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* GB785944 (A) Description: GB785944 (A) ? 1957-11-06 Improvements in or relating to display stands Description of GB785944 (A) I, GIL Es HOYLE, a British Subject, of 82 London Road, Headington, Oxford, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to display stands and has for its object to support a series of articles one above another for display at positions which are progressively farther back in the direction from the bottom to the top of the stand, thereby to present an attractive display, and to achieve this by the use of shelves which can be instantly adjusted as to height by movement along support members which extend upwardly from a base, said shelves becoming locked in the positions to whioh they are set without having to manipulate any

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* GB785944 (A)

Description: GB785944 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Improvements in or relating to display stands

Description of GB785944 (A)

I, GIL Es HOYLE, a British Subject, of 82 London Road, Headington, Oxford, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to display stands and has for its object to support a series of articles one above another for display at positions which are progressively farther back in the direction from the bottom to the top of the stand, thereby to present an attractive display, and to achieve this by the use of shelves which can be instantly adjusted as to height by movement along support members which extend upwardly from a base, said shelves becoming locked in the positions to whioh they are set without having to manipulate any securing devices. A further object is to afford good stability in a stand which provides such a display, without such stand being cumbersome in form or appearance. According to the invention a display stand comprises a main structure for standing upon a floor or like surface, said structure incorporating at least two support rods arranged to incline rearwardly in the upward direction, said rods supporting a set of shelves having parts or portions formed with openings through which the rods pass, each shelf projecting forwards from said rods and being movable along them for height adjustment but being maintained in any position to which it is set, by reason of rod-contacting parts or portions of said shelf pressing forcibly against the back and front of each rod at Dositions one above the other, due to cantilever action set up by the weight of the shelf and any object supported thereon. In preferred forms of the invention the main structure includes a horizontal base part for resting upon the floor or like surface and

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which rigidly carries the support rods, said base part extending rearwardly from the originating lower ends of the rods to an extent affording stability for the stand. Also, in preferred constructions the support rods are connected at the top by a detachable cross piece, the shelves being able to pass on and off the upper ends of said rods for their fitting and detachment after removing said cross piece The base part of the main structure may comprise spaced-apart side rods connected at their rear ends, the support rods being connected or joined individually to said side rods. The means provided on each shelf for contacting each support rod at upper and lower positions may comprise or include a lug or bracket formed with an opening through which the support rod passes and which affords the contact at the lower position where a portion of said lug or bracket is beneath and spaced from said shelf, the contact at the upper position being afforded where said support rod passes through an opening in the shelf or through an opening in another portion of said lug Or, as another example, if each shelf has passageways through which the support rods pass individually, upper and lower edges of said passageways may constitute the rod-contacting means at upper and lower positions. Embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, by way of example, and will now be described with reference thereto In the drawings:Figure 1 is a side elevation of the stud according to one embodiment; Figure 2 is a front elevation of the same stand; Figure 3 is a sectional plan on line III-III in Figure 1; 785,944 PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of filing Complete Specification: May 10, 1956. AND Application Date: May 11, 1955 No 13629155. Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 52 ( 3), H( 1 DI: 12 A: 21); and 52 ( 5), Bl A. International Classification:-A 47 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Display Stands. Figures 4, 5 and 6 are fragmentary vertical sections showing the manner affording shelf support in other embodiments of the invention; and Figure 7 is a fragmentary plan view of the shelf seen in Figure 6. Referring firstly to Figure 1 to 3, the stand comprises a main structure built up from sections 1, 2, 3 and 4, these sections being in the form of metal tubes or rods. These sections have spigot and socket engagement with one another as denoted by reference 5 so that they can be assembled by the purchaser to form a rigid structure. This allows the components to be compactly nested together for ease of

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packing and transit to the customer The structure built from the said parts is of a frame-like form, the sides of the structure, composed of the sections 3 and the adjoining portions of sections 1 and 4, constituting support rods A, these rods A serving to support shelves 6. These support rods A extend upwardly from, and are rigidly supported by, a base composed of the sections 1 and the section 2, the latter connecting these sections 1 at their rear ends Straight portions of sections 1 and the connecting section 2 are for resting on a floor surface, and in the construction shown each section 1 has a bend 7 in continuation of its straight portion, this bend leading into an end portion 8 which is an oxiginating portion of the related support rod A A strut 9 may be provided to afford strength across the bend The angular setting of the portions 8 is such that the support tods A incline rearwardly in the upward direction as shown, In the construction shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 each shelf 6 has secured to the underside thereof a Dair of lugs 10 positioned near the opposite sides of said shelf Each lug is substantially U-shaped and is arranged so that its upper limb carries the shelf, the other limb (which is spaced from the first limb) having a lower position The shelf 6 is fixed to an outer portion of the first limb so that the remaining inner portion of said limb projects from the back of the shelf. An opening is formed in this projecting portion and also in the lower limb, to accommodate the related support rod A as a free fit affording ample clearance The holes in the upper and lower limbs are so relatively positioned as to support the shelf 6 horizontally while allowing for the inclination of rods A It will be seen that in this construction the shelf is disposed wholly in front of the support rods A The shelf may have a rim 11 which stands up to form a boundary at the back of the tray and if desired at the sides or around its perimeter. In the construction above described, each shelf 6 becomes supported by a cantilever action due to its weight and to the weight of any object resting upon it That is to say pressure is exerted on the back and front of each rod A at upper and lower positions by the upper and lower limbs of the related bracket Thus the pressure occurs at B 70 where the back of the opening in the upper limb is in contact with the rod, and at C where the front of the opening in the lower limb is in contact with such rod Due to the friction set up at the two contact points, 7 M downward movement of the shelf will be resisted, the resistance increasing in correspondence with the weight of any load which the shelf supports Thus the shelf is given the required support without the em so ployment of any supplementary retaining means requiring manipulation However, by slightly lifting the front of the

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shelf so that same slopes slightly downwards to the rear, the shelf can be slid up or down the 8 sa rods A to take up any selected position where it will again become firmly held by the cantilever action on being restored to its horizontal position By detaching the section 4 one or more shelves can be slid off (P) the tops of the rods A or one or more additional shelves can be fitted thereon as may be required. As shown, the cross pieces 2 and 4 of the main structure are U-shaped, thus presenting 10 limbs which constitute end portions of the base sides and support arms A respectively to allow for the spigot and socket method of fixing such pieces. The number of sections 3 employed in D 14 O each support arm A can be changed, as governed by the required height of the stand. As an alternative to providing a number of equal-length sections 3 there could be provided sections of different lengths useable lo 5 individually or in any combination to give a required effective height If necessary there may be provided sections which can be interposed between the sections 1 and 2 to increase the length of the stand base, to 110 ensure adequate stability when the stand height is increased. As an alternative to Droviding the sections 1 with extensions constituting the portions 7 and 8, these sections 1 may be l 15 simple straight rods to wh Cal lowermost sections of the support arms A are welded where these Darts meet. In the modified form of shelf mounting shown in Figure 4 an opening is formed 120 through the shelf proper, this opening having its axis inclined in correspondence with the inclined disposition of th'e associated support arm A In the opening there is fitted a bush 1 i) which can be made or hard 125 rubber or other substance of a slightly resilient or rigid nature The rod A Dasses through the bore in this bush, such bore being of a diameter aflording a clearance about the rod In this case the said bore in lo 1 t 785,944 support rods, or an additional one fitted in place, after detaching the cross piece 4, the latter being then replaced Thus the display capacity of the stand can be used to the best advantage 70 If so desired the stand base may be equipped with castors (not shown) in which case the display can be conveniently set up where there is ample space for this and the stand can then be moved into place for shop 75 window display or to any other site where restricted access would make it difficult to effect such a set-up on the site Also if it becomes necessary to shift the display bodily to an adjacent position as indicated by a do change of layout, this is instantly possible by imparting the required travel to the stand. The grip which the shelves exert on the rods will increase in correspondence with the weight of objects placed thereon so that 85

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retention of the shelves in their set positions will be assured under all conditions.

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* GB785945 (A)

Description: GB785945 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Improvements in or relating to pressure vessels

Description of GB785945 (A)

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PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventors:-ROBERT NEIL MILLAR and KEITH JAMES MITCHELL. Date of filing Complete Specification: May 28, 1956. Application Date: May 31, 1955 No 15658/ 55 Complete Specification Publishzed: Nov 6, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 39 ( 4), P 30.

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International Classification:-G 21. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Pihsure Vessels. We, THE GENERAL ELE Cr RIC COMPANY LIMITED, of Magnet House, Kingsway, London, W C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to pressure vessels and particularly to pressure vessels of or for gas-cooled nuclear reactors, a pressure vessel of such reactors containing a core or body including or formed of moderating material for the fuel elements and having passages, ducts or the like for the flow of gaseous fluid cooling medium which is arranged to abstract heat from the fuel elements The medium may pass to heat exchangers or to atmosphere after cooling the said elements and if it is passed to heat exchangers, the heat given up by the medium may be used to generate steam for use in turbo-alternator plant. In order to improve the cooling or rate of heat transfer from the fuel elements, it is standard practice to employ within a pressure vessel gas at relatively high pressure (say 100-200 lb per sq in) and difficulty is experienced in the design of a pressure vessel which, while capable of withstanding the necessary gas pressure and working temperature, has a reasonable wall thickness to enable practical considerations such as assembly and construction on site to be dealt with by relatively conventional and well known constructional methods. One object of the present invention is the provision of a pressure vessel for nuclear reactors such as nuclear power thermal reactors, which overcomes, at least in part, this particular difficulty. lPrice 3 'P 114, CJ According to the present invention, in a pressure vessel of or for a gas-cooled nuclear reactor containing a core or body including or formed of moderating material for the fuel elements and having passages, ducts or the like for the flow of gaseous fluid cooling medium which is arranged to abstract heat from the fuel elements, an outer shell or wall is protected by a heat resistant inner shell or wall acting as a lining, the said lining being spaced from the said outer shell or wall and the arrangement being such that cooling medium may flow in the space between the lining and the outer shell. The space between the lining and the outer shell may be arranged for the flow of a gaseous cooling medium, and this may also cool the fuel elements within the core or body of the reactor, the medium being arranged first to flow in the space between the lining and the outer shell and then into the reactor cone or body Alternatively, the

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cooling medium which may flow in the space between the lining and the outer shell and the gaseous fluid cooling medium which is arranged to abstract heat from the fuel elements may be separate from one another and separate circuits may be arranged to be provided for the two cooling media. Each shell or vessel may be spherical, cylindrical or other convenient and suitable shape and all the shells or walls of a vessel may be of similar shape Thus, a pressure vessel may conveniently comprise two spherical shells one within the other. In order that the invention may be clearly understood, five constructions of pressure vessels of nuclear power thermal reactors will now be described by way of example with reference to the five figures of the accompanying drawings which are largely diagrammatic Each figure shows a central Price 4 S 66. 785,945 pr;cc,ss c, -,, 785,945 vertical section through a pressure vessel and, for simplicity, like parts in the figures have been given the same reference numerals. Referring now to Figure 1, this figure shows a double shell pressure vessel, each shell being of spherical shape The inner or interior shell 1 is spaced a short distance radially inwards of the outer shell 2 and both shells are supported by mountings 3. The core or body 4 of the reactor rests upon a supporting grid 5 suitably apertured for the flow of cooling gas and gas is arranged to be fed from the cool end of a heat exchanger or exchangers (not shown) by way of an entry pipe 6 to the space between the shells 1 and 2 After flowing as shown by the arrows, in the space between the shells, the gas passes into the inner shell 1 through apertures or ports 7 at or towards the bottom of the shell 1, through the grid 5 and the core or body 4 and out through an exit pipe 8 to the heat exchanger or exchangers, suitable pumping means (not shown) being 2.5 provided for circulating the cooling gas The reactor shown in the figure is of the type in which the fuel elements (not shown) are supported in vertical passage or channels (not shown) in the core or body 4 but, as will be appreciated, the same general principles are applicable to reactors with cylindrical pressure vessels and the fuel elements supported in horizontal passages or channels in the reactor core or body. A gas sealing member 9 between the shell I and body 4 ensures that all the gas passes through the body and a charging tube 10 (or more than one charging tube) is provided at the top of the shells 1 and 2 for charging or discharging fuel elements of the reactor, or for servicing the reactor and any control means therefor Both the pipe 8 and tube 10 are rigidly secured to the outer shell 2 and slide through piston ring or similar type seals 11 and 12 respectively mounted on the inner shell 1, the seals 11 and 12 allowing for any relative radial movement

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between the shells and for any slight circumferential movement. so As will be appreciated, the pressure difference between the two shells 1 and 2 will be very small but the temperature difference can be quite large The outer shell may therefore be maintained at a comparatively low temperature and this enables economies to be effected in the construction of this shell 2 Thus, a low quality steel may be used or the material of the shell may operate at high working stress The shell 2 will need to be leak-proof and is preferably of welded construction, the pipes 6 and 8 and tube 10 being welded in position The inner shell 1 will need to be of high quality. heat resisting material such as heat resisting ti 5 steel, but may be relatively thin compared with the outer shell 2 Since the inner shell 1 does not need to be leak-proof, it may be riveted or bolted construction whereby difficulties in construction on site and associated with the welding of high quality heat resist 70 ing materials, are overcome. Referring now to the construction shown in Figure 2, this is generally similar to that shown in Figure 1 but instead of cooling gas first flowing through the 75 space between the shells 1 and 2 and then into the inner shell 1, the gas flow in the said space is separate from that in the shell 1 Thus, gas flows from the heat exchanger(s) by way of an entry 80 pipe 13 to the space between the shells and vents from the space to the heat exchanger(s) by way of the exit pipe 14 Further gas from the heat exchanger(s) enters the inner shell 1 through the pipe 15, passes through 85 the reactor body 4 and vents to the heat exchanger(s) through pipe 8 The pipe 8, as before, has a seal 11 while the pipe 15 has a similar seal 16 The pressure of the two gas spaces of the vessel may be substan 910 tially the same or suitably different. In the construction shown in Figure 3, a separate pressurised cooling circuit is connected or associated with the space between the inner and outer shells of the pressure 95 vessel and by this means, a further reduction in the working temperature of the outer shell is achieved A fully leak-proof design is required for the inner shell and referring now to the figure, which shows shells of 100 cylindrical shape, it will be seen that the entry and exit pipes 17 and 18 respectively for the cooling gas for the inner shell 1 are rigidly attached to the inner shell 1 as by welding and are connected to the outer 105 shell 2, not by piston ring type seals, but by corrugated metal bellows devices 19 and 20 respectively which are gas tight Gas for the space between the shells 1 and 2 flows in by way of pipe 13 and out by way of 110 pipe 14 and may well be a different gas from that used for cooling the fuel elements in the reactor body 4. In this construction, advantage may be taken of the inherent strength

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of the inner 116 shell 1 which would generally be of welded construction, by employing a lower pressure in the space cooling circuit, the differential between the two systems being related to the safe working stress of the inner shell 120 1 at its maximum working temperature The outside surface of the inner shell 1 may be lagged or otherwise treated to reduce to a minimum heat loss to the gas in the space between the shells 1 and 2 The outer 125 shell 2 may be of welded construction or it may be of riveted or bolted construction, the plates of the shell 2 being attached say to angle pieces welded to the inner shell 1; in this case in order to ensure a leak-proof 130 plate which is itself pierced with a number of holes 27 for cooling gas In this, way the velocity of the incoming cool gas from the heat exchangers causes a circulation of gas in this bottom zone 70 Referring now to Figure 5, in this construction, the inner shell 1 consists of a vertical cylindrical section 1 A with an end section 1 W formed from a flat plate and part of a cone Only one gas seal 28 is provided 75 at the top of the core 4 between the core 4 and the inner shell 1 and below this level, the inner shell 1 is split at X to allow top and bottom sections 1 A and 1 B to move independently as a result of thermal expan 80 sions The flat end of the inner shell 1 is supported on a number of tubes 29 which are attached to the outer shell 2 and passed downwards through the inner shell 1 The method of support, however, is such as to 85 allow the inner shell 1 to move independently of the tubes 29, and in order to achieve a gas seal, a bellows 30 is provided at each of these points and also at the points where the hot gas pipes 8 emerge from the go inner shell l In this case, only the upper part of the inner shell 1 above the gas seal 28 is at the lower gas outlet pressure and the rate of leakage which is required, just as in the case of the construction shown in 95 Figure 4, is achieved by simply providing holes 31 through the flat end of the inner shell 1, the size and distribution of the holes being the only means to determine the actual rate of leakage 100 The flat deflector plate 23 is again provided beneath the core 4 and the design and function is identical with that described with reference to Figure 4 It will be appreciated that in this construction, the 105 transition from low to high temperature on the inner shell 1 takes place rather more abruptly than in the construction shown in Figure 4, and this, together with the method of support of the flat end, makes the split 110 design for the inner shell 1 necessary One drawback of the construction is that there is no possibility of modifying the rate of leakage from outer to inner shells once the reactor is put in operation 115

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* GB785946 (A)

Description: GB785946 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Furnace for heating reaction vessels

Description of GB785946 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Furnace for Heating Reaction Vessels. We, UNION CARBIDE LIMITED, of Grange Mill Lane, Wincobank,. Sheffield, Yorkshire, a Corporation organised under the Com- panies' Act of Great Britain (Assignee of GLEN DAVID BARLEY), do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement : The present invention relates to an apparatus for conducting exothermic reactions at controlled high temperatures. High melting point, reactive metals of groups IV, V and VI of the periodic table are generally produced by reducing a halide of the refractory metal with an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The operation is carried on in a reaction vessel, the temperature of which must be properly regulated if flue reduction reaction is to be safely controlled. Irrespective of the specific reduction technique used, the reaction is usually initiated bv heating one of the reactants before the two are brought together or by heating a mixture of the reactants. Since the reaction is exothermic, little or no further heating may be required, and cooling may be desired. If the reduction reaction is carried out on a batch basis, external heating is required when the reaction is nearing completion, since the quantity of heat evolved from the

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reaction is then decreasing. In order to suppress vapor phase reactions which may produce an undesirably fine metallic product, the entire reactor should not be heated. In the early stages of the operation, in fact, it may be necessary to heat one portion of the reactor while another portion is being artificially cooled. In order to accomplish this result, the heating furnace containing the reaction vessel should be so designed that the source of heat around one portion of the reactor will be kept away from the other portion of the reactor. Further, the heating furnace should be capable of heating all portions of the reaction vessel so that, in the last stages of the reduction reaction, that portion of the reaction vessel which was originally artificially cooled may now be heated. The alkali or alkaline earth metals have a great affinity for oxygen and will burn vigorously at elevated temperatures. In the event of reaction vessel leakage or failure it is, therefore, highly desirable that provision be made for quickly removing any such metals that may escape from the reaction vessel into the oxidising atmosphere of the heating zone. It is therefore the prime object of the present invention to provide a simple and efficient heating furnace which satisfies all of the above requirements. Accordingly the present invention provides an apparatus for conducting exothermic reactions at controlled high temperatures, including a reaction vessel arranged within a furnace body provided with annular partition means adapted to subdivide the space between the furnace body and the reaction vessel into a plurality of separate chambers, each of said chambers being provided with independently controllable burners for directing heat against said vessel, exhaust conduit means for discharging the products of combustion, and sighting means for observing the heat applied to the vessel portion within the respective chamber, characterised in that said annular partition means are secured only to the inner wall of said furnace body and that said reaction vessel is mounted in gas-tight supporting means in the top of said furnace body and extends through an opening therein into the space within said partition means. If it is desired to obtain still further temperature differences in the reaction vessel, the burners in any one chamber may be so connected that they may be supplied with either fuel gas or a cooling noncombustible gas. In the accompanying drawings: Fig. 1 is an elevational sectional view of a heating furnace embodying the invention; Fig. 2 is a sectional view along the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;

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Fig. 3 is a sectional view along the line 3-3 of Fig. 1; and Fig. 4 is a partial sectional view along the line 4-4 of Fig. 1, showing details of burner. construction. In accordance with the present invention, a heating furnace F, is provided comprising a body having a base 10, side walls 12 and a cover 14 adapted, with an opening 15, to receive at least the major portion of reaction vessel 16 in the main portion 18 thereof. A plurality of fuel burners 20, such as shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings, is positioned around the portion 18 of furnace F and passes through side walls 12 into the interior of the furnace, each burner being adapted to direct heat against a selected portion of the surface of reaction vessel 16. Sight lass means 22 are similarly positioned around portion 18 of furnace F and pass through side walls 12 for observing the dis- tribution of heat directed against portions of the surface of reaction vessel 16. Exhaust conduits 24 are provided in the side walls 12 for passing gaseous furnace products through exhaust fan means to vents (not shown). A false bottom 26 is provided. secured to side walls 12 near base 10, for forming a comnartment 28 at the lower end of furnace F. The false bottom 26 may be constructed of any heat-proof structural material. but is preferably of refractory material. In the event that a refractory material is employed. reinforcing means 30 may be employed near the center of the suspension, to support the weight of the false bottom. It is the purpose of comnartment 28 to provide a chamber for the reception and raDid quenching of combustible materials which may be released into the portion 18 of the furnace in the event of the failure of or leakage from reaction vessel 16. Accordindy. the upper surface 32 of the false bottom 26 tapers downwardly toward an axial passage 34 leading to the underlying com- partment 28. Any leakage of combustible materials will flow alone surface 32 through passage 34 and into compartment 28. Inlet means 36 is provided in the side walls 12 around false bottom compartment 28 for introducing an inert gas, such as argon, helium, nitrogen, and the like, into compartment 28. Inert gas is thus supplied to maintain a non-oxidizing atmosphere in compartment 28 which will rapidly quench any combustible leakage materials passed into the compartment from the main portion of the furnace through passage 34. A plurality of vertical vent passages 38 is also provided to permit the passage of inert gas from compartment 28 to the main portion 18 of furnace F and thence out through exhaust conduit means 24. A partition 40 secured only to the side wall 12 of furnace F is used

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to divide the main portion 18 of furnace F into two sep- arate but intercommunicating chambers which are to be maintained at different tem- peratures. Annular passage 42 between reaction vessel 16 and partition 40 provides a space through which gaseous furnace products may pass to the upper exhaust conduit 24, and through which outlet conduit 44 from the base of reaction vessel 16 mav pass from the furnace. Burner means 20 as well as the exhaust conduit means 24 are associated with each of the chambers formed by the partition 40. Since the conduit 44 rises above the level of the fused reaction mixture within the vessel 16, removal of the. product is preferably accomplished by introducing an inert gas under pressure into the upper portion of the container, for example through the conduit 56 which normally serves as a vapor outlet. By employing a baffle construction as described hereinabove. it is possible to heat different portions of the reaction vessel to different temperatures; indeed it is possible to heat one chamber containing a portion of the reaction vessel, while cooling the other by passina relativelv cool non-combustible gas through the burner means associated with that chamber. As shown in Fig. 1 of the drawings. gas tight sealing means is provided around that region of furnace cover 14 where reaction vessel 16 is inserted into the furnace. This sealing means comprises an annular trough 46 filled with sand, salt or other granular material 48 in which a cup-shaped flange 50, secured to reaction vessel 16, rests. This construction forms a seal which prevents the escape to the atmosphere of vapors of alkali or alkaline earth metals, or their combustion products, which are instead passed through scrubbers in the exhaust gas system (not shown) leading from exhaust gas conduits 24. Conduits shown at the top of reaction vessel 16 are reactant inlet conduits 52 and 54 and outlet gas conduit 56. A furnace similar to that shown in Figs. 1-4 of the drawings has successfully been employed to heat reaction vessels in the sodium reduction of titanium tetrachloride.

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* GB785947 (A)

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Description: GB785947 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Electric switches having interlocked covers

Description of GB785947 (A)

We, MIDLAND ELECTRIC MANUFACTUR- ING COMPANY LIMITED, of M E M Works, Reddings Lane, Tyseley, in the City of Birmingham 11, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to electric switches of the kind in which the movable contact piece or pieces is or are carried or operable by an endwise slidable bar which is movable by an angularly movable cam, the latter being operable by an external handle, and in which provision is made whereby detachment of a cover cannot be effected until after the switch has been moved to its "off" position. The object of the present invention is to provide a switch of the kind aforesaid with improved means for interlocking the cover and switch. A switch in accordance with the invention comprises the combination of a handle and switch-actuating spindle carried by the cover, and a shield secured to the switch and having therein a key-hole slot giving access to the cam, the spindle having on its inner end a key piece for detachable engagement with the cam through the key-hole slot, and the arrangement being such that by the interaction of the key piece and shield the cover can be removed only when the switch is in the "off" position. In the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 is a front elevation showing (with a part of the case cover broken off) a threepole switch embodying the invention; Figure 2 is a fragmentary sectional elevation on the line 2-2 of Figure 3 looking towards the inside of the case cover and showing means for preventing accidental movement of the switch; lPrice 3 s 6 d l Figure 3 is a fragmentary sectional plan of the switch and the case cover, showing the switch actuating means; Figure 4 is a fragmentary front elevation illustrating a modified form of switch and shield; Figure 5 is a sectional side view of the means for actuating the switch shown in

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Figure 4; and Figure 6 is a sectional view on the line 6-6 of Figure 5 looking towards the inner side of the case cover. Referring to Figures 1-3, the switch includes an endwise slidable bar a for carrying the movable contact pieces b, and an angularly movable cam c for moving the bar to the "off" position, the bar being movable to the closed position by a spring d. The movable contact pieces b co-operate with fixed contact pieces e carried by the switch base f (Figure 3) To the front por. tiori of the switch base which also carries the said bar a is attached a shield g in the form of a plate made from electrical insulating material, the shield serving to enclose the bar and contact pieces In the shield is formed a key-hole slot h which exposes the front end of the cam Also it may have formed in it a gap which exposes an "on" and "off" indicator attached to or depicted on the bar. The switch is contained in a box i having a removable front cover j Alternatively it may be enclosed by a dished front cover shaped to fit over the front and sides of the switch On the cover is mounted an angularly movable spindle k the actuating handle m of which is secured to or formed on the outer end of the spindle Along the inner portion of the spindle is formed a longitudinal slot, and in this slot is secured a flat key piece N which at its inner end can pass through the key-hole slot in the shield and engage a transverse notch in the cam. 785,947 PATENT SPE CIFICATFDN Inventor:-SIDNEY ROLAND LOWE. Date of filing Complete Specification: June 8, 1956. H Application Date: June 9, 1955 No 16565/55. Complete Specification Publi&hed: Nov 6, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 5), Bl NNED: IE 7), B 2 B( 1: 2: 3), 1 i 2 D. International Classification:-H 01 w H 02 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Electric Switches having Interlocked Covers. The shape of the key piece and the disposition of the key-hole slot are such that the key piece can be engaged with and withdrawn from the cam only when the switch is S in the "off" position When the switch is in the "on" position a lateral projection o on the key piece extends behind the shield and so prevents withdrawal of the key piece. Also on the inner side of the cover are pivoted a pair of catches p which are interconnected by a spring q and having lateral projections r which engage the key piece u for preventing accidental movements of the handle. The switch is shown in the "off" position in Figure 1 To close the switch the handle m is moved in the direction of the arrow in Figure 1. The cover is held in position by any convenient means If desired there

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may also be combined with the switch one or more fuses S which are also enclosed by the cover. In the modified construction shown in Figures 4-6, the movable contact pieces b are provided on blade springs t which at one end are supported on the base f, and the said contact pieces co-operate with fixed contact Pieces e carried by the base The spring blades t are engaged by notched portions of the slidable bar a and are moved to the "off" positions by the action of the cam c on the bar. In this example, the shield is preferably made from two parts g' and g 2, the Dart g 2 being separately removable to expose the switch contacts for inspection without disturbing the part g'. The shield part g' is provided with a keyhole slot h as above described to receive the key piece N the latter being adapted to prevent removal of the cover when the switch is in the "on" position In this example, the spindle k on which the key piece is secured or formed, and to the outer end of which is attached the actuating finger piece in, is loaded by a torsion spring u which tends to turn the spindle and key piece to the position in which the key piece is in line with the key-hole slot in the shield part g', but is insufficiently strong to actuate the switch When the front cover is detached the spring u holds the key piece in the position at which it can at once be engaged with the cam when replacing the cover, so facilitating replacement of the cover Accidental actuation of the switch from the "off" position is prevented by shaping the cam to engage a shallow recess v in the adjacent end of the bar a when the switch is in the said position.

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* GB785948 (A)

Description: GB785948 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Photographic printing process

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Description of GB785948 (A)

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PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 22, 1955. No 18099/55. Application made in Germany on June 22, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957. Index at acceptance: -Classes 98 ( 1), Al E ( 1 H: WJ: 5 B); and 98 ( 2), D 12 X. International Classification:-GO 3 b, c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Photographic Printing Process We, AGFA AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT FUR PHOTOFABRIKATION, of Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany, a tody corporate organised under the laws of Germany, ao hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and toe method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to a photographic printing process and more especially wo a photographic printing process in which an additional printing light is used. In contact printing or optical printing, it is already known to influence the gradation of the light-sensitive layer by using more or less diffused light instead of directed light for the lighting used for printing purposes For this purpose, a piece of ground glass or other light scattering means, for example a raster, was interposed in place of a condenser in the path of 'the rays from a punctiform light source. Moreover, it has already been proposed to use supplementary diffused illumination without the interposition of a negative, this taking

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place prior to or after the normal printing exposures through the negative When this supplementary diffused lighting was used, however, it was left to the practical skill of the operator to influence the gradation of the print in the required manner, since it was very difficult to regulate the amount of light for the supplementary illumination and to adapt it to the originals actually being used and to the properties of the printing layers For quantity production, none of these processes was saitisfactory as regards rapidity for use and quality of the pictures obtained. In Specification No 702,599 there is proposed a method of producing a series of prints from a series of negatives of varying density level and density range which comprises printing each negative on printing material inherently adapted to afford developed images of high contrast, the total exposure time being a constant for the series and the exposure being made up of a printing exposure and a lPri Xc A 3 W 4 S 6 d fogging exposure each of pre-set duration, the inteasity or the fogging liglt and the intensity of the printing light being separately controlled, one of them in stepwise fashion, and the otler being adjusted so that, in the total exposure time, the total exposure of the print in the area corresponding to the most aense area of the negative is just sufficient to cause (on development) a perceptible veil in the print in such area According to this prior Specification it is of some importance especially with untrained operatives, to provlde a photometric device to assist the operative in making ithe necessary adjustments: one such device is described in the said specification. It has now been found that, particularly in systematic working with material in roll form in high-output printing machines, good regulation of the gradation can be produced without the use of a photometric device if a supplementary directed light which does not pass through the original is passed through a lens system corresponding to thait used for the printing light and is caused to act on the lightsensitive layer, in addition to the printing light, to influence the effective gradation of the printing layer In this case, the exposure with the supplementary directed light can take place simultaneously with the normal printing exposure The supplementary directed light can with advantage be derived from the printing light source and act on the printing layer for the same time as the printing light. The process can be carried out in various ways For example, the intensities of the printing light and the supplementary light can be infinitely adjusted in a ratio corresponding to the required paper gradation by means of displaceable grey plates the optical density of which gradually increases from one end to the other, arranged in the

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path of rays of the printing light and supplementary light It is advantageous for the sum of the transparencies of the grey plates disposed in the two paths of rays to have the same value, preferably 1001 % in each setting, so that in every case the same pi'@ 3 85.948. ridge amount of light reaches the printing layer The gradation is regulated by using generally valid scales which have been calculated beforehand and which are linearly coupled to the grey plates. One embodiment of a device for carrying out the process of the invention is illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a printing apparatus The light from a printing light source 1 passes through a condenser 2 on to a negative 3, and through a displaceable grey plate 4, an objective 5 and a transparent mirror plate 6 to reach a piece of printing paper 7 Supplementary light is branched off from the printing light source and reaches the printing paper through a condenser 8 and by way of deflecting mirrors 9, 12 and 6 and (an objective 11. In order to adjust this supplementary light, a grey plate 10 is arranged in the path of rays and is coupled to the grey plate 4 In order to compensate for the increase in density of the grey plates within the paths of rays, compensating grey wedges 14 are located in the said paths The grey plates are adjusted by means of a gradation scale 13. The gradation scale 13 is illustrated in greater detail in Figure 2, and has recorded thereon data which depend on -the processing and in accordance with which the printing Transparency of the grey plate in i light and supplementary light are adjustea. These values are determined in a manner known per se as follows: The sensitivity of the printing paper, based on a mean grey tone of the positive, is determined, a density of 0 8 having proved particularly valuable Moreover, prior to processing under standardised processing conditions, for example using a standard condition of developer, the resultant gradation of the unexposed printing paper is established by printing a grey step wedge of the wedge constant 0 05 = log 106 V/2 on to paper in the apparatus, and recording the number of steps which can be detected on the paper This figure is then a basis for the scale which is to be used; by using the scale found in this way it is possible in each case to obtain the required gradation of the paper, namely extra hard (EH), hard (H), normal (N), special (S), soft (W) or extra soft (EW) This scale can, if desired, be determined more simply by approximation, by establishing the fogging limits of the paper by means of a number of test exposures. The -following table sets out the amount of supplementary directed light which is necessary to produce the different gradations and which

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depends on the number of wedge steps of the printing wedges to be illuminated The values given here correspond to the values illustrated in the -scale shown in Figure 2. :he path of the supplementary light 8 8-5 9 9 A 7 10 10; 11 11 Extra Hard 28 6 25 4 22 2 19 0 16 0 13 1 10 3 7 6 Hard 38 7 35 9 33 2 30 8 218 25 3 22 9 20 6 Normal 44 1 41 6 39 1 36 6 34 3 32 0 29 8 27 7 Special 47 4 45 0 42 6 40 2 37 9 35 9 34 8 31 8 Soft 49 6 47 4 45 0 42 8 40 7 38 6 36 7 34 8 Extra Soft 52 4 50 3 48 0 45 8 43 8 42 0 40 1 38 3 Fogging An advantage of the process of the present invention is that the sensitivity of the paper does not enter into these figures, since the essential feature of the invention is also to be seen in the fact that the printing light and supplementary light are operative simultaneously and, if desired, for an equally 'long time By means of this process negatives of different density range can be printed on to a paper of uniform and the steepest possible gradation. The norm-al lens system used in photographic printing gives an image field in which the illumination falls off towards the edge of the field Since the lens system used for the supplementary directed light in accordance with the present invention corresponds to the lens system used for the printing light, the advantageous result is obtained that the falloff of light is the same for the supplementary light as for the printing light.

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