5 review of literature

8/12/2019 5 Review of Literature

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Review of Literature

Enwonwu CO (1974)analyzed the influence of socioeconomic factors on the

prevalence and intensity of dental caries in 3,370 Nigerians, 89% of which

were under 20 years of age !his was compared with 238 children of "estern

#uropean origin residing in the ma$or cities in Nigeria ean age&specific df

and '( values were e)tremely low in most of the village communities studied

*ut less so in the Northern Nigerian villages +n most of these underprivileged

village groups, the proportion of sample showing one or more decayed teeth

varied from 2%&% +n contrast to findings in the village societies, educated

Nigerians of higher socioeconomic *ac-ground had high prevalence and

intensity of dental caries which almost paralleled findings in "estern

#uropeans resident in Nigeria

Leske SG, Ripa WL and Barenie TJ (197) carried out an epidemiological

study comparing the caries prevalence of children with different daily tooth

*rushing fre.uencies / total of 290 school children of 2&1 years of age of a

fluoride deficient community of New or- state were clinically e)amined

supplemented *y *ite wing radiographs !wo groups of 8 males and 2

females were made *ased upon the *rushing fre.uency, namely, those

*rushing once or less per day and those *rushing twice or more per day

ean '(4 scores for those children who *rushed once daily was 0 5

087 for males and 71 5 032 for females and who *rushed twice daily

the values were 017 5 70 for males and 013 5 73 for females +t was

found that caries prevalence was more in females as compared to males and

also more *rushing fre.uency was associated with less caries activity

Ba!"dad# S$ % G"ose JL (19&') conducted the first National 6ral ealth

4urvey on caries prevalence on 23 +ra.i primary school children aged &2

Prevalence and Comparison of Dental Caries in 12 year old School going children in Rural

and Urban areas of ero!epur City using SiC "nde# 5


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years from mi)ed socioeconomic levels !he mean dift decayed d:, indicated

for e)traction i: and filled f:; was 12 5 3 for the year olds and % of the

children were caries free (or the permanent teeth caries e)periences were

0 5 0, + 5 1 and 27 5 2 for ages , 9 and 2 years respectively and

the rate of caries free children were 7%, 0% and 2% for the respective

ages !he ma$ority of the dift and '+(! decayed ':, indicated for e)traction

+:, missing : and filled (:; indices were due to decayed teeth and almost

no restorations were found

Co"en S, Lipsk# R % Be"ar R (19&4) investigated the caries prevalence,

cariogenic dietary ha*its, dental -nowledge and socioeconomic varia*les in

3, 1 years old +sraeli school children / mean level of 771 '(! was

found with the values of 73 5 0 for males and 801 5 31 for females

rovince and 239 adults from two of these areas /

gradual increase in caries prevalence was found among the children from

23% in the most distant rural area to 1% in the ur*an centre, with a

corresponding increase in '(! from 01 to 2 +t clearly indicated that there




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was a socio&geographic variation in caries levels strongly associated with the

degree of e)posure to cariogenic factors that had occurred in ur*an areas

LoEC+, Eans RW % Lind O- (199.)conducted an oral health survey in

98 on a sample of 83 , Arazil

4chool children from an ur*an area ,72: and from a rural area 311:, aged

7&2 years were e)amined !he results showed that the '(! inde) was

similar in *oth areas /t 2 years of age, the '(! was 38 in ur*an school

children and 0 in rural school children, considered moderate according to

"6 classification !he dental care status was found to *e different in the


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Lo%20EC%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Lo%20EC%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Evans%20RW%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Lind%20OP%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Rao%20SP%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Rao%20SP%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bharambe%20MS%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bharambe%20MS%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Dini%20EL%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Silva%20SR%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Lo%20EC%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Evans%20RW%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Lind%20OP%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Rao%20SP%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bharambe%20MS%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Dini%20EL%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Silva%20SR%22%5BAuthor%5D


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ur*an and rural areas +n the ur*an area, 829% of the decayed teeth were

filled and 22% in the rural area !he moderate prevalence of dental

caries and the high proportion of filled teeth in the ur*an area suggested that

the implementation of primary prevention programmes is necessary, in *oth,

ur*an and rural populations

ini ELe2 a*3 (199)compared the prevalence of caries in 989 and 992 in

7&2 years old school children enrolled in the ur*an pu*lic schools in

/rara.uara, 4> /n overall increase in the percentage of caries free children

was o*served for the permanent dentition from 290% in 989 to 0% in

992: / decrease in the percentage of children classified in the &3 '(!

inde) category from 00% in 989 to 337% in 992: and a decrease in the

percentage of those classified in the & '(! inde) category from 2% to

221%: was o*served / slight decrease in the prevalence of children

classified in the 7 or more '(! inde) category was also o*served from

% to 3%:

Sa"a S % Sarkar S (199)carried out a study in ur*an


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&7 years of age with an increase to 29% at age of 2&3 years !he mean

'(! was 072 and 27 at the age of &7 years and 2&3 years,

respectively

er5owski+ e2 a*3 (1997) undertoo- a cross&sectional, epidemiological study

to assess the caries status among 78 children aged 7&0 years of Bhine&

Nec-ar&'istrict Besults showed that 301% of the children had caries free

primary and 12% had caries free permanent teeth !he dmft score was 28

and the '(! averaged 07 /part from higher caries prevalence in primary

teeth in males, no significant se) differences were found


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*etween low socioeconomic status and prevalence of caries

Goe* -, Se8ueira - % -e2er S('...)conducted a study among 1& years D

2&3 years old school children in ?arnata-a, to assess the prevalence of

dental caries / total of 27 su*$ects from 7 schools were e)amined and the

results indicated that 821% of 1& years old su*$ects had dental caries as

compared to 19% of 2&3 years old 6verall the prevalence of dental caries

was found to *e significantly higher among 1& year old su*$ects compared to

2&3 year old su*$ects

C"aw*a S, Gau0a 6 % Goe* ('...)studied trend of dental caries in

children of


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*etween rural and ur*an children

oi5ode $$, /0adekar % Lanewar G ('...) carried out a large

house to house cross sectional study on 10 participants of all the age

groups including the people of all socioeconomic status 6*servations

revealed that dental caries 32%: and periodontal diseases 38%: were

the most common dental disorders 'ental caries was less common in lower

socioeconomic strata *ut at the same time other disorders viz periodontal

disease, oral mucosal lesions, opacities and enamel disorders were more

common in lower socioeconomic strata

6"an B e2 a*3('..1)conducted a study to determine the caries prevalence,

severity and caries pattern in 17 primary school children of /l&/hsa, 4audi

/ra*ia


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individuals !he dental caries in 1& year old children in ur*an areas of "est

Aengal, 6rissa and 4i--im was 12%, 101% and 8% respectively +n

rural area, the dental caries were 83%, 87% and 22% respectively,

indicating that the dental caries was higher in ur*an areas as compared to the

rural ones

n2unes JLF et al. ('..': conducted a study to e)amine the association

*etween tooth decay and dental treatment needs in 29 schoolchildren of

age group 1&2 years in 4ao >aulo 4chool children in central districts were

less affected *y tooth decay and presented fewer dental treatment needs as

compared to those in peripheral deprived areas

as" J6 e2 a*3 ('..') calculated the prevalence of dental caries amongst

217 school children of


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+taHna, state of inas Ierais, Arazil among 7 schoolchildren *etween

and 1 years of age !he '(! among children from lower income group

was found to *e 09 and 00 respectively ultivariate analysis showed that

among 7 and 8 years old children from relatively higher income, the ris- of

having caries in the deciduous dentition and in *oth dentitions was 202 and

281 times greater, respectively, than among children from lower income

families !he results clearly indicated that in underprivileged populations, such

as the inha*itants of rural communities in +taHna, families with somewhat

higher incomes and *etter schooling were more li-ely to adopt *ehaviours that

lead to dental caries

Ca/pus G e2 a*3('..)conducted a study to validate the 4i< inde) in a 2

year old population, considering the level of the disease as '(4 inde), with

the aim of comparing the capa*ility of the two indices for preventive and

prognostic goals 'ata from a previous study


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6 province, Bepu*lic of 4outh

/frica for dental caries using "6 diagnostic criteria !he schools were

divided into rural and ur*an locations / mean dmft of 28 in year olds and

mean '(! scores of 0 and 2 were recorded in the 2 and 1 year

olds respectively +n the year olds, the upper anterior teeth showed highest

suscepti*ility to caries, clearly indicating that *lac- children suffer from early

infant caries /t ages of 2 and 1, the mandi*ular molars were the teeth

most affected /n important finding was the dou*ling of the mean '(! from

the 2 year olds to 1 year olds and the caries levels for all age groups was

higher than the provincial average

Ja/ieson L+, T"o/son W+ % +;Gee R ('..4) conducted a study to

determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries in a sample of ur*an

(i$ian school children / total of 70 children aged *etween and 8 years who

attended one of four primary schools in different localities of 4uva were

e)amined for dental caries !he prevalence of dental caries in the primary

dentition was 87% and in the permanent dentition, 7% !he mean dfs

and mean '(4 were 83 4'J782: and 238 4'J37:, respectively


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needs of 1&7 and 2 year olds in a rural su* country of Lganda and devised a

strategy to improve oral health / random cluster sample of 23, 1&7 year olds

and 202, 2 year olds was selected 'ental status and treatment need data

were collected according to "6 A64 method +n the 1&7 year olds, mean

dmft was found to *e M7 / total of 12M1%needed fillings and almost 33%

needed a tooth e)traction /mong the 2 year olds, mean '(! was 0M,

30M2% needed a filling and M% needed one or more teeth e)traction

$arenneB, -e2ersen -E %Oua22araS ('..4)conducted a cross&sectional

survey to analyse the oral health status of children and adults in rural and

ur*an areas of Aur-ina (aso, to provide epidemiological data for planning and

evaluation of oral health care programmes (our age groups with different

num*er of su*$ects were included in the studyE years 2 su*$ects:, 2

years 101 su*$ects:, 8 years 92 su*$ects: and 31& years 93 su*$ects:

6ral health data was collected according to "6 methodology and criteria /t

age , 38% of children had caries, with higher prevalence in ur*an than rural

areas /t age 2, the mean '(! was 07 with prevalence significantly higher

among ur*an than rural children ean '(! was 9 in 8 year olds and 3

in 31& year olds and figures were higher for women than men +n adults, no

differences in caries e)perience were found *y location whereas the caries

inde) was significantly affected *y ethnic group and occupation

+ar2"a*er T, +en!"ini G % S2einer + ('..>)conducted a study to follow the

changes in the significant caries inde) 4i


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for diagnosing caries +n the 2 year olds, the children in the low tertile had

virtually no '( e)perience from 980 onwards 6n the contrary, the 4i)conducted a study to calculate the

caries prevalence of 10 children in the age group of &2 years studying at

government primary school, ?ulashe-haram, !amil Nadu !he study

concluded that 77% of the children were affected *y dental caries !he mean

'(! was 21 for *oys and 09 for girls while deft value varied from 3

for girls to 209 for *oys

assan e2 a*3 ('..>) conducted a study on prevalence and intensity of

dental caries among school students in Oeddah city / stratified random

sample was ta-en from the various administrative districts of Oeddah

4tratification *y age, gender and educational stage was done and random

sample were drawn from the school lists of various stages / total of 200

students were surveyed, half male and half female e.ually withdrawn from

private and pu*lic schools of various educational levels !he results revealed

a low caries e)perience among 9&2 years old group '(!J 21:, moderate




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caries e)perience among 3&1 years old group '(!J 3: and &8

years old group '(!J 3: respectively (emales and govt schools had

higher '(! levels in intermediate and high schools

So*or?ano + e2 a*3 ('..>) conducted a study to assess dental caries

prevalence and severity in 3718


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and pu*lic schools age 2 years old were e)amined using "6 diagnostic

criteria !he prevalence of caries was 39 % and mean '(! was 0 !he

decayed component accounted for 772% of the '(! while filled and

missing teeth accounted for 18% and 7% respectively 6ver 81 % of the

children e)amined were caries free 77% of the teeth affected *y caries were

untreated !he children who had not visited the dentist had higher caries

prevalence than other children 'ental attendance was generally poor in *oth

pu*lic 90%: and private 83%: school children

C*ea2on


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+o/eni , +ardi + % -ieper 6 ('..)assessed the prevalence of dental

caries and treatment needs of 02, 2 years old children living in !eheran

and a rural area surrounding #sfahan Besults showed that 38% had sound

permanent dentition, 99%had filled teeth and 23% needed treatment !he

mean'(! value was found to *e 077 '(4J9: !he ' componentwas

187%, the component 3% and the ( component 379% !he levels of

caries e)perience varied according to the child=s residence !he teeth of

children living in the rural area mean '(!J038: were significantly less

affected than those of children living in !eheran mean '(!J:


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Sa*wa % Sad"an ('..)estimated dental caries prevalence among 2&

years old school children in Biyadh in a year follow up study of the 6ral

ealth 4urvey of 4audi /ra*ia >hase + / total of 201 students of the first

grade of intermediate schools 2& years of age: were randomly selected,

using stratified random sampling from schools in Biyadh, 4audi /ra*ia

!he children were e)amined *y two trained e)aminers, for dental caries using

the "6 criteria 6f the total sample, only 3% were caries free showing that

the caries prevalence was 937% !he mean '(! value for the total sample

was 19 5 391 ale students had a significantly higher mean '(! value

720 5 389: than the female students 5 319, pJ0000: 4tudents

residing in ur*an areas demonstrated a significantly higher mean '(! value

1 5 392: compared to students of rural areas 5 372, pJ0003: No

statistically significant differences were found *etween the mean '(!

values of 4audi and non&4audi students 09 and 131 respectively, pJ0273:

and also no statistically significant differences were found *etween the mean

'(! values of private and pu*lic school children pJ039: hase +

"ar $ e2 a*3 ('..7)conducted a study on 187 government school children

of Ldaipur district in the age group of 1& years for recording the prevalence

of dental caries and treatment needs 'ental caries was found in &71%

children, and 787% of the children re.uired some -ind of dental treatment

!he caries prevalence in the age groups 1&7, 8&0 and & years were

82% dmftJ9:, 923% '(!J23: and 18% '(!J8:




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respectively !he difference *etween the age groups of 1&7 and 8&0 years

regarding '(! was highly significant Begarding the treatment needs, more

cases were o*served with re.uirement of one surface filling followed *y

sealant, two or more surface filling, e)traction, crowns and pulp care

"/ed e2 a*3 ('..7) conducted a study on dental caries prevalence and

ris- factors among 2 years old school children from Aaghdad, +ra. in a post&

war survey / cross&sectional dental caries e)amination and .uestionnaire

survey was conducted in 0 schools from "est Aaghdad 'ental

e)aminations *ased on "6 criteria and .uestionnaire surveys were

performed on 392 children "ater samples were assessed for fluoride

concentration !he mean '(! and '( were 7 and 3 !he rate of caries

e)perience '(!P0: was 2% +n girls '(! increased significantly with

higher education of the mother and *etween meals mode of drin-ing whereas

increased sugar consumption, having mothers with low education, living in a

low socioeconomic area and poor oral hygiene practices were significantly

associated with *oys +t was concluded that increase in awareness and

promotion of oral health care strategies were important in maintaining the low

prevalence of caries among children

+o"a//adi T+, 6a# EJ % a=i?a/ani ('..&) conducted a study on

relation *etween past and present dietary sugar inta-e and dental caries in a

high caries population 200 children of 1& years age were e)amined using

standard caries diagnostic criteria / food fre.uency ta*le was completed *y

the parents of each child and analyzed through weighing the cariogenic

potential *y the fre.uency of consumption and summing the two scores !he

mean num*er of decayed, missing and filled teeth dmft: was calculated to *e




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7 4'J329: !here was no statistically significant correlation *etween the

reported dietary sugar inta-e and the caries rate in the study population

pJ007: Lse of *ottles with sugared drin-s during infancy was associated

with increased caries levels pK00: and it was concluded that poor infant

feeding practices promoted caries in childhood

a/a* % S"ei"a/ ('..&)used the 4i< and '(! data from the "6

data*ase for 2 year olds 4(4&! inde) values were estimated for the 2 year

olds from countries !he ran-ing *y 4i< inde) scores was lower for

developed countries than for developing countries !hese findings suggested

that it may *e more useful to use the 4(4&! inde) than the 4i< inde) in

studies comparing dental status *etween countries

Re"/an ++, +a"/ood % Re"/an B ('..&) conducted a study on the

relationship of caries with oral hygiene status and e)tra&oral ris- factors 6ral

e)amination was performed in 22 adolescents of & years to chec-

decayed, missing and filled teeth '(!: inde) and simplified oral hygiene

6+&4: score / .uestionnaire was distri*uted to gather data concerning

e)ternal modifying ris- factors such as socioeconomic status, oral hygiene

practices and snac-ing ha*its /verage '(! was found to *e 327 and 6+&

4 score was fair in ma$ority of students '(! in 777% of students fell

*etween 0 and 3 !he prevalence of caries was significantly higher in female

students as compared to their male counterparts !he ma$or component of the

'(! was the untreated decay ': in *oth genders alf of the students

claimed to *e familiar with the *enefits of fluoride and use of tooth*rush

*efore *edtime +t was concluded that caries e)perience was significantly

inversely related to socioeconomic status whereas strongly correlated with


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Namal%20N%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sheiham%20A%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Namal%20N%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sheiham%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D


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fre.uency of sugar inta-e and fre.uency of snac-ing in *etween meals No

relationship was found *etween 6+&4 and '(!

kars*an e2 a*3 ('..&) conducted a study in young adults with an age

range of 8&21 years of !ur-ey to assess dietary ha*its and oral health

related *ehaviors in relation to '(! inde) !he patients completed a

.uestionnaire including .uestions a*out demographic factors, dietary ha*its

and oral health related *ehaviors !he '(! inde) and pla.ue inde) was

calculated 70% of the patients had regular main meals and a very high

snac-ing rate 79%: was present ost of the patients *rushed their teeth

regularly twice a day 2%: and appro)imately half used other hygiene aids

in addition to *rushing 38%: !he median of '(! inde) was 1 and a

ma$ority of the patients had moderate pla.ue accumulation which could *e

seen with the na-ed eye 10%: 'ental pla.ue had the most significant

effect on the '(! inde)

Saraanan S ('..&) conducted a study to o*tain information on caries

prevalence and treatment needs of children aged 1&0 years to plan

appropriate dental care services in rural areas


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were then statistically analyzed +n the permanent teeth of the si) year old

children, the mean '(! was 09 4'J30:, the mean '! was 09

4'J29:, the 4i< was 21 4'J02:, % had caries in permanent teeth

with the care inde) value of% +n the primary teeth of the si) year olds, the

mean dmft was 17 4'J373:, the mean dt was 123 4'J3:, caries

prevalence was 883% and the care inde) was 33% +n 2 year old children,

the mean '(! was 334'J30:, the mean '! was 29 4'J29:, 4ia-istan Questionnaire *ased cross&sectional study evaluated the

dental health status and oral health *ehaviors of 00 children was

summarized Besults showed that tooth cleaning *ehaviors were found to *e

associated with all the maternal factors under study 4ugary food

consumption was associated with mother=s level of education and her family

income while dental decay positively correlated with her residence and family

income ounger age of the mother, high level of educational attainment,

higher income and ur*an residence were found have a significant +nfluence

on the dental health practices of pre&school children

Aa!!iano A e2 a*3 ('.1.) conducted a cross&sectional study on 73 school

going &2 year old children !wo .uestionnaires were su*mitted to

students and parents: and the children received a dental e)amination 'ietary

and hygiene indicators were calculated and the '(! inde) was measured

using methods recommended *y the "6 !he education level of the head of

family was used as a pro)y of social class indicator !he '(! inde) was

more than dou*le among children whose parents only had a primary school

education, compared with those of graduate parents 32 versus 1: +n

addition, the percentage of caries free children increased from % to

19% from the lowest to the highest social group, indicating that large social

differences are found in caries e)perience and in determinants of dental

decay

*


23/27


survey methods ean dmfs, dmft, '(4 and '(! scores were 81, ,

319 and 221 respectively !he decayed component accounted for P 81% of

the scores !he highest dmfs@dmft means were found among the &8 years

age group, while the highest '(4@'(! means were scored *y the 2&

years age group !he need for restorative treatment and e)tractions was

highE the former was significantly higher among the females

+onse B e2 a*3 ('.1.) conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence and

severity of oral conditions resulting from untreated dental caries in a National

6ral ealth 4urvey in the >hilippines using a >L(/@pufa inde) !he

prevalence of >L(/R pufa was 81% and 1% for 2 and year olds,

respectively !he mean num*er of teeth affected >L(/ R pufa: was 31 and

2 for and 2 year olds, respectively +n and 2 year olds, 0% and %

of decayed teeth had progressed to odontogenic infections

6aur R ET L3 ('.1.) conducted a study on caries e)perience among 7

females aged S2 in >un$a*, +ndia and its relationship with lifestyle and

salivary 4>70 levels !he study was to assess the prevalence and means of

dental caries e)perience and the prevalence of calculus among college

students and their awareness of general dental health !he correlation

*etween the e)perience of caries and e)tracellular levels of heat shoc-

protein&70 e4>70: was studied in saliva samples of these students to

ascertain whether e4> level changes as a result of increased caries

e)perience of these su*$ects 'ental e)aminations were performed to assess

for the presence of calculus and '(!, and su*$ects were as-ed to fill in a

.uestionnaire !he data were recorded and analyzed for the role of various

factors in the prevalence of caries, including dietary ha*its 4aliva samples




24/27


were collected for #lisa&*ased assay of e4>70 levels !he prevalence of

caries e)perience '(!P0: was 32%, with average '(! of 29 in

students aged &8 years and 32 in those aged 9&2 years 6f those with

caries, 8% also showed the presence of calculus, compared with 00% of

su*$ects with '(!J0 !he level of e4> was significantly higher pK001: in

su*$ects with higher levels of caries '(!J&8: compared with su*$ects

having lower level of caries '(!J0&3: / significant relationship was

o*served *etween caries e)perience and oral hygiene ha*its, emphasizing

the need to design and plan preventive strategies for persons at greatest ris-

dental caries in a sample of iranian adolescents aged &8 years in Qazvin,

and to identify caries related factors affecting this group Qazvin was divided


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Singh%20A%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Singh%20A%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Singh%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D


25/27


into three zones according to socioeconomic status !he sampling procedure

used was a stratified cluster sampling techni.ue, incorporating 3 stratified

zones, for each of which a cluster of school children were recruited from

randomly selected high schools 'ental caries status was assessed in terms

of decayed teeth '!:, filled teeth (!: and decayed, missing and filled teeth

'(!: !he study sample comprised 380 adolescents, 88 91%: *eing

male !he mean age of the adolescents was 12 4'J: years, and the

mean '(! was 2 4'J89: Aoys had significantly higher '(! scores

than girls pK001: / significant relation was found *etween high '(!

scores and varia*les such as increasing age, male gender, lower levels of

parental education, higher family income, lower fre.uency of tooth *rushing

and dental flossing, having a history of no visits to the dentist, and *ad

perception of one=s own oral health

+a*ania E % 6ris"nan CG ('.11) conducted a study to find out the

nursing caries prevalence among the pre&school children in >iparia village,

Cadodara, Iu$arat /ll the 80 pre&school children attending anganwadi were

e)amined for dmft inde) >revalence of nursing caries was found to *e

221% with mean dmft of 1 Lntreated decayed teeth dominated the dmft

score 4tatistically significant association was found *etween weaning at a

later age, fre.uency of consuming snac-s and development of nursing caries

lesion +t was concluded that nursing caries is lin-ed with various factors li-e

educational .ualification of mother, weaning age, oral hygiene measures D

snac-ing fre.uency

+oses J, Ran!ee2" B % Guruna2"an ('.11) designed a study to assess

the prevalence of dental caries in school children in


26/27


age group of 1&1 years !he study population consisted of 232 children,

218 *oys: and 0 girls: from 7 schools !he prevalence of dental caries

was found to *e 383% of study population and 80% of the students who

*elong to low socioeconomic group showing a significant correlation *etween

socioeconomic status and dental caries

a! R e2 a*3 ('.1') evaluated the prevalence of dental caries using "6

criteria in age group of &8 years in a total of 000 children of Ai-aner city

!he prevalence of dental caries in age groups of &0 years, & years and

1&8 years was 83%, 300% and 22% respectively !he prevalence

of dental caries was more in girls and the '(! score increased with age

!he statistically significant increased prevalence of dental caries with age

demands immediate implementation of the preventive measures and

appropriate use of oral health measures

Ga2"e;"a G e2 a*3 ('.1') aimed to determine the association *etween dental

caries and -nowledge of oral health practices using a .uestionnaire regarding

the level of -nowledge and oral practices among 39 children aged 2 years

in Nairo*i "est and athira "est districts, ?enya 6ral screening was

performed using "6 recommended methods Nairo*i "est district had

significantly higher caries prevalence of 371% than athira "est district

20% !he '(! in Nairo*i "est district and athira "est district was

07 5 2 and 03 5 07 respectively igh consumption of soda was found

to *e a significant ris- factor for dental caries in Nairo*i "est district 6BJ30:

and mother=s education was a significant ris- factor for dental caries 6BJ3:

in athira "est district




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5 review of literature

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