5 our cosmic origins
DESCRIPTION
Big Questions in Science series, (5 of 9). Class taught at AUC (University of Amsterdam) during the 2012-2013 fall semester.TRANSCRIPT
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Big Questions in Science
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2
: moving clocks run slower
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 3
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4
Big Bang theory: • What it says • Predictions and tests • The first three minutes • Brief history of the universe
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 5 The Earth, as seen from the Moon, looks like a regular planet. Not special at all!
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 6
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-21/shuttle-landing-marks-nasa-shift-to-commercial-space-efforts.html
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 8
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Manned missions to Moon, Mars Unmanned:
Curiosity on Mars (August 2012)
Juno will arrive Jupiter 2016
Beyond Pluto
Telescopes and Observatories
Hubble Telescope (Endeavour)
International Space Station
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 9
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 10
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 11
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The universe began at a specific time in the past, and it has been expanding ever since.
Space itself expands:
Raisin-bread analogy
Expanding balloon
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 12
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Universal expansion: Hubble’s Law Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Abundance of light elements
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 13
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Mount Wilson telescope Hubble found distant galaxies, measured distance. Redshift: colors were shifted towards red.
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 14
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 15
Hubble Space Telescope
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 16
http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/doppler/d.htm
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Waves “pile up” in the direction of the motion.
Frequencies appear higher (shorter wavelengths).
Same effect for stars and galaxies.
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 17
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 18
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Method can be used to detect exoplanets
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 19
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Edwin Hubble 1929
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 20
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Universal expansion: Hubble’s Law Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Abundance of light elements
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 21
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 22
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 23
Penzias and Wilson, 1965
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 24
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Universal expansion: Hubble’s Law Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Abundance of light elements
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 25
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 26
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Stars consist mostly of hydrogen
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 27
http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/lec_1.html
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 28
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosmological_Composition_%E2%80%93_Pie_Chart.svg
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 29
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 30 http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/crabnebulawallpaper.jpg
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Universal expansion: Hubble’s Law Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Abundance of light elements
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 31
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 32
Key concepts at each scale: • Time and space • Density • Temperature • Complexity • Radiation vs. matter • Forces
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 33
A Brief Cosmic History
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Gravity Electromagnetic Weak nuclear Strong nuclear
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 34
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 35
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Graphical-timeline-from-Big-Bang-to-Heat-Death http://russherman.com/Talks/FirstThreeMinutes_CollegeDay.pdf
Hot soup
Universe grows factor of
between and
s from
cm to 10 m
Explains smoothness.
Matter Era Ratiation Era
Quarks too energetic to bind W, Z indistinguishable from photons
Mix protons, neutrons, electrons and their anti-particles. Production and annihilation in balance. Number proton anti-proton pairs same as photons, same baryons and anti-baryons, small excess 1 in
.
Temperature below rest energy of the proton; proton anti-proton pairs annihilate. Only small primordial excess of protons remains.
Radiation and leptons. Muon-antimuon pairs annihilate, protons and neutrons transmute via weak interactions.
Plasma: Electron excess equals proton excess (charge neutrality). Photons scatter off electrons, matter and radiation are a single fluid, radiation provides pressure. 4000 K hydrogen forms, deuterium and helium. Helium abundance of 25 % as observed.
The First Three Minutes
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 36
http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/060713/darkmatter.shtml
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 37
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 38
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 39
http://journalofcosmology.com/Multiverse9.html http://mossdreams.blogspot.com/2011/01/endless-doppelgangers-in-multiverse.html
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Physics and religion two separate modes of enquiry. Physics aims at mathematical explanation of the
mechanisms. Realm of observation.
Religion looks for meaning and causes on a different level.
Generically no logical contradictions possible. There may be overlaps.
Rabbi Dr. Tzvi Marx: “Every traditionally raised Jewish child knows (…) that the Bible is not a a a a scientific book.” Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 40