5. vocab add on
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ffiffiCHAPTER
ThemeGrouping:;LivingThings
twinkleglisten shimmer .
r SIIID€
IntroductionAnotherway of buildingyour vocabularys by_looking t wordswith similarmeantngsnhemes'For example, f we tatce tre theme Types;
of Light,"we find there are severalords that mean'itoshine"u"i'"".tt is slightlydifrrerentn intensityanduse.Thewordglisten"means to shine,"but is oii*n associated ,rrithhings hat arewet,whereas heord "twinkle' implles he light is unsteadyand is oftenassociatedwith the stars or aerson'seye.
In this section lterearedifferrenthemeswith exerciseshat accompanyhem.Sincenly a certainnumbr:r f themes anbe coveredn this book, t is suggestedhatyou 6tarto makeyour own tltemeswith the useof-"
dili"d in orde, tu .l-ntinueto build yourocabulary.
glimmer
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differ,ent. To qparlde"means o t{ivesmall flashesof light, whereas"to glow" means o give asolt l ight or heat Llseassociationso rernember he ditference n meaning. or example,
"sparlde" diamonds, lass,wal.er
"glow'- soft,warm lightof a fire
Attaclxnew worcls o one basic rvord thartyou alread'y' now.Create
yourown themes. Herr:are some sugge:;tions:Seeingand Look;ing,Rough and Not Rough, oood and Not coo,c,
Damageand Destroy,
A. Typesof Inhabitants
inhabltant
pioneer
colonist
dwel ler
settler
innmigrant
resident
native
l. lnhabltant = a Per$onor animal hirt ives n one place,usuallya country or a region or a verylong ime.
f,x. The only human nhabitantsof th e Gobidesert tresomenomadic ribes.
2. dweller = a person{}r animal that lives in a named lace such as a cave, ree, or a city.
fx. Most city rfl1ys11srset used o the high levelsof noise.
3. residenrt a persol)or animal hai tives n a place,usuallya house,but is not a visitor. t is alsoused or a person vl,o ivespermanentlyn a particular :ountryor state.
6x. Most of the residents f this neighborhoodpark their cars on the street.
4. ploneer = a person'r'ho s one of ttre irst to cometo an rrnknown and,amd hen s followedbyothers'A personwho is the irst to discoversomething rhichopens he rvay o others.
fx. The Wright rrotherswerepioneers n aviation.
5. natlve " us€dof a Jlerson, lant,oranimalwhenyo u re{et'to he placeof its origin.
fx. The Koalabear s a nativeof Australia,
6- s€ttler == personvvho s oneof the first of a group to pul. heir roots down in a newcountry.
Ex . The first settlers n Americawere he Pilgrimsvrhocame rom England.
7. colonistt a personu'ho s oneof a groupoiisettlers rom the samecountryor under he controlof the samecountr.y.
fx. Th e earlycolonists aced nanyhardships n a n,lw and.
8' immigrant = a persollwh o comes o a country to makea new home there.The first immigrantsare calledsettlers,
Ex. AlexanderCrahamBell, the inventor of the telephone,was an innmigrantwho carne oAmerica from Scotland.
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B. The Lifeof Plants
seedling sprclut shoot bud to bloorn to wilt to droop to wither
to blossom
L a seedlln,S= a tiny yoling plant whic,hhas ust grown from a seed.
trr. Ten days after the seedswere planted,the seedlingsappeared.
2. a cpnout= a new growtl:l rom a plant, especiallya vegetablle.
fx. These onions lnust be old, ttrey have sprouts'on trirem,
3. a shoot = a new growth lrom a plant or a new branch of a t[ee.
Ex. After the rose bushwas cut back,new shoots star,:ed o grow.
4, a bud = a flower which has not yet oprened, r the beginningsof a leaf.
Ex. When you buy roses heyarr: usuullt OuOr.
5. to blossom = to flower, usuallyused or lruit trees.
fx. ln the spring, Ihe cherry tree:sblossom.
6. to bloom or to be in bloom = to have flowers or to be in fk:,wer.
Ex. T'hepark s beautifulwith the roses n bloom.
7. to wllt = to become esri resh or weak,or to lose strength.
Er. In hot weather most flowers start to wilt because hev need water.
8. to droop = to hangdou'nwards.
Ex. lt was sad to see he sunflou'ersdrooping towards the ground.
9. to wither = to start to clry up and/or becomesmaller n size.
fk Eecause here had been no rain for a vear. the fruit on the trees started to wilt.
seedling sprout shoot bu d
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c. Parts of a Fmirb r Nut
pee
slkitthus;krinrl
seed/stone/Pitkernelpip
flesh
2.
3.
4 ,
5.
she:l l
I . the seed/stone/pit = tfuesmall hard part of a fruit that canigrow into a small plant'
fx. Cherrieshale hard seeds/stones/pits
th e pip = the small seerd f fruit, usu,ally f apples,oranges;,emons,etc' It is sometimes sed
lnsteado, f pit," "se€,d,t'r "stone."
Cx. Vfhenyou malie orange uice be sure to take the Srips ut '
the kernel = the insidr:part of a fruil:stone,a nut, or wheat. [t also means he important or
central part of somett,ing.
fx. I'he plstachio nut has a delir:iousgreenkernel.
the peel = the outer c,)veringof a frr-rit uch as on orangers r apples.
Er. lfou cannot eirta bananawith its peelon.
the rlnd - the outer coveringOfcertain fruits like orange:i, emons,or melons'
Ex. Orangerind and lemon rind are often candiedor rrsed n marmalade'
6. the skin=
thegeneral
word for thg,ruter coveringof a frr- t such as the peel, he rind, the husk'
fx. If you put tonratoes n boilirrgwater, the skin will comeoff more easily'
?. the hush = the dry outer coveringof a fruit, nut, or grain'
Ex. 't'ou remove the husk from r:orn bef{)reeating t'
8. the flesh = the soft sttbstanceof a ftruit.
f,x. The peachhas a soft yellow sh f esh.
9. the shell = the haril c'utercoveringof a fruit, nut, or egg'
Ex. Most comllon nuts ike hazelnuts, lmonds,and walnutshaveshells'
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ffiffiififffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
sometinl€s
occasionally
frequently
CHAPTER
T*remeGroupingl:Tflmeand $pace
A. Adverbsof Tinre
formerlypreviousiy
prior to
eventuallyhenceforth
simultaneouslY
rneanwhile
l .
2.
3.
4,
5.
6.
sometlmes=not alwaysr owand hern.
Ex. \,\/e ometimes oto the movieson weekends'
occaslonglly=fromtinre o time but not regularlyor frequently'
Ex. I eiccasionallyeea famous arce t the opera.
frequently =rePeatedmany imes,especially t short ntervals'
Ex. I rnustbe getting ld; lrequentlyorgetwhere arn'
formerly = n earlier itnes.
Ex. Themuseumvas ormerly he houseof themayol'
prevlously =comlngbefore in time or order)'
k. FIad ou previously aken he test beforeyou carne o the united states?
prlor to =' formaladv.phrase)before.
Ex. No nformationwasavailabl'erior tr: thatdate.
7. eventually = at la$t,ultimately,after a long time.
fu. l{e eventually passedhis drivers test after taking it eight times'8. henceforth = lrom thi:i time forward.
Ex. The committee has decidedthat hencefortha spe:cialest will have to be taken by new
students.
9. slmultaneously = happenlngat the s,ameime.
Ex..the
two everrts that were of interest to me vrere being shown simultaneously on
television.
10. meanwh'lle = at the strme ime.
Ex. i5omepeople are dying of hunger; meanwhile' others are throwing away food the:y
don't eat.
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B. Dry and Not Dr;g
L--r ,ct:)1:t1^^.,^, )-r'Rarched '?!,'i'!,!r!,!d,esiccated_', i Uat<eO
" \ ,/w d;rmP moisthumid soakedsi:turated immersed
l. arid = having ittle or no moisture,usually used for areasof land.
Ex. Many areasof ttre southwesternUnited Statesare arid and desertJike.
2. parched = excessivelyd:y and crackecl hrough heat or drought.
Ex . After fiveyears vithno rainfall, he farmlandwa sparched.'
3. deslccated = completelydry; without ainymoisture. It is usually said ol animal and vegetableproducts that are drieci md preserved,
Ex. Sometimesusinll desiccatedh,erbswhen cooking s ,nore convenient.
4. baked = when heat and rlrynesscausesomething o cook and become hard.
Ex. Threhsusgr werr:built of bakerlmud bricks.
5. damp = not dry, but havinga slight amount of moisture.
Ex . Fahrics ike inenare usually ronedwlri le damp,
6. molst - a littl€ wet; it ir ;often used for food.
Ex. Th,e oast turke5,was tasty and moist.
7. humid = havingmoisturr:,usually n warm air; it is often unpleasant.
Ex. Humid air may tregood for plants but is very disagrr:eable or humans.
I' saturated =comPletel5rret or filled to the point it cannot talle any more.
Ex. His clothes we:r(l ompletely strturatedwith rain.
9. coaked= eft n a liquid rio hat the molsture s absorbed.
Er. Soak he beans n water beforer ou cook them.
l0' immersed * completely covered n liquid or to be compietel'yoccupied in sornething.
Ex. He was immersed n his work and did not even seenre.
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c. Hot and Not Hot
ni ld
/swelteringt chilly
scorching freezing
sizzling frigid
hot cold
l. scorching = so hot that it burns the surfacemaking t change ts color.
fu. The scor,ctiing eat had turned the grassbrowi:t'
2. sizzltng = extremel:fhot. Sizzlingalso refers to the sound of food frying over a fire.
k. There seenls o be a spell of sizzlingweather e'rerysummer in the southern states'
3. swelterlng = very hot and uncomfortablecausingone to sweat'
Ex. It is difficul.t o exercise r: the swelteringheat r>f he ir.lngle.
4. cuttry = a hot and rnoist ype of ureatherwith no breezt:.
Ex, In the sultry daysof August,everyone urns orr a fan or air conditioning ior relief.
5. etuffy = havlng air',rrhich s not fresh.
Ex. Crowdedv/ith studentsa.ndwith no windows 0pen, the classroomfelt very stuffy.
6. balmy o a soft, plleircant,efreshirngype of air often wilh aromatic smells from trees.Ex. We had br,eakfastn the gardenon that balmy springmorning'
7. mtld * neither too hot nor too cold.
Ex. Winters are usuallymild on the island becauser f the oceancurrent.
8. chilly = cold enoul;h o makeoner hiver a little.
Ex. The earlv rnorningswere:quitechilly in the mr:runtains'
9. frlgid = intensecold with continuous ow temperaturer;below 32'F.
fu. The North and Southpoleshavea frigid climale.
10. freezfing= very cold, icy weather.
Ex. The freeeirrgemperatures n spring clamagedhe orange trees'
stuffy balmy
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{d l i i ' I , ,
CHAPTEIR
Rootls incredible cret:d
Th,e oot of a u,ordcontains he basic meaning. )refixesand suffixescan be added o aroclt.For examltle, he root credmeans believe,'' o the Englishword "credible"melans"believable," earninghe roc,tsof wordswill helpyou work out th,emeaning f wordsyoudo not knowan,lwill consequrentlyelpyou wittr o'ttpartsof theTOEFLoest.
Since here are a greatnumberof roots from whlch words stem n English, he nrostcommonones lre given or you to work with in l:hissection.Wewill start by lookingatfoutrof these ror)ts(cre4 spec,duc,ced;and work rvith some of the wonds hey create.
A. Root:'Credincredul,rusdiscredltablecredible
creecl
accr€rdited
cn:dit
crr:denceinrlredulity
CREDI
Ibelieve,pu t trust in
f . increduloua = showing disbelief.
Ex . Th e peopk: istening o hi;s trangestory were inr:redulous.2. dlscreditable = disgracefulor shanreful behavior.
f,x. Becauseof the banker's discredita,blebehavlor, ,r lo t of customers changed to anotherbank.
3. creed * o s€t of beliefsor principles,usuallyreligious.
Ex . Peopleo{ rrllcreedsgathered n union to help ttrt:cause
4. accredlted = certilir:d as being of a certain good standard.
Er. He went tc an accredited high school.
5. credible = believrrbt , trustworthy.
Er. A credible explanationwa s given for the changesmade.
6. credlt = belief, rusl, honor and recognitiongiven o eff ort or work.
E.r. With her outstandinggrades n her studiesan d outstandingabil i ty in sports, sh ewas a
cnedit o her sc;rool.
7. credence = belief;acceptanceas breing rue,
E.x. The rumol got widespreadcredence hroughout the counrry.
8. incredulity = the act of not believi ng.
Ex . He lookedat me with incredulity n his eyeswhen I told hi m he haclwo n the lottery.
incredulity
believe
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B. Rcrots: 9pect.,Spec
[)erspectlveretrospectr;pectrum;tspect
spectator
SPECT,PIICI
look, rl,atch
L perspectlve= a way ln which sornethrings lookedat or judged.
Es:, A tribesmarr n Alrica lool:s at time lrom a dilfen:nt perspectivethan an Americanbusinessman.
2. retrospect = a look back at the past,
Ex. As we takeotr responslbilities n llfe,our teenageyears n retrospectseemcarefree,3. spectrum = o raflg€of colors in the onCerof their wavelengths
Ex. ultra-violetr;lysare beyondrlhe angeof the visibre$pectrum.4. aspect a look at sc,methingrom one side.
Ex. There is a televisionserieso::t he differentaspectso:' ife in the UnitedSitates.5, epectacle= I sc€r€ or showwhich attractsthe eye by its size,color,
Ex. The IndepenrlenceDay irew:rk show wasqulte a spectacle.6. cpeclmenEa sampl3;r single yptcalLhing o be shown or test.ed,
k. The speclnrerr f rock from the moon rvent hrough n::ultiple ests.7. rerpected =worthy to be iooked up to and admired,
k. The teacher vashlghtyrespectedby trisstudents.8. rpectator = a person u'ho watchesan oventor a, port.
Ex. The spectatorscheeredas the farnousplayerappeart:don the field,
C, Roots:Duc,Duct
to ind rce viaductconrCucive
to conductductllr: \
"d;;' \ ,/"
to deduct
\ /
lrAl/,t ./\
A>D" ^l-(n}.DUC*+1e
1uu,y..-DUCT
l. to conduct = to lead.
Ex.The nspectorwasconductedaround the factory.2. condudve = helpful; hat contributes o.
&. A dark roonr ii more conducive o sleep han a bright one.t'
:,::"= a tube or canal hat carrles luids,or one rhat carrteselectric power, elephonecables,
Ex' Most grands rr humanbodieshaveducts to carry thei..secre.ons,4. to dedur:t = to subtract or take away.
Ex. Income ax is rleducted rom the paycheckof a wageearner.5. ductlle =, asily ead; pliable,
&, Copper s a ductile metal.
6. to lnduc,e = to causean effect.
Ex' Polttical repressionand poverty induced many peo;:,le o leave their hometandandemigrate.
vladuct " a long high bridgewhich carr,ies roadior rarlroad,Ex. Someof the olrl viaductsare not hlgh enough or todal/s tall trucks to go under.
aqueduct = a system of canalsand bridges which carry water.Ex' Someof the aqueductsbullt by the Rornans tlll bring rvater o modern cities.
t .
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L0
D. Roots: (7ed,Cess
procedureprecedent
antecedentrecede
CED,CESS
Ito ge, movealong
procedure = ,al)articularwa y or methodof doings,)mething.Ex. To tak:e class n thjiscollegr3 ou have to follow the registrationprocedure.
precedent= a rrastactionor (:ase hat setsan exanrple r rule fo r cases n the future.Ex' In his defense the lawyer referred to a similar case in 1952 that established aprecedent n favorof his r:l ient.
antecedent = thdt which has goneon ,atan earlier t,me.Ex. The arrtecedents f r{a[oween go back to r)agan estivars.
successive (artj) ollowingor:eafter th e other.Ex. Shewtrsabsent rom school for four successivedays.
to recede = to nlove backor tr r shrink in size.Ex . When {ums ecede, t is wise o see he dentist.
to secede= to officiallywithdlaw from a group, union, or organization hat is usually poliiticalorreligious.
Ex - when il state n a nationsecedes, ivirwa. may breakout.
to process= to lreat in a partir:ularorganizedway.Ex . Photog;raphicir mhas o be processed ef,:rewe get the pictures.
to concede= to givevictoryor .posses.siono somer:,nelse.fx' The challenger onceded ictory to the president n the erection ace.
l .
2.
3.
4.
) .
6.
8.
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ffiJ W#$$$mffiffiftiffiffiwffitr,
CHAPTER
Theme(irouping:
Communical;ionThought: nd
oo
A. ThinkingarrdRememrbering
.@DO
^rv-\--Y->-r
t, contemPlat"3
1t-_<_*-PO
1 .
2.
3.
4 .
J .
6.
? .
8.
9.
O
to assume= to take as fact with no proof; to suppose,
tix. I assumeyou will be hc,meabout seven onight.
to reminlsce = to rememberor talk about the past in a pleasantway.
fr. Old peopleoften reminisceabout the days ol i heir youth'
to haunt = to be n your thoughts,usually n an unple,asant ay .
Ex . The horrors he saw during he war hauntedhim.
to reflect (on; = to think over very carefully.
Ex. He reflected or a momentbeforeanswering he question'
to contemplate = to think about deeply for a long time.
k. He ool<ed t the view from his window and,i:ontemplatedis nextmove.
to rneditate = to'lhink deeply,concentratingon one rnatter. t is especiallyused n religion'
Fx. The priest wanted to be aloneand meditate Seforegivinga decision.
to predict = tell trelorehand.
Ex. Weatherreporters usually ry to predict the weather as accuratelyas possible.
to conslder= to thinkol carefullyor in a certainway.Ex. Mozart vasconsidered o be a greatcompo'r;ern his time'
to conceive (oD = hink of; to irnagine.
.Ex. It's hard to conceiven'hatan earthquake roater ha n 8. 0on the Richterscaleca n do.
to speculate= tc think about something n a wa y that is not seriousbecause f a lackof f;rr:ts.
.Ex, With corrstant hanges n the government,l was only possible o speculatewhat'wouldhapperr.
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B. lmportant ndNot mportant
lundament,ll vital l)etty
indispensable essential lrrivial
signif icant crucia l Inere
drast ic
I ,
fundamental ,= re baseupon whir:l'r system s built and suprported.
Ex. The constitution s the fundamental aw of the Uniter:i tates.
ese€ntial=somethingbelongs o the nature oi somethingan,rl hereforecannot be removedwithout destroying t.
Ex . Without he bareessent ia ls f i fea personwil l not srt rvive,
vltal = somethinlq ecessary or the existencr: i a thing.
Ex . lt is vital that the witness estifies n court,
lndispensable something hat s too importantor necessar:/o be without.
Ex. Nurses;,rendispensablen a hospital.
crucia l somethng very mportarttwhich helps o decide he future. t is used n a cr is issituation.
Ex Whatwe cleciden the ne>:tew minutes s crucla lber:auset wi l l alfectou r ives.
drastlc = rapid,harslr,and extremeaction,
fx. Drast ic neasures er e al lenby the governmento c)ntrol the rateof nflation.
,glgniflcant= sonrething mportant that has a meaning o the l)ersonwho says t and those whohear t.
Ex. Hisspeech n this sadoc(:asion asvery signi{ icanto us a l l .
pet$r : sqrnglhingol the least mpcrtanceby comparison o c'ther hings.
Ex . I am tjreCof your petty excuses or being ate. '
trivlal = somethlngnot important and very common and therefore not worth considering,
Ex. He oc,cut ied imsetfwith tr iv ia l h ingsbecause l h i i . ea rof deatingwith importantmatters,
mere Eno moLrehan;emphaslzesow limiteda thing s.
Ex. What do you expect?He'sa mere child.
0sualandUnusual
famll iarcunenlcon,monplaceprerralentwid spread
unlque
singularoddpeculiar
scarce
I 2
l .
8.
9.
10.
c.
I
2.
4.
famlllar = similtrr o what oneknows;known or seenby everyone'
Ex . Whenhe talkedabout the problems n his country, they werequite familiaf to us '
cutrent . existitrgwidely. t is usuallyusedwith fashlon, anlluage, racticesand thingswhlch
are constantly<hlnging: It alson,eansnew,or recent f no o':her ime is mentioned.
Ex, Ther,e is an arflcle on American slang in the (lurrent lssue of English Language
Magozine.
commonplace , ound everywhereand usually mplies hat it is not very interestingor speclal'
Ex . Car hefts are commonplacen this city.
unlque = belng he only one of itri kind.
Ex . Each nan's lngerprint s unique.
5. singular = dlile rent rom any oth,3rof its kind and suggests .omekind of strangeness '
Ex. Upon catching the snake experienced a singular feeling I cannot describe.
6. prevalent = sornethlnghat existsmost of the time tn some 2lace'
Ex. Malariir ls prevalent ln h,rt, swamplf areas'
?. wldespread - lound in manYPla':es,
Ex . The dtsease hat attacked the leaves of the tree$ could not be controlled and soon
becamevridesPread.
odd = that whi:h is not usualor normal.
Ex . I don't know what kind of iob he does but he leaveshis houseat odd hours.
p€culiar = havinga specialdlstinctivenessn quality or character hat is not pleaslng'
Ex . This flower has a peculiarsmell,
rcarce - hard t.oget or find.
k, Because | intensive arming,cert.ainwild birds ha'.''e ecomescarce.
8,
r0,
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CHAPTER
ThemeGrouping:FeelingsanclSensietions
A. Kindneris nd Unlkindness
f.-\ benisnbenevolent ) ,
"\ ^/ numane
consi,Jerate /\7'
generous
1 ,
mean
ruthless
selfish
spiteful
merciless
2.
3.
4 .
5.
6.
7 .
8.
9 .
benevolent= kind an d wan,iing o do good an{ hr:lpothers.
Ex. Shr: vasa benevolent ady who gavemor;t of what she had to help orphans.
henlgn = kinciand friendly.When usedabout a disease, t means t is not dangerous.
Ex . Her raspleased o find that the tumor or rhis headwa s benign.
humane : shi)wingkindnessand compassion.t is usuallyusedabout the waysothers; re
treated.
Ex . On their return, he hostages aid hey had been reated n a humaneway.
considerate ., thoughtful of others, concernedwith others' feelin6ls.
Ex . lt wirsvery considerate f he r to come€rnd ake careof me when I was sick.
generou$= k nd and ready o givernoney,help, ime, etc,
Ex ^ We ,:ouldnot forg,et is generous fferof assistance.
selfish= wantingeverything or oneself.
Ex . My sister s so selfish.Shenever lets anyonewatch what the y want on television. t's
alwayswhat sh ewants,
mean - no t generous r kinid. t is alsoused or someonewho likes o hurt.
Ex . He alwaysplays he part of the ba d gu:f n the movies becausehe has a meanJooking
face.spiteful = wartitrg o do evil, usually n a smallw,ly.Also,wanting o ge t evenwith sorteone ora realor unrt:al eason.
Ex . Jusl to be spiteful, he littte girl destroyedher sister'sdoll.
mercilers =' reingable o be cruelwithout worry'ingabout t; having no kind nessof heart.
Ex . The enemywa s merciless nd killed a village uil of wornenand children.
ruthless= havingno pity oi rkindness.
Ex . Erreryone new tfre commanderwas a ruthlesspersonwho would do anything o gain
power.
r0.
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l 4
2.
3.
4,
5.
o.
B. FearandCourage
scared
t imid
apprehensivecowardlypetr l l ied
daring
\ bold
intrepid/ courageous
audaclous
6cary makingorreafraid.
Ex . With al l lhr)sestfongenolseli, hi s house s scary at nlgtrt.tlmld ' finy1ng ear, not having coura1le.
Ex . He'sa very timld personanc.will neitherspeakout nor lake a risk.
apprehenslve n st rte o{ mind that Is fearful,bu t the fear may h,;rve omereason,
Ex . With the tensesituationbetrveenhe nvo countries,pe,crpleereapprehensive f war.
cowardly - unable o lace dangerbecaose he person s afrald ard lackscourage.
Ex . Hlscow;rrc y behaviorrnadeeveryoneavoid hlm,petrtfled = n a stirteof greatshockor fear, ike turning nto stono,
Ex . I was pelrilied when I saw he man stariding here with .r gun n his hand,bold - hsyln* courage.
Ex' He was a bold man to cross that dangerous errltory with only a knife to defendhlmself.
7. courageous , showi -rgbravery.
Ex . He was giv.)na medat or his courageousact that saved he llves of five men.8. darilng= takingrlsks n challenging ituations,
b. His idea for a new type of rtelevision ornmercia!seernsvery daring, and may evenshockpeople.
9. intrepld = ready o neet dangeragairrand agair..
EJc. The couple, ntrepid explorers,went into the Amazon.
10. audacloug= daringor brave o a poinl:which is excesslve,
Ex' Hewas audaciousenough o tell the committee hat thev were fools.
C. Typesof Tarite
t. bland = without rnuch aste.
Ex . Boiledpotatoeswith nothingon them nnayeembland o many people.Inrlpld = lackinga strong taste;havingl weakand warerytaste.
Ex . I remembereating ood that rvas nsipid at that hospital.flavrorcd= havinga substance hat gives aste.
Ex , The childre;renioy chocolate_flavoredrlecream.oavory - havlnga pl(asant aste hat i$ not sweet,,
Ex , For those vrho don't lrke sweets rike cakesand cookrr:s here are savory thrngssaltycrackersand cheese.
s'our'=havrnga taste hat is not sweetsuchas n milk that has go'e bad./ft. These grarpt:s re very sour.
bltter - havlnga shat,p aste that is not: weetas jn coffeewithoul:sugar.lix, Thls medicetionhasa very bitter taste.
spicy =4sn161tingaturaladditivesusually n thr: form of powder which havea strong taste.
Ex ' There'sa spicy frurt drink madewith cinnamonand croves.pundent = havinga stuong, harp tasteor smell that olten silngs.
Ik , Indiancurry oftenhasa pung{jnt aste.ho t ='.containingnaturaladditiveswhich are very strongand give n burnlngsensation o themouth.
Ik,. Many Mexlc n dishescontainhot chili peppers.
like
3.
6.
T ,
8.
9.
ho t
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t5
iffiffiififfiffiffiifrifiCHAPTER
IdiotmsandConfusingWor,ds
Thereare hr)usandsf icliomsn English. tre100 dioms n this sectionare$omeof theostcommondioms ou are ikely o encountern the shortdialogues ndconversationsn theListening omprehension".tion oiirr,, oilri6i"r,.In this s€r:tion ewill also ookat someconfusingoro, in Engtish.ome :f heseare
xpressionsvithMAKE ndDo,andothersarewordi whichsoundsimilaror havesimilareanings.
A. Idiorns1. above arll,-most importantly2. as a ma,ttrlrof fact-in fact, to speak he trutl:3. as a rule-*generally;normally
4. be about to-be ready o; beon the point of r:loing omething5. be an ol d hand-be an,experiencederson
----a
6. be fed up with-be out of patiencewith7. be on on€'sovyn-live irndependently
E. be on the safe side-tal:e no .hance,9. be out of riornething-haveno longer n supply
ItC. be tired of-be boredwith, fruslratedwith
6T
Did youpull it off?
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Idioms;o
11. be up to one's eans-be extremelybus;1'
12. be up to someone-be a person'srespr:rnsibility
13. be out of the quettion-'be unacceptabrle,mpossible
14. bitr off more than one ca:nehew-takr: on more than one can handle
15. bneak the ice-bergin to br: riendly witrtrpeople one doe,Sn't now
16. break the news--inform or give bad news1?. bnrsh up on-improve one's knowledgr:of something hrough study
18. burnp into-meet unexper:tedly
19. by and large-in general
20. b;y :reart-by memory
21. by iill means-absolutely,definitely
22, by tro means-in no way
23, cheer up-be happy
24. conre down with--become sick with
25. conreup with-ttrink of
26. count on-dependupon27. count out*elimirrate
28. diie down-becorne quiet, become ess
29. dro'rylthout-managewithout something
30. drropby-visit informally; pay a short ,i'isit
31. every other-alternate
32. fall behind-lag; fai lto accomplish ornething n time
33. fall through-fail to happenor be comlrleted
34. far'cry from-cornpletely different frorn; a long way
35. feel like-have a desireor wish for
36. feel up to-feelwell enough o or be czrpable f
37. few and far betw:en-not happening<lften; are38 . frgure out-determine; reasonout by ttrinking
39. n$h out of water--out of one's element or natural environment
40. for good-permanently; forever
41. for the time bein13-for now; temporarily
42. ge:l id of-give somethinlJaway;sell, clestroyor throw away something
43. get the ball rolllng-start something; rrake beginningt't4. gett he hang of*understand; learn
45. $v<: a hand-help
46. go rvithoutsayingg-understood;cleanvrithouteeding o be stated
47. hang on-keep hold of; persevere; eepdoingsomething48. harrl to come by--difficult to obtain
49. hnve a heart-ha,re kind feelings;be understanding
50. have a hunch-hirve an idea basedon feelings ather thiln reason
51. hop to it*get startedon somethingquickly
52. hi t it off-get alorrgwell with someone
53. i l l at ease*unconrfortable
54. in hot water-in trouble
55, in the dark*k€€p,5e*"one without knowledge; eep nformation rom som€:on€
56. in tlre long run-looking toward the future;eventually
57. in s nnd outs-all t he details; he variou.ri artsand difficulties o be seen
58. iron out*remove the diff icultiesor finr:an answer or
59, ju'mp o conclusiong-arrive to o quicklv at a decisionor opinion
60. keelpan eye on*'watch closely
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t 7
Idrbms
61" keerpone's fingcrrscrossed-vrish that nothing goe$wrong
62. keep on one's toes-be ready for action; prepared63. learn the topes--learn the rulr3sand routines of a placeor activity
64. make ends meel:*to get iust enough n:loney or one's needs
65. mean to--intentional; on purpose
66. might as well--l:o haveno strong reasonnot to
6?. next to nothing.-almost nothiing; ery inexpensive
68. noltto mention--in addition
69. off balance-unaware; off guard
?0. on the go*working or doing siomethingal l the time
?1. on plns and netrdles*nervous; anxious; ul l of antir:ipation
72. oapurpose-deliberately; intentionally
73. on the blink--not rvorkingproperly; broken
74. on the right trar:k-thinking or doingsomethingcorrectly
75. on the ti p of e,n,s'songue-to be about to remembreromething
76. once [n a blue rnoon-rarely; almost never
77. pick up the tab--pay the bilt or the cost of soinethiing
78. plece of cake--,lasy
79 . play by ear-act spontaneous;ly;ithout planning
80 . pull it offi-accomplish
81. pull one's leg'-make fun of someone n a playful way; make someonebelieve something that lsnot true
82. quite a few-many83. right away-imnediately
84. run for offrce--compete for a;nelectedposition85. saveone'sbreath-to keepsilent because alkingrvouldno t achieveanything86. say that again*.a saying hat means: agreecomplr:tely87. stone's hrow.-short distanct:88. search me-an tnswer that means: don't know89. servesone right-is deservingof90. sleep on it-think aboutsom(:thingor a while
91. stmighten up--<:leanup; make idy
92. take a break*.rr:st for a while; stop one's work or a<:tivity93. think nothing ol'it-that's all r: ight94. throw cold water on-discourage; lessenenthusiasm or95. to say the least*-at the lorvestestimate96. uncler he wcatl:,er-not feelingwell97. well worth the trouble-it deserves he inconvenience r trouble98. whole ne w batrlg;ame-an ntirrely ifferentsituatiorr99. wlth flying colors-succeed vr:ry well
100.without a hitclh--u,ithoutdifficulty or r Jelay
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r8
ST.RATEGIE:S
o Jttst ike the idioms, listeningwill help you get an "ear" lor expressionswith make and /o.Youmay be able c, eel hat one'verbsoundsbetter h,ln the other with an expression.
' You can learn the expressionswith mahe or do l>y using the same methods as with irJioms,either by menrorizing he m or by usingvisualpicltures r other methods hat work for you inorder to rernernber hem.
r The following exerciseswill help you lamiliarize y'curselfwith mo&eand do expressions,Makea list of expressionswith md&€and expressionswith do, Every time you hear or seer newe,xpression it h one of the severbs,add it to your list.
' The grammati ' laldifferences nd th e structures rr which some confusingwords are usiedwillhelp yo u reco5;nizend use hem correctly.
B. ConfusingWordsThere are a numb,ero( words irnEnglish that often (:auseproblems because hey have tr similarmeaning, r souuc alike. n th e Structureand Written .lxpression ectionof the TOEFL@est,wordsof a similarmeanirrg r related orm ar e used n error.
one of the mrorrt ommonof r:hese rrors involves r:he erbs make a,nddo.
MAKE and DO
Many languageshaveonly one verb for do and make. ln English he verb to do basicallymeans"toperform, to act," lirhile the verb /o maftemeans "to producl by action." These two verbs are alsofound n a numberof l ixedexpressions.
Expressions ith,MAKE.
makea misterkr:nrakewarmakea comparisonmakea discc,vr:rymakeus eofnrakea profitirnrake sugges':ion
do one'sdut;1do homeworlkdo justice odo businessdo workdrl wrongdr : a kindness
Expressionswith DA
make:rplan
make an investrnentmakean offermake;rchoicemakean attemptmakea decisionmakeeLorecast
do harrndo rescarchdo an assignmentdo one's bestdo a se:rvicedo danragedo wonders
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ffiffii effifffimitufiffifi ffiLffitrj
will familiarizeyourself with the most commonrecognizeor guess the meaning of hundreds of
E)(AMPLES
re
inter *+
trans -+
By knowing tftreprefix and the root, you ,canworl( out the mea;ringof the word.
A. WordsBeginrning ith De-
i' to degenerate= to go d0wn to a lowerconditionor a chara,::ter ith low morals.Ex. The argumentrlegeneratedrrto a fight.
2. to deviate = o move away rom what is normalor required,gx' The politician<leviatedro m
th e subjectbecauseredidn't want to ariswer hequestion.
3. to deplete = to reducegreatly.
Ex . Due o th e war that wasgoingJn, foorc uppliesharrbeendepleted.4. to decompo$€.= o breall up after deatjh.
Ex' \{lhen organic rroducts decompose,gasesuseful fr)r pow€r and heat are produced.5. to dehydrate = to removeall the water from.
Ex . When milk is dt:hydrated,t formsa powder,
6' to deflate = to let ai r o,r11asut .Arso . reduce he rever f prrices.
Ex . Ttre ir e wa s rleflated, o he put moreair in it.
7. to depreciate= to lesser n valueor price.
Ex . Worksof ar t neverdepreciaten value.
8. to detect = to uncover, r> ind.
Ex - Smallamountsof aluminumu/eredetected n th e drinking water.
tffKa;iffitI 9
CI-IAPTEII
PrefixesETRATEGIES
. By doing th e exerciser;n this secti,on ouprefixes in English.This will enable vou rowords.
A prefix usually chan5:es he meaning of a word. For o<ampte, he prelix rn- changes themeaning of a word to ::heopposite. "Capabl:" means "having the ability r: f doing or being.""lncapable"means ,not
having he ability of doingor being.,,Prefixesare oftenattaclred o roots oi:words.
dowrn,eversing,away
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2AB. WordsBe,ginning ith Inter-
[__d: bet'ween,among
l. lntermlttenl = (adi) stopping or a time,and hen corrtinuing.
Ex. The frsverwas not corrtinuousbut intermittent,2. intr:rmed1a1s (adi) in the middle level,between wo extremes.
Ex. Since tre student was neither a beginnernrcrr dvanced n her knowledge, he was putin an intermr:diate lass.
3. to intervene = to interrupt sourething,lsually o stop somethingba d from happening,
Ex . Justasr:he wo groupsstarted o fight, he police ntervened.
4, to lnterspelse . t:oplace here ernd here.
Ex. The dry plain was interrspersed ith a few t rees.
5. to intermingle = mix togetheror into.
Ex , Th e police ntermingrr:d it h the crowd to ri,atchhe thief.6. to lntenelate =, onnect n a wry that makesone dependon the other.
Ex . Readirngnd writing slcills re rnterrelated.
7. to lnteract = when one hasan tlffecton the other.
Ex. The shcw's successwa smainlydue oif,e 'rvaythe comediansnteractedwith eachother,
8. to furtercept= to catchbefore t.can escape.gr ' The guards nterceptedthe prisoner as he vrasclimbing out of the window.
C. Words Beginningwith Pro-
belbre, in favor of, fo:ilL to promote = to advancea pelson n positionor help something o succeed.
Ex . The strtdentswh o pass he finalexamwill bepromoted o the next evel.
2, to proliferate . to reproduceand ncrr:asen numbr:r.
Ex. Rabbits nd other oCents rol i ferate uic:<ly.
3. to protrude = c stick out.
Ex. The pointof the arrorvprotrurdedrom out of the back of the woundedman.
4. profound = (adj) deep;a personwitl-r deep understandi ng nd knor,rrledge.specially r;edresipect,ear, lr silence.
Ex . Socr:rtrls ada profoundkno'arledgend understanding f lilfe.
5. to proclaim = tc declareor sa:f n public.
E'x, When lhe party spokesmanproclaimedvir:tory, the crowd r:heerecl,
6. profrcient= (erd) very skil led n a particularactivit'v,.
Ex . He s a very proficienLtdministrator.
7. prrrmlnent = (a<li) tandingouLt s more mportant han others.
Ex. SIre s , l prominent awyer n this community.
8. profuse= (adj) rn abundance r plenty.Ex . The yellowmimosaswere profusealong he mountain oad.
9. pnrspective= (trctj) sed o describea personwho is going o do sornething.
Ex. The prospective uyerof the housewanteC o know every detailabout t.
for
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2T
D. WordsBellinningwitthDisr
rc=
revtlrsal, undo, negate
1, disparity = inequality;difference n age,condition, clraracter,kind.
Ex. There is;a greatdisparity in the salariesofferedfor the same ob between he state
and the privarte ector.
2. to dlslntegrate = to separatearrd orm lragments; o breakup.
b. The fabric was so old that it disintegratedvrhen touched it.
3. to dlsorlent = to,:ausesomeone o losehis or her senseof directlon,or ime,
Ex. When he woke up in the hospiltalafter the a.ccident, e was quite disoriented.
4. to dlscard = to throw away,Ex . We will have o discard hesedocumentsbe:causehe y ar e out of date.
5. to dlssuade = to 1:ersuade r advisesorneonenot to Cosomething.
Ex , He wrote a book dissuading eople rom wearinganimalproducts.
6. to dissociate = tc separate ronr the union of s<imeone r something.
Ex. The psychiatricpatientcould not dissociate he realand the fantasyworld he lived n.
7. to disprove = to ?rovefalse.
Ex . The theory that all the planetswent arouncl he earth was disprovedby Copernicus n
1543.
8. dtssimllar = (arCj')ot similar,unlike. t is usedgener,lllywhen the contrast s obvious.
Ex . The twOsistersar e quite dissimilar n both character,and ppearance.
9. disinterested = s personwho i:snot influencedby ernotionor personirlgalnwhen decidin;gn
favoror against ;omething.
Ex. A disinterestedudgehad to be found o selitle he dispute.
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a nL L
t':",t.,|;;;i.:.;.i": /:n{t|]qI
il,r1[.'r'il;ffi['ffili.';r,rq'
I !a.rci*
fri,ffij
CHAPTERIO
Placesand JVlovemrentA. Boundaries ndBorders
ThemeGrouping:
CC)UNTRY
fronti;er
bordr:r
boundary
margxn
border = th e placewhereon ecounl:ry ouchesanother.
Ex . Th e guardsat the border stoppedall the cars.
frontier = the placewhereone courrtry ouchesanother, or he border of something nownand unknown. t is also used n U.S. istory to mean he border betweel settledand wildcountry.
Ex - In 1840he settlerscrossed he frontier o the werstn their wa1;ons.boundary = the imit or edgeof a place no t a country),e.g.,a pieceof rand.
Ex , The housewa s built right on the boundaryof the city.edge = the end of somethinghigh,or the thinnestpart of rsomethinghat r:ancut.
Ex. My ne_wnife hasa really strarpedge.
bdnk-
th e edgeof somethingdang,trous r high.Ex . The situation s very tense,and the coun,trys on the brink of rrar.
ri m = th e outsidee'cge f something ound,e.g., lasses,:ups, ye-glasses,heels.Ex . He filled he glass ight up to the rim.
brim = the outsideedgeof a hat useci or protectionagainst he sun or rain,or the outsideedgeof a cu p or bowl.
Ex , Th e sombrero s a hat with ;twide brim.
margin = th e spaces eft on the top, bottom,and sidesof a pieceof paprlr. t is also used or anamountover what is rrecessary.
Ex . You havea ten-daymargin r: complete he work.
l imlt = the farthestpoint you can go,
Ex . With his talent here s no lirnit o wherehe can go,
nl .
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9 .
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23B. Movingand Not Moving
statlcdorrnantst4tionarylnert
stagnant
Gf''(tr,,.*'
active
stirrlngItlnerant
dynamlc
l. agllc qulckmovirrg;ftenused or sports r action o getout,tf trouble.Ec Bothwild;rnddomestlc atoareaglle.
2. actlve moving bout, oing hings.
Ex. Although ehas etired, e 1s ul lveqractlve n polltic;;.3. ltlnerant
" travelln8 rom place o place,usually o practlcea profession r workat a ob,
b. ln the past tinerant udgesvent rom townto town n theWest.4. dyn+-lc: produclng owerandact:lvlty; nenerjeticperson,
4x. Hewasso dynarnlcalsing roneyor thehomeless,ecollected ixmllliondollars,5. otlrrlng - thatwhich excltes eefings
Ex, The eader avea stirrlng peech.6. statlcEnot movingor changing,
Ex. Thesituatlon asstaticwittr he wo armlesacing achother.7. eta,tlonary stayintl n one place, ot:moving.
Ex. F<rrhe asr: eek atetof nterest ave emainedtatlonary.8. stagnart water that s not movlngor flowrng, sualrywith a badsmeil.
&, Many nse<rtslke poolsof st,agnant ater.9. Inert=nothavlnghepower o mdveor act,
&, Some omtrts re madeup oli nertmatter.10. doruant =not actir/eemporarlty, s f asleep.
Ex. Thevolcanoeruptedalter havlngbeendormant or l2{tyears.
C. Pushingand pulling
ffi#rilfrl{,I' to chlft - to move 'om oneplaceo another r fromonedrrecti,rno another.
Ex. Thewindshifted irection urrnghe nrght o a northerl]' irection.2. to drag= o pullsornethinglong he ground.
E . Theantdrrrggedhe ealacrossheground,
3. to d&Bw o takeor puilout overa p,arlod f ime.Ex. ln anclentlmes, loodwasdrawnas acure or many lllesses.
4. to heave= o lilt sornethlngeavywlrih reateflbrt.Ex, Thesailorsheavedhe hugesharkover heside.
5, to extract to takeeutphyslcally r,wrth n nstnrment r by chemicalmeans.,Er. Oil ls extrar:tedrgm peanuts.
6. to thnnt = o push vlth orce.
,S*. Forcegn leearth'scrust hrust and nassesogether:auslng ountalnso rls€.7. to proJect. to stan(lout forward ront something,
Ex. Ridges l rcckprojected ut alonghecoastline.8. to prcpel - to move, rlve,or push orward.
Er. Thewindpr.opelshesailsof a windmlll.9, to *atter - to throv'hereand herev,ithno plan,
Ex. Thewinde(:attersheseeds f many rees.10. to efect= o throwout by orce, suallyromwlthln.
ilr. ThevolcanoeJectedavaove a surfaceof several guaremlles,
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ffi ffi [q*,'*;fi ffiffifi ffiffifi ffi ffiffi 4
11
A. Size:Small
1 .
CHAPTER
ThemeGrouping:Size
diminutive
miniature
d*"" II
.microscopic
I
2.
3.
4.
5.
b .
8.
B.
t inY = very small.
Ex . A newly-bornbaby has tiny handsand feet.
minute = very small
Ex . Al l th e nformationyou need s storei in a minutechip in tlle computer.
diminutive =v€ry smnllan d es sheavily built,
Ex . As techrnologyas progJressed,ore diminul:ive ersionsof th e pocket calculatorbe seensuch as on wa t,:hes
dwarf = likea person,animal,o:' plant that is below he normalsizeof it s kind,which may lookdeformed.
Ex . Dwarf ruit treesusuall lz earnormalsize rult.
minuscule = V€:ryr ery small.
Ex. The miinusculerint wasdiff icul t o read.
minimal = of the smallestpossilileamount or degree.
Ex. The injurieshe suffered ro m th e accidentwe)re nly minirnal.
minlature = a very smallcopy or exampleof something.
Ex. Miniatureportraits he sizeof a coin were popularat one time.
microscopic= so smoll t can only be seenwith speci:rl quipment.
Ex . Thoughmicroscopic n size, he flu virus ca n have atateffectson old people.
Growingand Getting Bigger
may
expand
amplify
augment
swamp
boom
boost
pros;per
flour:ish
swel,l
2.
3.
to expand = (by/into) to grow la ger. (fhis is the most general erm meaning o grow btgger.)
Ex. A dry spongeexpands vhensoaked n water.
to amplify = o make argeror irrcreasehe strengthof something. t i:; especialty se d or th eincreaseof sound.
Ex . There are several indsof devices h,at an be used o ampl f,ya speaker's oice.
to augment= to makebigger; o grow more fian befo.r.e.
Ex . The new victory augmented is confidence \/enmore.
minute
min imal
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25
4. to swamp = (userl n the passive) o have too much r:,f omething.
l*,. We are swampedwith work and have beenvrorkingovertime allweek.
5. to boom = to gro'arapldly or increase n value.
Ii.r.. The hour;ingmarketwas booming last year.
6. to boost - to lift rrp or makegrow with some help.
fu. Freesa'rnples ere givenwith every purchase o boost salesof the new product.
7. to prosp€r = to continue to suc,ceedn life, health, and wealth.
Iix. Therew.rsno other stcrre ike it in the vil lagr:and its business rospered.
8. to flourlsh = 16glow with strength and expand.
ti. The plants n th e garde,nlourishedunder hr::r are.
9. to s'well to exp:rnd rom th e normalsizeof something.
Ex . Whenhe brokehis finger, t started o swell,10. to prolong . to n:ake onger n Lime.
Ik, He proiio.rged is stay l)y an extra two days.
C. GettingEmaller
l. to chrlnk = to becomesmaller n size-
Ex. Wool often shlinks when it is washecl n hot water.
2. to decllne o to fall after a higheror tlre highest point has been achieved n power,achievement. r wealth.
Ex. His power began o decline erfterhe lost a successionof battles an<l eiritories.3. to dlmlnish = become rmaller. t is otltenusecl o show hovr much is lost by something.
Ex. After raising :xes, the government's opularitystarted o dimlnish.
4. to condense = to redu<:e omething yithout losingmuch o[ its contents.
Ex. The four-pagearticle was condensed nto a paragraph
5. to contract = to becomesmaller,usuallyby a force within.
Ex. By contractinl; and dilating, the heart circulates b,toodaround the body.
6. to subside = to becom,: ess; o go barcko normal; to fall.
Ex. Eeforestartinl lon their ourney, hey waited or the strongwinds to subside.
?, to abate * to reducesomethingwhich is excessive n amount such as wirrd,storms,and pain.Ex.
'I'hestrong pa n in his stoma.ch hor.',ed o sign of abating.
8. to decrease= to becorre less n number, strength,or quality.
Ex . Whenmixedwith more water, he strengthof th e solutionwil l decrease.
9. to reduce - to makesomething mal,ier r cheaperor to bring it down.
Ex. If we want to t)ecompetitivewe have to reduce ttre price of our goods.
10. to dwlndle = to becorrre ess ittle by little.
Ex. The figuremovedawayand graduallydwindled nto a point on the horizon.