5 - the changing economy of the uk

8/12/2019 5 - The Changing Economy of the UK

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People and the Planet The changing economy of the UK - 5

The changing economy of the UK

1. How and why is the economy changing?

Primary Jobs: Coal

mining

As UK mines became deeper it became cheaper to import coal from Russia.

any mines !ere closed in the "#$%&s.

Secondary Jobs: Carmanufacturing

any manufacturing 'obs ha(e been lost )as T*Cs can produce them cheaperabroad+. ,o!e(er car manufacturing still employs many people although mostcompanies are foreign )e.g. Toyota+

Tertiary Jobs: obs inhealthcare and education

These ha(e gro!n a lot because the UK is !ealthier so can afford to pro(ideser(ices for its citi/ens

Qaternary Jobs: 0CTand scientific research

This sector has gro!n it is (ery !ell paid. The UK has a !ell-educated !or1force!ho are able to be employed in this sector.

How has employment changed in the UK between 1!"1 and #$11?2 There !as 'obs gro!th in the tertiary sector.

2 ,ealth education and hotels all sa! increases of o(er 5%3.2 obs declined in the primary and secondary sectors.

2 The largest decline !as in mining at -$%3.

There ha%e been significant changes in the strctre of the wor&force in the past '$

years which %ary from place to place within the UK

(hy there are more women in the UK wor&force today) compared to 1!*$.2 4omen are better educated no!.2 4omen focus on their careersmarry and ha(e children later.

(hy do a%erage earnings in the UK %ary so mch?2 6ull time and part-time !or1ers get paid different amounts because some part-time!or1ers may only !or1 a fe! hours per !ee1.

2 4omen still get paid on a(erage less than men for the same 'ob.2 7ounger !or1ers get paid less because they lac1 e8perience ha(e not been promoted.

2 9ome 'obs such as retail are lo!er s1ill than managerial 'obs so pay is lo!er.

Contrasting regions of the UK and their employment

+actor ,hanges 1!*$-#$1$ /planation

Totalwor&force

0n "#% about ;< million people !ereemployed gro!ing to ;= million by;%"%

The UK&s population increased by "% million butmore young people stay on in education until "$ or;" and there are more elderly people !ho do not

!or1.

0%eragewages

A(erage !ee1ly full time !ages in;%"% !ere >"< )!orthabout >;;% today+ in "#%

Uns1illed and s1illed manual 'obs are no! rare.ost !or1ers ha(e some ?ualifications and s1ills@higher a(erage earnings reflect this.

(omenin thewor&force

4omen ma1e up


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2orth ast Soth ast

o!er a(erage !ages ,igher a(erage !ages

ess s1illed educated !or1force ,ighly s1illed educated !or1force

0ndustry !as established here because of local

ra! materials )e.g. coal+ !hich !ere used to

ma1e steel and ships. 4hen the coal ran out and

became too e8pensi(e to mine it created a

domino effect !here all the industries declined.

This region has become a centre for ?uaternary

industries )!hich are (ery !ell paid+ especially

along the < corridor !hich is located close to

ondon ,eathro! airport and the national

motor!ay net!or1.

Unemployment is high because of

deindustrialisation )i.e. the mo(ement of

manufacturing to cheaper locations in Asia+

Unemployment is lo! and there are many 'ob

opportunities. 0t is also the closest region to

Durope and many 'obs are pro(ided UK&s largest

ports )Eo(er and 9outhampton+.

ost employment is in manufacturing and

secondary industries

ost employment is in finance )tertiary

employment+ and scientific research )?uaternary

employment+

This region is also reliant on public sector 'obs

)e.g. *,9+. Eue to the recession the go(ernmentha(e cut spending and many 'obs ha(e been lost

any company head?uarters are in ondon so

pro(ide !ell paid senior managerial roles. Thereis plenty of opportunity for promotion.

Beople ha(e lo!er incomes and unemployment is

high. any people choose to migrate a!ay from

this region to impro(e their standard of li(ing.

any people in this region !or1 in ondon and

commute in on a daily basis.

There ha(e been increases in tertiary

employment )!hich no! contributes the highest

proportion of 'obs+ such as call centre )Frange

and *-Bo!er+. This is because !ages are


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Greater competition from countries such as China 0ndia and 9outh Korea. Goods can be

bought more cheaply from abroad so factories close.

0mpro(ing technology has increased producti(ity )mechanisation+ and reduced the number of

!or1ers needed ess !or1ers are needed so people lose their 'obs.

0mpacts of Eeindustrialisation and di(ersification on 3lasgow

Glasgo!&s economy is dependent on ship building. Cheap competition from abroad led to the declineof these industries

Fther industries collapsed too. D.g. 9teel !as no longer needed to build the ships. Coal !as no longerneeded to ma1e the steel. any 'obs !ere lost in Glasgo!

oss of income for !or1ers led to a cycle of decline )e.g. loss of income for shops and ser(ices )aspeople ha(e less money to spend+. A rise in the number of people claiming benefits. A rise in crimealcoholism and depri(ation

*o ne! in(estment in area as area becomes more depri(ed. igration. Beople mo(e a!ay fromGlasgo! to find !or1 else!here )particularly people !ith s1ills+

conomic 4i%ersification: A cycle of gro!th is created as ne! industries are encouraged to locate inthe area )often !ith go(ernment grants+ creating employment and the multiplier effect. D.g. 0rts)cltre and torism)e.g. Glasgo! has the 9cottish e8hibition centre. This also helps local hotels andrestaurants by attracting tourists+. 5i/ed se de%elopments)Ri(erside flats and shops ha(e beenrede(eloped+. 5edia)The HHC ,I for 9cottish TJ+

Positi%es of deindstrialisation 2egati%es of deindstrialisation

ore a(ailable land for future de(elopment Eerelict land loo1s unsightly. There is also thechance of to8ic chemicals left in the factories

Reduced noise and air pollution *e! factories !ill often be built on greenfield sites.This can damage countryside and habitats

ess !ater used in industrial processes ess energy re?uired to operate machines )reducesCF; emissions+

Reduced traffic congestion near factories Dmpty derelict factories often associated !ith litterand (andalism. This can attract (ermin )as !ell asthreatening animals ingesting rubbish+

anufacturing goods further a!ay leads to greatertransport problems and pollution else!here

4here !ill ne! economic de(elopments ta1e place

3reenfield sites 6rownfield sites

Cheaper to build on. 7ou do not need to clear

derelict buildings or clean up polluted areas.

Rede(elopment impro(es the areas en(ironment ma1ing it

more attracti(e. ay lead to the area being regenerated

,ealthier en(ironment fresher air. There is

also a perception that there is less crime in

rural areas.

Using bro!nfield sites sa(es rural areas from

de(elopment.

oss of natural en(ironment. ,abitats and

green space is lost to de(elopments.

ay ha(e pollution problems and graffiti.

A lac1 of infrastructure and nearby ser(ices

e.g. schools doctors library.

Restrictions on planning and design. ay be

costly to de(elop )decontamination and

demolition+.


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Hro!nfield sites are sustainable and areas li1e +ort 4nlop) 6irminghamare bro!nfield sites !hich

ha(e been rede(eloped. 6ort Eunlop lost many 'obs and factories in the "#$%&s due to de-

industrialisation. 0t became rundo!n and derelict. 0t has been rede(eloped and no! has a hotel

Husiness Bar1 offices shops and restaurants. 0t has also impro(ed the en(ironment and created

!ildlife habitats.

Dmployment in the UK is changing and !ill continue to do so in the future

dcation and research: To help pro(ide !or1ers for the L1no!ledge economy& the UK is

e8panding its uni(ersities to pro(ide s1illed labour. any companies and uni(ersities also

ha(e large research and de(elopment departments. The largest in the UK is pharmaceuticals

)e.g. finding medicines and cures+.

The digital economyis based on digital technology. The number of people in the UK using

on line shopping and ban1ing is increasing. The go(ernment is in(esting >=%% million to help

#%3 of the population get access to super-fast broadband )helping the digital economy+.

Areas for gro!th include: Baying bills and shopping on-line healthcare )!ill doctors use

91ype in the future+ Dducation )could uni(ersity courses be deli(ered on-line+ and tele-!or1ing.

7mmigrationcan help pro(ide !or1ers !ith certain s1ills that may be in demand in the UK.

Dntrepreneurs can also come to the UK !ith ideas and set up businesses. o!er s1illed

!or1ers also pro(ide a lo! cost labour force !hich helps pro(ide ta8es for the UK&s ageing

population.

The 8green economy9could be a ma'or sector of gro!th for the UK economy. any people

are concerned about pollution and climate change. 4ith non-rene!able resources running out

many 'obs are created !ith rene!able resources )li1e fitting building solar panels or !ind

turbines+. 4aste management and recycling are becoming increasingly important as landfill

sites become full. any companies are also no! loo1ing at energy efficiency. D.g. in hybrid

cars.

4or1 practices !ill also change in the future

Companies sa(e money !hen peoplewor& from home. 0t means they do not ha(e to pay for

e8pensi(e office spaces.

Self-employmentoffers !or1ers independence. D.g. they can choose the contracts they !ishto ta1e and manage their time as they see fit. ,o!e(er it can be ris1y as there are no

healthcare pac1ages or pensions pro(ided.

The number of part time wor&ershas increased from .5 million to =.# million bet!een "##=-

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5 - the changing economy of the uk

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