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University of BrawijayaMalang, Indonesia

EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISM

Lecturer:1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sri Kumalaningsih,

M.App.Sc2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Wignyanto, MS3. Dr. Ir. M. Hindun Pulungan, MS4. Dr.Ir. Nur Hidayat, MP5. Irnia Nurika, STP, MP, PhD.6. Sakunda Anggarini, STP, MP, MSc

Agroindustrial Technology, Brawijaya University - 2016

Eukaryotes contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus and several other organelles, the complement of which depends on the organism

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

• As determined by ribosomal RNA sequencing, eukaryotic cells

form their own major line of evolutionary descent (the Eukarya)

Eukaryotic Microbial Diversity

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• Some microbial eukaryotes, such as Giardia and Trichomonas, are

early-branching species, and the eukaryotic "crown" of the tree

contains the multicellular plants and animals.

Eukaryotic Microbial Diversity

Trees based on the comparative sequencing of other genes and proteins yield a different

evolutionary picture

PROTOZOA

• Protozoa are unicellular microbial Eukarya that typically lack cell walls and are usually motile by various means.

PROTOZOA

• Many protozoa are pathogenic to humans and other animals• Most protozoa feed by ingesting particulate matter, usually other cells, by

phagocytosis.• In phagocytosis, the cell uses a portion of its flexible cell membrane to

surround a food particle and bring it into the cell.• No cellulose cell wall (instead silicon, Ca etc.)

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PROTOZOA

• Flagellates are all motile by the activity of flagella.• Sporozoa are a large group of obligately parasitic protozoa. These parasites can

cause severe diseases, such as malaria.• The sarcodines include Amoeba which are naked in the vegetative phase and

foraminifera amoebae that secrete a shell during vegetative growth.• A variety of naked amoebae are parasites of humans and other vertebrates,

and their usual habitat is the oral cavity or the intestinal tract.• They move in these habitats by cytoplasmic streaming, called amoeboid

movement.• Ciliates are protozoa that, in some stage of their life cycle, possess cilia,

structures that function in motility.

Clasification of Protozoa

PROTOZOA

• Ciliates are also unique among protozoa in having two kinds of nuclei :the micronucleus, which is involved only with inheritance and sexualreproduction, and the macronucleus, which is involved only in theproduction of RNA (transcription) or various aspects of cell growth andfunction.

PROTOZOA

• Life cycles complexOften require more than one habitat or hostCan exist as trophozoite or as cyst

• Both sexual and sexual reproduction commonMany replicate via binary fission Many replicate by schizogony

- Many fissions- Nucleus divides numerous times

then cell produces numerous single celled organisms

Protozoa Reproduction

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FUNGI

• Fungi include the molds and yeasts.

• Fungi require organic compounds for energy and as a carbon source

• Most are aerobic or facultative anaerobe

FUNGI

Fungi differ from protozoa in their rigid cell walls, production of spores, lack of motility, and phylogenetic position.Fungal cell walls resemble plant cell walls architecturally but not

chemically. Although the plant cell wall polysaccharide cellulose is present in

the walls of certain fungi, most fungi contain chitin, a polymer of the glucose derivative N-acetylglucosamine, in their cell walls.From the fungal mycelium, other hyphal branches may reach up into

the air above the surface, and spores called conidia are formed on these aerial branchesLarge number of fungi cause disease in plants

• Only a few cause disease in humans

FUNGI

• Can be both micro and macroscopic• Cell wall consist of chitin• No flagellated cells• Four groups of true fungiZygomycetesBasidiomycetesAscomycetesDeuteroomycetes

A.k.a fungi imperfecta

• Classification in groups based on sexual reproductionExcept d where sexual reproduction is not seen

Fungi Classification

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FUNGI

• Grouping of fungal formsYeasts

Single celled fungiSpherical, oval or cylindricalReproduction through binary fission or budding

MoldsFilamentous fungi contain hyphae collection of hyphae called myceliumReproductive spore is single celled germinates to develop hyphae cells divide into new form

Dimorphic fungiCan grow as yeast or mold depending on environmentMany pathogenic fungi are dimorphic

Fungi Classification

FUNGIA Typical Mold

FUNGI

Mushrooms are large, often edible fungi that produce fruiting bodies

containing basidiospores

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ALGAE

• Algae are phototrophic Eukarya that contain chlorophyll andcarotenoid pigments within a chloroplast. The chloroplast itself has itsroots in the Bacteria.

• Use light to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates• Includes both microscopic unicellular and macroscopic multicellular

organisms

ALGAE

Red Algae

• Red algae are phototrophic and contain chlorophyll a;• The reddish color of many red algae results from phycoerythrin, an

accessory pigment that masks the green color of chlorophyll.• This pigment is present along with phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in

structures called phycobilisomes, the light-harvesting (antenna)structure of cyanobacteria

• Most species of red algae are multicellular and lack flagella.

ALGAE

Red Algae

Polysiphonia, a marine red alga Galdieria, a red alga

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ALGAE

Green Algae• The green algae, also called chlorophytes, bear chloroplasts containing

chlorophylls a and b, which give them their characteristic green color,but lack phycobiliproteins.

• In the composition of their photosynthetic pigments, they are similar toplants and are closely related to plants phylogenetically.

• There are two main groups of green algae, the chlorophytes, examples ofwhich are the unicellular Chlamydomonas and Dunaliella, and thecharophyceans, the algal group that is actually most closely related toland plants.

• Most green algae inhabit freshwater while others are found in moist soilor growing in snow

• Most green algae have a complex life cycle, with both sexual and asexualreproductive stages.

ALGAE

a) A single-celled, flag-ellated greenalga, Dunaliella. A cell is about 5µm wide.

b) Micrasterias. This singlemultilobed cell is about 100 µmwide.

c) Scenedesmus, showing packets offour cells each.

d) Spirogyra, a filamentous alga withcells about 20 µm wide.

e) Volvox cartericolony with eightdaughter colonies.

Green Algae

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