5.5: Classification

5.5.1: Binomial system of nomenclature

The scientific name of a species consists of two words; both words are italicized but only the first word is capitalized. For example Homo sapiens, the scientific name for humans, indicates that humans are one kind of ape in the genus Homo.

Benefits of the binomial nomenclature system include:

1) It is much easier to identify a species with this system.

2) Information about a species can be obtained easily online with just two words.

3) It’s obvious if two species are members of the same genus.

4) All countries use the same name, avoiding difficulties of translation.

5) Scientific names remain the same through time (unless there is a compelling reason to change it).

Outline the use of the binomial system of nomenclature in Campanula persicifolia.[2] N10/4/BIOLO/HP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

first name/Campanula for genus / second name/persicifolia for species;(all) members of Campanula persicifolia share special/unique features;two names make a unique combination to designate species / worldwiderecognized nomenclature;

5.5.2: Heirachy of taxa

There are 7 levels in the hierarchy of taxa:

Kingdom KeepPhylum PoorClass CharlieOrder OutFamily FromGenus and GirlsSpecies. Schools

M08/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+ Living organisms are classified according to their characteristics using a hierarchy of taxa. State the missing taxa in the table below.

A Phylum is a member of a Kingdom

A species is a member of a Genus

A genus is a member of a Family

A Family is a member of an Order

An Order is a member of a Class

A Class is a member of a Phylum

Common name: the ginkgo tree

Kingdom PlantaePhylum GinkgophytaClass GinkgopsidaOrder GinkgoalesFamily Ginkgoaceae Genus Ginkgo Species Ginkgo biloba

Common name: human ape

Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HomonidaeGenus HomoSpecies Homo sapiens

5.5.3: Plant phyla

Bryophyta

Filicinophyta

5.3.3: Plant Phyla

Coniferophyta

Angiospermophyta

Plant Phyla Roots Stems Leaves Reproductive parts

Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)

True roots that can be wide-spreading

Stems have support tissue and can therefore grow very tall.

Vast diversity of leaf shapes.

Produce flowers. Seeds not in cones.

Coniferophyta (conifers) True roots that grow

deep. Stems have support tissue and can therefore grow very tall

Water-conserving leaves (needle-shaped,thick waxy cuticle, few stomata)

Do not produce flowers. Seeds protected in cones.

Filicinophyta (ferns) True roots present but simple.

Short stems that grow at, or just under, the ground surface.

Leaves have numerous subdivisions and sporangia underneath.

Do not produce seeds Do not produce flowers. Produce spores.

Bryophyta (mosses) Lacking true roots; have rhizoids instead Lacking stems Lacking leaves

Do not produce seeds Do not produce flowers. Produce spores.

Plants are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. Describe the different characteristicsof the bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta. [9] M10/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

At least one characteristic from each group is needed for maximum credit. bryophyta have no roots / only have rhizoids; bryophyta have simple leaves/stems / only a thallus; bryophyta produce spores in capsule; byrophyta are nonvascular; bryophyte exhibit (pronounced) alternation of generations / a significant gametophyte generation;

filicinophyta have roots, stems and leaves; filicinophyta (often) have divided/pinnate leaves; filicinophyta produce spores in sporangia/spores on the undersides of leaves; filicinophyta exhibit alternation of generations; filicinophyta have primitive vascular tissue / no true xylem and phloem;

coniferophyta have woody stems; coniferophyta (often) have narrow leaves/needles/scales; coniferophyta produce seeds in cones/unenclosed seeds;

angiospermophyta have flowers; angiospermophyta have ovules in ovaries; angiospermophyta produce seeds (with hard coats) in fruits; [9 max]

Using simple external recognition features, distinguish between the plant phylabryophyta and angiospermophyta. [4] M10/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX+

5.5.4: Animal phyla

Porifera

Cnidaria

5.5.4: Animal phyla

Platyhelminthes Annelida

5.5.4: Animal phyla

Mollusca

Arthropoda

Animal Phyla Symmetry Support structures Mouth Anus Additional

Porifer (sponges) Asymetrical Spicules lacking lacking Pores cover surface

Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals) Radial Hydrostatic or

CaCO3 present present Tentacles

Platyhelminthes (flatworms/tapeworms) Bilateral Hydrostatic present present

Flat bodies/no appendages

Annelida (leeches, worms) Bilateral Hydrostatic or

CaCO3 present presentRing-shaped segments

Mollusca (snails, squid, octopus) Bilateral Hydrostatic present present

Radula

Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans) Bilateral Exoskeleton

made of chitin present present Segmented bodies/jointed appendages

5.5.5: Dichotomous Key

N05/4/BIOLO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX