5 structural holes
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Brokerage & Structural Holes
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Structural Holes
• Basic idea: Lack of ties among alters may benefit ego
• Benefits • Autonomy
• Control flow
• Information nexus
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Structural holes vs. Closure
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Control Benefits of Structural HolesQuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Access to Information & Success
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Changes Made
•Cross-staffed new internal projects •white papers, knowledge base development
•Established cross-selling sales goals •Managers accountable for selling projects with both kinds of expertise
•New communication vehicles •project tracking db; weekly email update
•Personnel changes
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9 months later
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Entrepreneurial Network
•sparse, flat structure •independent relations,sustained by manager
•structural holes, low redundancy provides info & control benefits
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Entrepreneurial Network
• Associated with successful managers• and Machiavellian politicians :-)
• Places heavy cognitive load on the manager
• Enemy of a friend needs to be your friend…
• Stress relief either through institutionalization and rules or through embracing an egalitarian network
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Fragility of Structural Holes
• Side nodes are marginalized• Marginalization breeds discontent• Requires aggressive maintenance
• Up to use of force
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Support Network
•dense, flat structure •self-sustaining interdependentrelations
•few holes, high redundancy creates social support
• self-sustaining ties, development ofan internal culture
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Support Network
• “Organic structure” spreads the load over larger number of people
• Increased coordination costs
• Reduced managerial ability• (but reduced need for management)
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Ingroup/Outgroup
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Political Ties in the Caucasus
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Burt’s Measures of Structural Holes
• Effective Size• Constraint
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Effective Size
• Number of non-redundant ties in an ego network• How many actors is ego connected with
that are not connected to each other?
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Political Ties in the Caucasus
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Political Ties in the Caucasus
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Political Ties in the Caucasus
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Effective Size
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Effective Size in Binary Data
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Embassy Network
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Constraint
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Embassy Network
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Brokerage Roles
• Broker is the middle node of a directed triad
• What if nodes belong to different organizations?
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Brokerage Roles
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Brokerage within organization
• Organizations can be divided into clusters
• Any way of partitioning that produces interpretable results for a given network• n-cliques, n-clans, k-plex
• Find nodes that bridge gaps between partitions
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Real data…
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Counting Role Structures
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Role Profiles
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In embassy network
• Partitioned using 2-clans 1 2 3 4 5 6 Coord Gate Rep Cons Liais Total ------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Khalfan_Khamis_Mohamed | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 4 Ahmed_the_German | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 6 Wadih_al_Hage | 6 7 7 4 0 24 | 8 Ali_Mohammed | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 10 Mohammed_Salim | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 12 al-Fawwaz | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 14 abouhalima | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 Mohammed_Rashed_Daoud_al-O | 0 0 0 7 0 7 | 3 Mohammed_Sadiq_Odeh | 0 0 1 0 0 1 | 5 Fazul_Abdullah_Mohammed | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 7 Usama_Bin_Ladin | 0 3 3 2 6 14 | 9 Ahmed_Khalfan_Ghailani | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 11 al-Fadl | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 13 Jihad_Mohammed_Ali_(Azzam) | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 15 Abdullah_Ahmed_Abdullah_(Saleh) | 1 3 0 0 1 5 | 16 Abdal_Rahman | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | --------------------------------------------------------------
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E-I Index
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E-I Index