HSC --- Art. 94 LOSC, duties of flag state,includes regular check upon seaworthiness,qualified crews
Problem different state different standards? develop uniform international standards toperform safety of shipping --- mainly the work ofIMOwww.imo.org
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The IMO is the United Nations specializedagency, which was established on 17 March 1958based on the Convention on the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization(IMCO). The title of this Convention wasamended on 14 November 1974 to be theConvention of International Maritime
Organization.
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Safety of Shipping
1. Seaworthiness of ships
2. Collision avoidance and ships routing3. Crewing standards
4. Establishment of navigational aids
5. Other safety measures
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1. Seaworthiness of ships
SOLAS 1974 beserta protokol2nya
International Convention on Load Lines of1966
1971 Agreement on Special Trade Passengership and its 1973 Protocol
1977 International Convention for the Safetyof Fishing Vessels (belum berlaku) outdatedProtocol 1993
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SOLAS 1974
1974 International Convention for Safety of Lifeat Sea
Diamandemen oleh protokol 1978, 1988 danmore frequentlycheck the latest
Negara peserta SOLAS mempunyai kewajibanuntuk memberlakukan ketentuan2 konvensimelalui undang2 nasionalnya terhadap kapal2yang erlayar dibawah bendera negara ybs.
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Continued
Law Enforcement SOLAS -- Port state control pengawasan negara dimana kapal itu bersandar,jika diketahui kapal tsb. tdk mematuhi aturan2konvensi ttg maintenance of safety standards,
port state bisa melarang kapal tsb u/ berlayarsampai kapal tsb diperbaiki dan laik jalancheckChapter 1, regulation 9 dan 11 SOLAS, asamended
Chapter XI, regulation 4 SOLAS
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International Convention on Load Lines of 1966
Mengatur tentang overloading menentukanminimum freeboard, which the ship is permited
to be loaded
Law enforcementnya sama dengan SOLAS, yidengan bantuan Port state control
Direvisi selesai pada tahun 2000
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1971 Agreement on Special Trade Passenger
ship and its 1973 Protocol
Deals with the safety of ships carrying large
number of unberthed passengers in special traders,such as the pilgrim trade
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2. Collision avoidance and ships routing
Convention of the International Regulation for PreventingCollisions at Sea of 1972 -- Regulasi2nya di update terusdan ditambahkan sebagai annex konvensi
Konvensi ini mengatur ttg movement of ships danhubunganya dengan kapal yang lainincludes ditujukan u/sebisa mungkinmenghidari collisions at sea commonstandards in sound and light signals
Pembuatan traffic separation scheme walaupun tugasIMO tp negara pantai juga bisa menetapkan hal ini dengantetap memperhatikan rekomendasi IMO (Art. 21 LOSC)
bahasan IMO competence dlm pengadopsian ALKI
IMO juga merekomendasikan deep waters route dan areamana yg hrs dihindari krn berbahaya u/ pelayaran
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3. Crewing Standard General Rules
Chapter V, regulation 13 SOLAS 1974 all ships shall be
sufficientlyand efficiently-manned
Art. 2 (e) ILO Convention No. 147, 1976 tentang MinimumStandards in Merchant Ships menyatakan bahwa negarapeserta harus ensure that seafarers employed on shipsregistered in its territory are properly qualified or trainedfor the duties for which they are engaged
Art. 94 LOSC menyatakan bahwa flag state harusmemastikan bahwa setiap kapalnya is in the charge of amasster and officers who possess appropriate
qualificationsand that the crew is appropriate inqualification, numbers for the type, size, machinery andequipment of the ship.
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Crewing Standard Specific Rules
International Convention on Standards ofTraining, Certification and Watchkeeping forSeafarers (the STCW Convention)adopted underthe IMOs auspices (support, approval) in 1978,diamandemen thn 1995
Mengatur tentang requirement minimum yangwajib dipenuhi u/ sertifikasi master dantingkatan pelaut lainnya guna pengawasan teknis
dan navigasi
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Enforcement of the STCW
Flag Statekerjasama dengan shipownersu/ mengadakan education and traningpelaut2
Port State Control
State party hrs memberikan detail reportttg implementasi STCW kpd IMO
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4. Establishment of navigational aids
Includes lighthouses, lightships, buoys, radar
Negara pantai wajib memberitahukan keadaanbahaya u/ navigasi di perairannya (Art. 24 (2)LOSC)
Biaya navigational aids tgjwb coastal statesepenuhnya (Art. 26LOSC), kecuali negara tsbikut perkankian u/ pembagian biayanavigational aids dengan negara pengguna, ex.The 1962 International Agreement regarding
the Maintenance of Certain Lights in the RedSea
Art. 43 LOSCco-operatelocal agreement
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5. Other safety measures
1. The Convention on the International MaritimeSatellite Organization (INMARSAT) 1976 world-wide maritime communication satellitesystem yang sejak 1982 menghubungkansemua kapal dalma satu system
2. Plan for the establishment of a World-WideNavigational Warning Service, IMO AssemblyResolution A.381 (X) (1977), replaced by IMOAssembly Resolution A. 419 (XI) (1979) dan
Resolution A. 706 (17) (1991)
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Other safety measures continued.
3. The 1979 International Convention onMaritime Search and Rescue Facilitiesrevised in 1998
4. International safety Management Code 1993incorporated in SOLAS Convention byamendments adopted in 1994semua
perusahaan pemilik kapal hrs mempunyaisafety management systempengawasanperusahaan tsb dilakukan oleh flag state
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Other IMO Conventions
Hampir seluruh konvensi ttg maritime safetydan marine pollution (akan dijelaskan lebihlanjut) di lahirkan dubawah auspices of theIMO. IMO Convention lainnya yang relevantyaitu a.l :
1. The Convention on Facilitation of InternationalMaritime Traffic of 1965 menyederhanakanproses administrasi dan prosedur kapal ygberhubungan dengan kedatangan,
keberangkatan, tinggalnya kapal yang sedangmelakukan international voyage
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Other IMO Conventions -- continued
2. The 1969 International Convention on Tonnage
Measurement establishes unified system oftonnage measurement
3. The International Convention for Safe Containers of1972 facilitates the international inter-modaltransport of containers, while seeking to maintain ahigh level of safety in their handling
4. The 1976 Convention on Limitation of Liability forMaritime Claims
5. The 1957 International Convention relating to theLimitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-goingShips
6. The 1974 Convention relating to the Carriage ofPassengers and their Luggage by Sea
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