50 psychology classics: how many do you know?
DESCRIPTION
Sometimes we forget the basics in the field of psychology. This overviews the 50 classics - from William James in 1890 to Malcolm Gladwell's Blink. Take a tour through and see how many you remember from your intro to psych class and how many you can apply at work.TRANSCRIPT
50 PSYCHOLOGY CLASSICS
WHO WE ARE, HOW WE THINK, WHAT WE DO
INSIGHT AND INSPIRATION FROM 50 KEY BOOKS
1979 PEOPLE SKILLS
ROBERT BOLTON
85% of our communication is nonverbal.
WATCH75% of oral communication is
ignored, misunderstood, or quickly forgotten.
LISTEN
“Emotional intelligence matters
twice as much as technical and analytic skill
combined for star performances...
And the higher people move up in the company, the more crucial emotional intelligence
becomes.”
Daniel Goleman
1998
WORKING WITH EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Malcolm Gladwell
Blink2005
ASSESSMENTS WE MAKE IN THE
BLINK OF AN EYE CAN BE AS GOOD
AS THOSE WE MAKE AFTER MUCH
DELIBERATION.
David Burns1980
FEELINGS ARE NOT FACTS;
YOU CAN CHANGE YOUR FEELINGS BY
CHANGING YOUR THINKING
WILLIAM JAMES
1890 THE
PRINCIPLES OF
PSYCHOLOGY
THE FORMULA FOR SELF-ESTEEM
SELF-ESTEEM = SUCCESS . PRETENSIONS
The games we play are like worn-out loops of tape we inherit from childhood and continue to let roll.
Though limiting and destructive, they are also a sort of comfort, absolving us of the need to confront unresolved psychological issues.
1964 GAMES PEOPLE PLAY
ERIC BERNE
NathanielBranden1969
SELF-ESTEEM OCCURS
NATURALLY WHEN WE CHOOSE TO
LIVE ACCORDING TO REASON AND
OUR OWN PRINCIPLES.
STEVEN PINKER
2002 THE BLANK SLATE
Genetic science and evolutionary psychology show that human nature is not simply a result of socialization by our environment.
We are not blank slates.
Generating alternatives—to have better solutions you must have more choices to begin with.
Challenging assumptions—though we need to assume many things to function normally, never questioning our assumptions leaves us in thinking ruts.
Quotas—come up with a certain predetermined number of ideas on an issue. Often it is the last or fi nal idea that is the most useful.
Analogies—trying to see how a situation is similar to an apparently diff erent one is a t ime-tested route to better thinking.
Reversal thinking—reverse how you are seeing something, that is, see its opposite, and you may be surprised at the ideas it may liberate. Finding the dominant idea—not an easy skil l to master, but extremely valuable in seeing what really matters in a book, presentation, conversation, and so on.
Brainstorming—not lateral thinking itself, but provides a setting for that kind of thinking to emerge.
Suspended judgment—deciding to entertain an idea just long enough to see if it might work, even if it is not attractive on the surface.
TECHNIQUES OF CREATIVE THINKERS
1970 Lateral Thinking Edward de Bono
Projection Repression
Regression
Sublimation
THE EGO AND THE MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE
ANNA FREUD 1936
Personality Types at Work
With a sensing type you have to articulate the problem very quickly before you can expect them to provide a solution.
Intuitives will only be interested in helping if an enticing possibility is dangled before them.
Thinkers need to know what sort of result they are looking for and to have the situation explained in a set of logical points.
Feeling types will need to have the situation framed in terms of what it means to the people involved.
1980
ISABEL BRIGGS MYERS
1984Influence
by Robert
Cialdini
INFLUENCE IS A GREAT PRIMER ON HOW
MARKETERS SUCCEED IN GETTING US TO BUY, BUT ON A DEEPER LEVEL IT IS
ABOUT THE WAY WE MAKE DECISIONS.
ARE YOUR DECISIONS THE RESULT OF SOMEONE
TRYING TO PULL YOUR MENTAL OR EMOTIONAL
STRINGS, OR ARE YOU THINKING RATIONALLY?
HARRY HARLOWE1958 THE NATURE OF LOVE
WE NEED LOVE
The Gestalt Poem…..
I do my thing, and you do your thing.I am not in this world to live up to your expectationsAnd you are not in this world to live up to mine.You are you and I am I,And if by chance we find each other, it’s beautiful.If not, it can’t be helped.
FRITZ PERLS 1951 GESTALT THERAPY
Real creativity can only emerge
once we have mastered the
medium or domain in which
we work. Mihaly Cs ikszentmihaly i
1996CREATIVITY
A Guide to Rational Living helps us understand H2:
Understand how emotions are generated Lessen the need for approval Conquer anxiety Eliminate fear of failure Lead a reasonably happy and productive
life through more care and discipline in your thinking.
1961 Albert Ellis & Robert A. Harper
A GUIDE TO RATIONAL LIVING
THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND IS A WELL OF WISE SOLUTIONS AND FORGOTTEN
PERSONAL POWER.
SIDNEY ROSEN
1982
1958ERIK ERICKSON
CRISES OF IDENTITY, WHILE PAINFUL AT THE
TIME, ARE NECESSARY
TO FORGE A STRONGER, MORE COMMANDING SELF.
1947Hans Eysenck
TWO SUPERTRAITS
EXTRA/INTROVERSION
NEUROTICISM*
*HOW UPSET, NERVOUS, WORRIED, ANXIOUS, OR STRESSED WE HAVE A TENDENCY TO BE
1997 Emotiona
l Blackmail
Susan Forward
BLACKMAILERS CREATE A “FOG” OF “FEAR, OBLIGATION, AND GUILT,” WHICH
MAKES IT SOMETIMES
DIFFICULT TO SEE HOW WE ARE
ACTUALLY BEING TREATED
There is room for free will;
to choose to develop certain values or a
particular course in life, or to retain our dignity in
difficult situations.
1969 THE WILL TO MEANING
VIKTOR FRANKL
Dreams have a preference for using impressions from days just past, yet they also have access to early childhood memories.
The method of memory selection in dreams is diff erent to that of the waking mind—the unconscious mind generally does not focus on major events, but remembers the trivial or unnoticed.
Despite their reputation as being random or absurd, in fact dreams have a unifying motive that easily pulls disparate people, events, and sensations into one “story.”
Dreams are always about the self. Dreams can have multiple layers of meaning, and a number of
ideas can be condensed into a single image. Equally, ideas can be displaced (a familiar person can become someone else, a house takes on a diff erent purpose, and so on).
Nearly all dreams are “wish fulfi llments,” that is, they reveal a deep motivation or desire that wants to be fulfi lled, often a wish going back to earliest childhood.
THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS SIGMUND FREUD 1900
WHAT SEEM LIKE VERY PERSONAL CHANGES
ARE OFTEN SIMPLY TRANSITIONS FROM
ONE SEASON OF LIFE TO ANOTHER.
1976 PASSAGES
GAIL SHEEHY
ALFRED ADLER1927
UNDER-STANDING
HUMAN NATURE
WHAT WE THINK WE LACK DETERMINES
WHAT WE WILL BECOME IN LIFE.
2006 Stumbling on Happiness Daniel Gilbert
DUE TO WAY THE BRAIN WORKS, OUR
PREDICTIONS OF HOW WE WILL FEEL IN THE
FUTURE ARE NOT ALWAYS ACCURATE,
AND THAT INCLUDES WHAT WILL MAKE US
HAPPY.
Linguistic IQ Musical IQ Visual-spatial IQ Kinesthetic IQ Interpersonal IQ Intrapersonal IQ Logical-mathematical IQ
HOWARD GARDNER
1983FRAMES OF MIND
Most of Gottman’s principles for creating sustainable and happy marriages revolve around one crucial factor:
FRIENDSHIP The best three things you can do?
Have familiarity and interest in your spouse’s world
Turn toward your partner – it’s the little every day things
Allow yourself to be influenced – share the power
THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES FOR MAKING MARRIAGE WORK
JOHN GOTTMAN
It’s tough to get to the “I’m OK—You’re OK” position. We may experience it on occasion, but for it to become more or less ingrained it has to be a conscious decision (not merely a feeling), based on faith in people in general. It is a little like the concept of grace; that is, total acceptance of our- selves and of others.
Thomas Harris
1967 I’M OK—YOU’RE OK
Eric Hoffer
1951 The True Believer
PEOPLE ALLOW THEMSELVES TO BE
SWEPT UP IN LARGER CAUSES
IN ORDER TO BE FREED OF
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR LIVES,
AND TO ESCAPE THE BANALITY OR MISERY
OF THE PRESENT.
1945 Our Inner Confl icts
Karen Horney
LIVING WITH UNRESOLVED
CONFLICTS INVOLVES PRIMARILY A
DEVASTATING WASTE OF HUMAN ENERGIES,
OCCASIONED NOT ONLY BY THE
CONFLICTS THEMSELVES BUT BY
ALL THE DEVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO
REMOVE THEM.
Whether he understands them or not, man must remain conscious of the world of the archetypes, because in it he is still a part of Nature and is connected with his own roots. A view of the world or a social order that cuts him off from the primordial images of life not only is no culture at all but, in increasing degree, is a prison or a stable.
1968 THE ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
CARL JUNG
MELANIE KLEIN
1957 ENVY AND GRATITUDE
• If kids can fully express love for their mother in infancy, this sets them up to be able to enjoy life and love fully in adulthood.
• However, some kids are more aggressive and greedy than others, and bear more of a grudge against their mother when they do not feel their needs are being met.
• Feelings of envy make children less able to enjoy and be grateful for the sustenance and attention they receive – these kids become envious people as adults.
• Infants who get the good aspects of their parent(s) have a fundamentally positive and grateful view of life
1960 The
Divided Self
R. D. Laing
WE TAKE A STRONG SENSE OF
SELF FOR GRANTED,
BUT IF WE DON’T HAVE
THIS, LIFE CAN BE
TORTURE
People allow themselves to be swept up in larger causes in order to be freed of responsibility for their lives, and to escape the banality or misery of the present.
ERIC HOFFER
1951 THE TRUE BELIEVER
“People selected as self-actualizing subjects……………
go about it in these little ways:
They listen to their own voices; they take responsibility; they are honest; and they work hard.
They find out who they are, not only in terms of their mission in life, but also in terms of the way their feet
hurt when they wear such and such a pair of shoes and whether they do or do not like eggplant or stay
up all night if they drink too much beer.”
ABRAHAM MASLOW 1971
Obedience to Authority
Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and
without any particular hostility on their part,
can become agents in a terrible destructive
process.
STANLEY MILGRAM
1974
1989 Brainsex
Anne Moir & David Jessel
THE SEXES ARE DIFFERENT BECAUSE THEIR BRAINS
ARE DIFFERENT. THE BRAIN, THE CHIEF
ADMINISTRATIVE AND EMOTIONAL ORGAN OF
LIFE, IS DIFFERENTLY CONSTRUCTED IN MEN
AND IN WOMEN; IT PROCESSES INFORMATION
IN A DIFFERENT WAY, WHICH RESULTS IN
DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS, PRIORITIES AND
BEHAVIOUR
IN THE WAY THAT OUR MINDS ARE CONDITIONED, WE ARE LESS AUTONOMOUS THAN WE THINK
1927 CONDITIONED REFLEXES
IVAN PAVLOV
Knowing how to pick a psychopath recklessness and bravado single-mindedness not being shocked at things that would appall other people
being weirdly calm in conflict the need to be in control.
GAVIN DE BECKER, 1997 THE GIFT OF FEAR
The “world of make believe,” as we tag it in our superior way, has the feel of cold, hard reality to younger children, because within it everything makes sense according to their own intentions and motivations. In fact, as Piaget wryly observed, a child’s world seems to work so well that, according to their understanding, logic is not required to support it.
1923 THE LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT OF THE CHILD
JEAN PIAGET
2006
LOUANN BRIZENDINE
In a nutshell……..
Men and women experience the world differently thanks to each gender’s vastly different exposure to sex hormones.
1998 Phantoms in the Brain
V.S. Ramachandran
“A PIECE OF YOUR BRAIN THE SIZE OF A
GRAIN OF SAND WOULD CONTAIN
ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND NEURONS,
TWO MILLION AXONS AND
ONE BILLION SYNAPSES, ALL ‘TALKING’ TO EACH
OTHER.”
Carl Rogers
1961 On Becoming a Person
HE CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT IT
WAS MORE EFFECTIVE TO LET PATIENTS (OR CLIENTS) GUIDE THE
DIRECTION OF THE PROCESS. THIS WAS THE
BEGINNING OF HIS FAMOUS CLIENT-
CENTERED FORM OF THERAPY.
It is only when something goes neurologically wrong that we realize how much we take for granted the
effort that goes into keeping up the feeling of being an autonomous
being, always in control.
THE MAN WHO MISTOOK HIS WIFE FOR A HAT: OLIVER SACKS 1970
Paradoxically, happiness may lie
in limiting our choices rather
than increasing them
2004 THE PARADOX OF CHOICE
BARRY SCHWARTZ
2002 AUTHENTIC HAPPINESS MARTINSELIGMAN
Whether or not we are happy every moment is largely irrelevant. Like Truman, what matters is whether or not we choose to develop what is within us—happiness does not “come along” but involves choices.
One of the best features of Authentic Happiness are the tests you can take to determine your levels of optimism, your signature strengths, and so on.
“The nomad on horseback in Outer Mongolia and the astronaut in outer space
are different people, but, as far as we know, if they had been exchanged at birth,
they would have taken each other’s place.”
BF SKINNER 1971 BEYOND FREEDOM AND DIGNITY
3 Parts: Difficult ConversationsWhat happened? – both from
my perspective and yoursHow do we feel about what
was said? Are our feelings valid?
Does what we have just said to the other person, or what they have just said to us, shake our sense of who we are? Our identity?
1999 DIFFICULT CONVERSATIONS
DOUGLAS STONE, BRUCE PATTON, & SHEILA HEEN
1990 Darkness Visible William Styron
MUCH OF THE LITERATURE AROUND DEPRESSION IS
BREEZILY OPTIMISTIC.
WHEN YOU THINK THAT DEPRESSION
IS A DISEASE THAT DISTORTS OR BRINGS TO THE FORE ISSUES TO DO
WITH OUR VERY SENSE OF SELF,
SURELY IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT CURES
ARE NOT INSTANT.
GIVEN THEIR EFFECT ON OUR QUALITY OF LIFE, IT IS VITAL THAT WE DISCOVER WHAT MAY CAUSE OUR MOODS
1996 THE ORIGIN OF EVERYDAY MOODS
ROBERT E. THAYER