5. transmission planning

Upload: vinod-kumar-suvata

Post on 06-Apr-2018

230 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    1/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Summary

    Technologies Radio Network Planning Process

    Radio Media & Model Tuning

    Network Dimensioning

    Transmission Planning

    Parameter Planning & Optimisation

    Network Capacity Evolution

    Planning Tools

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    2/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Transmission Planning

    EXPLAIN CHAPTER 5

    Transmission Planning (3)

    Network Topologies (2)

    Microwave Links (8)

    Leased Lines (3)

    Cross Connects (3)

    Transmission Techniques (4)

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    3/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Cost for transmission lines acco

    unts for a greatportion of network operational costs per year

    design a network that meets the designcriteria with minimum overall costs!

    Fixed part design

    MSC

    BSC Hub

    BTS

    BSS

    BTS

    BTS

    BTS

    Radio part design

    BTS

    BSS

    BTS

    BTS

    BTS

    Transmission PlanningBasics

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    4/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Transmission PlanningDifferences of RNP and TNP Viewpoints

    Transmission capacity must beplanned for the final phase of thenetwork, not phase by phase.

    Suitability of a site for transmission canchange from ideal to useless when

    choosing between two neighbouringcandidates

    Site changes can cause majorchanges in the transmission networktopology No LOS in the new candidate change

    topology Interference problems re-planning of

    MW frequencies

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    5/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Transmission PlanningInput Data

    Customer input Allowed unavailability and performance figures

    Transmission media requirements: ownnetwork / leased line

    Blocking probabilities

    Protection level and type

    Existing transmission infrastructure

    Growth estimate and/or required spare capacity

    Radio Network Planning input

    Number of BTSs

    Number ofTRXs / BTS

    Nominal site locations

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    6/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Network TopologiesBasics

    Transmission topologies are chosen

    based onavailability and protection requirements and

    availability of existing lines

    Costs vs. fail safety (redundancy)

    Real networks usually hybrid solutions

    POINT-TO-POINT

    MULTIDROP CHAIN LOOP

    STAR (CONCENTRATION POINTS)

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    7/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Network TopologiesDifferent Philosophies

    HighT

    ransmissioncosts

    BSC used as atransmissionconcentrator

    Small BSCs

    TRS capacity gain onA-ter

    Transmission costsgain

    Low Transmissioncosts

    BSC used as atransmissionconcentrator has a lowinfluence on total cost

    High capacity BSCs

    MSC

    BTS

    BSC

    BTS

    BTS

    BTS

    BSC/ MSC

    BTS

    BTS

    BTS

    BTS

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    8/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Microwave LinksBasics

    The preferred media when

    building new accessnetwork links

    High capacity transmission links

    from 2x2Mbps to 16x2Mbps, 34Mbps andSTM-1 (155 Mbps)

    Contra:

    needs frequency license

    environment dependant linkquality (e.g. rainfall)

    LOS not always available

    Pro:

    low operating costs

    easy to install

    flexible

    quick & reliable solution

    Terminalstation A

    Terminalstation B

    Repeaterstation

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    9/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Microwave LinksTypes ofMW

    Long Haul Radios: ~ 30 - 80 km2 GHz, 7 GHz

    Medium Haul Radios: ~ 25 - 45 km10 GHz, 13 GHz, 15 GHz

    Short Ha

    ulR

    adios: ~ 5 - 30 km18 GHz, 23 GHz, 26 GHz, 38 GHz,

    Nokia Metrohopper: < 1 km57 GHz(uses oxygen absorption in air to limit

    range)

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    10/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Microwave LinksModulationMethods

    PSK - Phase Shift Keying there are several levels of PSK (2-PSK, 4-PSK,

    )

    FSK - Frequency Shift Keying

    fixed frequency for 0s and another one for 1s

    QAM - Quadrature AmplitudeModulation

    a mixture of phase and amplitude modulation

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    11/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Microwave outages

    equipment failuresuse protected equipmenthot / warm / cold -standby

    caused by naturetemporary failuresself-recoveryuse protected connections Examples of natural outages:

    heavy rainfall zones:most severe in upperbands (2..3dB/km)significant above 10 GHz

    multipath fadingproblem with lowerbands

    Microwave LinksRadio Link Availability

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    12/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Microwave LinksHow to Avoid Interference

    Use the highest available frequencyband

    Attenuate the Tx power to a minimumjust to meet the required availability

    Locate dishes as low as possi

    ble withmaintaining the required LOS

    Use big dishes

    Use different polarisation

    Select your channel(s) carefully Maintain High-Low -rule on hub sites

    Try to get similar received signal levelsat hub sites

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    13/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    High-End Low-End

    Tx Freq.=f1

    Rx Freq.=f2

    Tx Freq.=f2

    Rx Freq.=f1

    f1 > f2

    HIHI HILO

    LO

    Simple rule:

    keep all links in

    a site "high" or

    "low"

    Microwave LinksHigh End & Low End

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    14/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    To verify LOS between two planned sites possibility to use a microwave link

    Input site locations planned antenna height

    direction to the other end of link restrictions to cherry-picker, etc.

    Output LOS/NLOS minimum antenna height exact antenna location (rooftop)

    panorama picture withlandmarks and their directions

    extra observations(forests,building sites etc.)

    Microwave LinksLOS Check

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    15/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Line-of-sight path needed between both nodes ofa microwave link

    Keep 1st Fresnel zone clear of obstacles

    nth Fresnel zone: Ellipse around direct path,where path difference to direct line is n*P/2.

    d

    b

    bd km

    f MHzm! 274

    [ ]

    [ ][ ]

    1st Fresnel zone

    2nd

    3rd

    Radius for n-th zone = b * sqrt(n)

    Microwave LinksFresnel Zone

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    16/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Leased Lines

    Transmission lines rented from a 3rd party operator

    Leased line provider is usually also a competitor

    Contra

    high operating costs

    unpredictable lead times(installation)

    difficult to deploy (may include

    digging, groundwork..)

    no control over the physical route

    or the quality of the link

    Pro

    no implementation effort for

    buyer no extra infrastructure to

    buy

    long distances are

    uncritical

    Analyse cost structure of Leased Line tariffs todecide

    whether LL or microwave links are more

    economical

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    17/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Leased LinesCost Examples

    Austria

    Belgium

    Denm

    ark

    Finland

    France

    G

    erm

    any

    G

    reece

    Ireland

    Italy

    Netherlands

    Norway

    Portugal

    Spain

    Sweden

    Switzerland

    UK

    3km

    30km

    300km

    0

    500

    1000

    1500

    2000

    ECUp

    erm

    ont

    Leased Line Tariffs (Europe)

    3km

    30km

    300km

    Leased Line Tariff

    10000

    12000

    14000

    16000

    18000

    20000

    22000

    24000

    26000

    28000

    30000

    0 50 100 150 200 250

    km length

    USDpermonth

    Leased Line costs vary greatly depending oncountry, link length, capacity, LL provider and

    the customer

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    18/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    GENERALRULE forTS

    allocation0 : Synchronization

    1 - 24 : TCH

    25 - 30 : TRX/BCF SIG

    31 : Loop control

    Max 12 TRX per 2 Mbit frame

    Abis

    Interface

    AirInterface

    BSCMSC

    AInterface

    Ater

    Interface

    TC SM

    Ater

    Interface

    BTS2

    BTS1

    bits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

    TS

    0 Synchronisation

    1 BTS 1

    2 TRX 1

    3 BTS 1

    4 TRX 2

    5 BTS 1

    6 TRX 3

    7 BTS 2

    8 TRX 1

    9 BTS 2

    10 TRX 2

    11 BTS 212 TRX 3

    13 BTS 3

    14 TRX 1

    15 BTS 3

    16 TRX 2

    17 BTS 3

    18 TRX 3

    19 BTS 3

    20 TRX 4

    21 BTS 322 TRX 5

    23 BTS 3

    24 TRX 6

    25 BTS 1TRX 1 SIG BTS 1 BCF SIG BTS 1TRX 2 SIG

    26 BTS 1TRX 3 SIG BTS 2TRX 1 SIG BTS 2 BCF SIG

    27 BTS 2TRX 2 SIG BTS 2TRX 3 SIG

    28 BTS 3TRX 1 SIG BTS 3 BCF SIG BTS 3TRX 2 SIG

    29 BTS 3TRX 3 SIG BTS 3TRX 4 SIG

    30 BTS 3TRX 5 SIG BTS 3TRX 6 SIG

    31 Loop bits / LCB / MCB

    BTS 11+1+1

    BTS 21+1+1

    BTS 32+2+2

    Leased Lines2 Mbit Frame Allocation (Abis)

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    19/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Cross-Connects

    Transmission equipment to branchdata streams between different linksets

    Non-blocking stage each input stream is routed to an output

    stream Tasks

    switching between link sets switching between timeslots of a PCM trunk dropping & inserting timeslots

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    20/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    3 x 2 Mbit/slinks

    64 kbit/s

    channels

    1 x 2 Mbit/s

    link

    n

    m

    k

    i < n+m+k

    BSC

    Total Traffic (Erl)

    Blocking Prob.

    i = number of channels

    Cross-ConnectsConcentration

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    21/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    full 2 Mbit/s frames

    BSC

    not full

    2

    Mbit/s

    frames

    Cross-ConnectsGrooming

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    22/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Transmission media

    Transmission techniques

    Transmission methods

    Fibre

    Coaxial cable

    Copper cable

    Microwave radioTerrestrial/satellite

    PDH SDH

    PCM

    ISDN ATM

    Transmis

    sio

    nequip

    ment T

    ransm

    issionequipme

    nt

    HDSL

    CATV

    Transmission Techniques

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    23/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Transmission TechniquesMultiplexing

    IT

    U- Standard: 8000 samples per sec @ 8bit = 64 kbit/s 32 * 64 kbit/s = 2 Mbit/s line

    Lines can be de-/ multiplexed into linesof higher data rates

    8Mb

    it/s, 34 Mb

    it/s, 140Mb

    it/s etc...

    ....

    32 * 64 kbit/s

    MUX

    2 Mbit/s MUX/

    deMUX

    1 sec1 sec

    8 Mbit/s2 Mbit/sMUX/

    deMUX

    1 sec

    ....

    32 * 64 kbit/s

    MUX

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    24/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    Transmission TechniquesPDH

    PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) voice spectrum ~ 4kHz sampling rate 8 kHz 8 bits per sample divided into 32 TS (TDM)

    USA : 24 timeslots

    Higher Order PDH Bitrates

    Europe : 2.048 Mb/sUSA : 1.554 Mb/s

    M

    U

    XM

    U

    X

    140M

    34M

    34

    M

    34M

    34M

    8 M8 M

    8 M

    8 MM

    U

    X

    2 M

    2 M

    2 M

    2 M

  • 8/2/2019 5. Transmission Planning

    25/25

    EXPLAIN v3.0 - Nokia 2001 DVassena

    ng5. Transmission Planning

    SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) all network elements are synchronized to Primary Rate

    Clock (PRC)

    worldwide standard : interfacing to USA possible

    Europe USA STM- 1c (51.7 Mb/s) = STS-1

    STM- 1 (155.52 Mb/s) = STS-3 STM- 4 (622.08 Mb/s) = STS-12 STM-16 (2488.32 Mb/s) = STS-48 STM-64 (9953.28 Mb/s) = STS-192

    STM-4

    STM-1STM-1STM-1STM-

    1

    Transmission TechniquesSDH