5611 5615.output

* GB786019 (A)

Description: GB786019 (A) ? 1957-11-06

New cyclopentanophenanthrene derivatives and process for the production

thereof

Description of GB786019 (A)

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data

and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in

particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,

up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION

786,019 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 7,

1956.

No 14078/56.

Application made in Mexico on May 9, 1955.

Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.

Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 3), U 2, U 4 (A 2: B 1: B 2: C 4: C 5:

X).

International Classification:-CO 7 c.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

New Cyclopentanophenanthrene Derivatives and Process for the

Production thereof We, SYNTEX S A, Apartado Postal 2679, Mexico City,

Mexico, a Corporation of Mexico, do hereby declare the invention, for

which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by

which it, is to be performed to be particularly described in and by

the following statement: -

The present invention relates to cyclopentanophenanthrene derivatives

and a process for the production thereof.

More particularly, the present invention relates to A" 14

"-pregnatriene-3-ketone compounds especially those compounds

possessing the functional groups characterizing the cortical hormones.

In United States Patent No 2,576,479 of Djerassi, Rosenkranz and

Berlin, granted December 25, 1951, there are disclosed valuable

therapeutic compounds having the functional groups characterizing the

cortical hormones and especially Al'4-dien-3-ones of the 17

-hydroxypregnane series Recently certain of these compounds have been

indicated as especially valuable cortical hormones, specifically the

Al-dehydro analogues of the cortical hormones cortisone and

hydrocortisone which possess a physiological activity 3 to 4 times

greater than cortisone or hydrocortisone (J Am Med Assoc 157, 311 (

1955).

In accordance with the present invention the surprising discovery has

been made that the Al Ahbis-dehydro derivatives, i e A" 14

'6-pregnatriene-3-ketone compounds have important cortical hormone

effects in that they exhibit pharmacological cortical hormone

properties which make them superior to the 1-dehydroderivatives.

The present invention particularly relates to novel cortical hormone

compounds which are indicated by the following formula: 0/, OR Co -O

Af on In the above formula X represents CH,, CH-OH or C= O.

R represents H, or the residue of a hydrocarbon carboxylic acid of

less than 10 carbon atoms such as acetic, propionic, butyric,

cyclopentylpropionic or benzoic, R, represents the same groups as R.

It has also been discovered in accordance with the present invention

that the above compounds may be produced in accordance with a process

exemplified by the following equation: lPrice 3 s 6 d l 2 786,019 Ok'

ae 1 eo brominen er | dekdo& 6 romino/oo 7 In the above equation X, R

and R, represent the same groups as heretofore, however it is

preferably that the starting material indicated above is either a

21-monoester or a 17 a,21-diester and in such event in order to

prepare the free compound it is necessary to saponify the resultant

final 21-monoester or 17 a,21-diester under mild conditions so as not

to alter the dihydroxy-acetone side chain It is further preferable

that the lower fatty acid esters be utilized in the process and in

such event the mono or di-acylates prepared may be saponified to the

free compound and any desired ester prepared therefrom by known

esterification methods.

For the first step of the process as outlined in the above equation

the starting steroid is preferably a mono or di-ester which are

conventional 21-esters or 17 a,21-diesters prepared by a method

capable of esterifying the 17 ahydroxy group.

The starting material is preferably suspended in an organic solvent

such as ether, hydrogen bromide in acetic acid added and approximately

2 molar equivalents of bromine in acetic acid is added slowly thereto

The steroid slowly dissolves Upon concentration of the solution and

purification the corresponding 2,6-dibromo derivative of the starting

material is prepared For the dehydrobromination indicated as the

second step the 2,6-dibromide is preferably refluxed with a tertiary

organic base such as colliding As may be understood, other brominating

agents such as N-bromosuccinimide in carbon tetrachloride may be used

as well as other dehydrohalogenating agents.

The mono or diester preferably prepared as a result of the first two

steps may be carefully saponified as with potassium carbonate to give

the free hydroxy compound The free hydroxy compound may then be

acylated by conventional methods involving for example reaction with

an appropriate acid anhydride or acid chloride to give the

corresponding 21monoester or may be acylated under conditions

previously referred ito, to give the Co 0 17 a,21-diester In each case

the resultant ester was shown to be identical to that derived from the

second step.

The following specific examples serve to illustrate but are not

intended to limit the present invention: EXAMPLE I

19.85 g of the 21-monoacetate of W 4-pregnene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione

was suspended in 650 cc of anhydrous ether and cooled in an ice bath A

few drops of a 4-normal solution of hydrogen bromide in acetic acid

were added, followed by 17 3 g of bromine in cc of acetic acid, at

such a rate that the suspension decolourized after each addition.

During this operation, which required about minutes for the addition

of all the bromine solution, the solid steroid slowly went into

solution The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at a

temperature between 15 and 20 C until crystallization started The

crystalline product was collected and washed with ethanol, thus giving

20 g of colourless needles of the 21-monoacetate of 2,6-dibromo4

A'-pregnene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione.

A solution of 20 g of this acetate in 120 cc.

of re-distilled anhydrous collidine was refluxed for 30 minutes Ethyl

acetate was added to the cooled solution which was then washed several

times with very dilute sulphuric acid until complete disappearance of

the smell of colliding, then with dilute sodium bicarbonate solution

and water until neutral The solution was concentrated to a small

volume and diluted with hexane, thus yielding 9 2 g.

of the 21-monoacetate of A 1 '46-pregnatriene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione.

7 g of this monoacetate was dissolved in cc of methanol and the

temperature adjusted to 230 C With stirring and under a stream of

nitrogen there was added a solution of 1 3 g of potassium carbonate in

15 cc.

of distilled water boiled previously and cooled under an atmosphere of

nitrogen The mixture was kept for 60 minutes at a temperature of 23

-25 C, 10 cc of acetic acid was added and 'the stirring was continued

until the evolu786,019 3 tion of carbon dioxide ceased The solution,

was then poured into 400 cc of water containing 17 g of sodium

chloride, and stirred for five minutes to achieve a complete

precipitation The precipitate was filtered, washed with distilled

water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 C, thus giving 6 g of A 14

'6-pregnatriene-17 o,21-diol-3,20-dione.

The identical 21-monoacetate was prepared by conventionally reacting

\'"'46-pregnatriene17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione with acetic anhydride.

Other 21-esters of A 14,'-pregnatriene-17 %,21diol-3,20-dione are

prepared by reacting the free steroid with acid anhydrides according

to the above described acylation procedure or by conventionally

utilizing the corresponding acyl halides These esters include esters

of hydrocarbon carboxylic acids of less than 10 carbon atoms derived

from saturated or unsaturated aliphatic, carbocyclic, or

cycloaliphatic, aryl, arylalkyl, alkaryl, mono, di or polycarboxylic

acids which form ester groups such as for example formyloxy,

propionoxy, dimethyl-acetoxy, trimethylacetoxy, butyryfoxy,

valeryloxy, benzoyloxy, phenylacetoxy, toluoyloxy,

cyclopentylformyloxy, acryloxy and the esters of dicarboxylic acids

such as succinic, glutaric and adipic.

EXAMPLE II

22 g of the diacetate of A 4-pregnene17 o,,21-diol-3,20-dione was

treated in exactly the same way as described in Example I.

Dibromination and dehydrobromination afforded 12 g of the diacetate of

A 14 '6-pregnatriene-17 a,21-dioi-3,20-dione.

g of this diacetate was, suspended in cc of methanol previously

distilled over potassium hydroxide, and stirred at 200 C.

under an atmosphere of nitrogen A solution was then added of 3 2 g of

anhydrous potassium carbonate in 25 Icc of water previously boiled and

cooled under an atmosphere of nitrogen The mixture was stirred for 30

minutes under an atmosphere of nitrogen at a temperature of 23 C 2 5

cc of acetic acid was added and the solution was poured into 500 cc of

ice water containing 25 g of sodium chloride The mixture was kept

standing for minutes and the precipitate was filtered and washed with

distilled water Crystallization from ethyl acetate yielded 8 g of

Al'4,'-pregnatriene-17 a,21-diol-3,20-dione, identical to the one

obtained in accordance with Example Reaction of the free Al 4

A-pregnatriene17 %,21-diol-3,20-dione with acetic anhydride by a

prolonged reaction at room temperature in the presence of

p-toluenesulphonic acid gave the same 17 a,21-diacetate previously

referred to Other diesters of hydrocarbon carboxylic acids of less

than 10 carbon atoms, i e those mentioned in Example I, were also

prepared by this method.

EXAMPLE III

Working exactly as described in Example I, there was obtained the Al 4

' -pregnatriene17 a,21-diol-3,11,20-trione and the 21-monoacetate from

the monoacetate of cortisone.

EXAMPLE IV

Working exactly as described in Example 70 I, there was obtained A 14

f-pregnatriene17 o,21-dial-3,11,20-trione and the 17,21-diacetate from

the diacetate of cortisone.

EXAMPLE V

Working exactly as described in Example I, 75 there was obtained the

Al'4 '6-pregnatriene11 l 317 a,21-btriol-3,20-jdione and the

21-monoacetate from the 21-monoacetate of hydrocortisone i

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* 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB786020 (A)

Description: GB786020 (A) ? 1957-11-06

Organopolysiloxane nitriles


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786,020 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 22,

1956.

No 15829/56.

Application made in United States of America on July 18, 1955.


Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 7), S( 1 A: 3 A: 3 B: 6: 7 B: 7 D), T 6

(D 4: F 2: G 3: G 7 E), T 6 K( 2 C: 2 X:

5), T 6 K 8 (B: C: E: X).

International Classification:-CO 8 g.


Organopolysiloxane Nitriles We, MIDLAND SIL Ic ON Es LIMITED, a

British Company, of 19 Upper Brook Street, London, W 1, do hereby

declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted

to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be

particularly described in and by the following statement: -

This invention relates to siloxanes having syano-alkyl radicals

attached to the silicon.

It is an object of this invention to provide novel compounds which are

useful intermediates in the preparation of amide and acid substituted

polysiloxanes Another object of this invention is to provide

organopolysiloxanes which will give organosiloxane rubbers of improved

strength and of improved solvent resistance.

This invention provides organopolysiloxanes of the unit general

formula R' R Nm CCHI(CH 2)05 i O in which R' is a methyl radical or a

hydrogen atom, N has an average value from 1 to 3 inclusive and R is a

monovalent hydrocarbon radical free from aliphatic unsaturation.

The products of this invention may be prepared by either of two

methods The first method is that of reacting a corresponding

unsaturated nitrile with a chlorosilane of the general formula R Si HC

12 in the presence of platinum dispersed on charcoal followed by

hydrolysis Under such conditions addition of the silane to the

unsaturated linkage in the nitrile occurs according, for example, to

the equation C 12 R Si H C 12 + CH 2 = CH(CH 2),C=-N-R Si C 112 CH 2

(CH 0)2 C-N.

An alternative method involves the condensation of a

chloromethylalkoxysilane with an ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of

sodium followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation of (O Et) COO Et R

Si CH 2 Cl + RICH\ CN the resulting product to give a cyanoethyl 40

siloxane This process may be represented by the equations:

(O Et)2 R 1 COO Et Na R Si CH 2 C CN Na OH H 120 COO Na HCI O R' COOH

I I R Si CH 2 C CN In these reactions R and R' are as above defined.

O R' I 1 1850 C R Si CH 2 CHC=_N Co-polymers of the siloxanes of this

invention and siloxanes of the unit general formula O R'1 R Si CH 2 C

C=_N R"m Si O 4,m can be prepared This may be done either by

co-hydrolysing the corresponding chlorosilanes or by catalytic

interaction of the corresponding siloxanes In the latter case either

acid or alkaline catalysts may be employed provided the conditions

used are such that the nitrile groups are not hydrolysed In general,

it is preferable to carry out the interaction under anhydrous

conditions and at temperatures below 1000 C.

If desired, the presence of polar solvents such as acetonitrile may be

used to facilitate the interaction.

Co-polymers within the scope of this invention range in the

composition from 01-99 9 mol per cent of siloxane units of the unit

general formula R' R I I NCCH(CH 2)Si O and from 01-99 9 mol per cent

of siloxane units of the formula R Wlm Si O,_ in which R, R' and i are

as above defined, RW is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical and m has an

average value from 1 to 3 inclusive.

In the compounds of this invention R can be any monovalent hydrocarbon

radical which is free from aliphatic unsaturation such as, for

example, alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl and octadecyl;

cycloaliphatic radicals such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; aromatic

hydrocarbon radicals such as phenyl, xenyl, naphthyl and tolyl and

aralkyl hydrocarbon radicals such as benzyl.

In this invention R can be any monovalent hydrocarbon radical such as

alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl, butyl and octadecyl; alkenyl

radicals such as vinyl, allyl and hexenyl; cycloaliphatic radicals

such as cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexenyl; aromatic hydrocarbon

radicals such as phenyl, xenyl, tolyl and naphthyl and aralkyl

hydrocarbon radicals such as benzyl.

The polysiloxane nitriles of this invention, both the homo-polymers

and co-polymers, are of utility in the preparation of

organopolysiloxane rubbers These rubbers may be prepared in the usual

manner by compounding the siloxane with a vulcanising agent and if

desired a filler and thereafter vulcanising the composition at the

appropriate temperature For the purpose of this invention any

vulcanising agent normally employed with siloxanes is operative.

These include organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, tertiary

butyl perbenzoate or chlorobenzoyl peroxides; combinations of alkyl

polysilicates such as ethyl polysilicate with salts of carboxylic

acids such as lead octoate and dibutyl tin diacetate; combinations of

hydrogen-containing siloxanes such as (Me H Si O)1 and salts of

carboxylic acids such as zinc naphthenate; and sulphur with or without

accelerators When sulphur is employed the siloxane must contain

alkenyl groups.

Rubbers prepared from the siloxane polymers and co-polymers of this

invention are characterised by good thermal stability, high tensile

strengths and good resistance to swelling in hydrocarbon solvents This

combination of properties makes them useful for gaskets, electrical

insulation, and other uses requiring such a combination of properties.

If desired, the siloxanes may be compounded with any of the

conventional fillers such as, silica aerogel, fume silicas,

diatomaceous earth, titanium dioxide, clay, zinc oxide, ferric oxide

and crushed quartz.

The following examples illustrate the invention.

The abbreviations " Me " " Et " and " Ph " denote the methyl, ethyl

and phenyl radicals respectively.

EXAMPLE 1.

40.5 G of CH 11 =CHCH 2 CH 1 =N was added slowly to a mixture of 75 g

of methyldichlorosilane and 1 g of powdered charcoal having 2 % by

weight of platinum dispersed thereon The mixture was refluxed and the

temperature gradually rose to 110 C.

over a period of 21 hours The resulting mixture was filtered and

fractionated to give the compound Cl.

Me Si(CH 2)4 C=N, boiling point 1450 C at 19 mm.

The chlorosilane was poured onto ice and stirred until all the ice was

melted The resulting product was extracted with ether and the ether

was evaporated to give a thin liquid which thickened upon being heated

at 2000 C.

to a cloudy, syrupy polysiloxane of the unit formulae Me N.-C(CH 2)45

i O.

This material was co-polymerised with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane by

adding a catalytic amount of sulphuric acid to a mixture of the two

and allowing them to stand The resulting 105 product was a viscous,

sticky co-polymer of mol per cent Me I N_ c(j Hn),Sio and 50 mol per

cent Me Si O.

786,020 Me N-CGHCOO Et in the presence of sodium in accordance with 50

the procedure of Example 2 and the resulting product was hydrolysed

and decarboxylated in accordance with that example, a polysiloxane of

the unit formula EXAMPLE 2.

23 G of sodium was dissolved in 500 ml of absolute ethyl alcohol and

124 3 g of ethyl cyanoacetate was added rapidly to the solution.

182 6 g of chloromethylmethyldiethoxysilane was then added over a

period of -' hour The mixture was refluxed for 30 hours The reaction

mixture was filtered and the solvent removed by distillation The

residue was fractionated to give the compound Me CN l l (Et O)2 Si CG

CHCOO Et, boiling point 139-141 C at 8 mm, N 42 ' 1.4291 and MRD 65 7.

G of this product in 30 mol of ethanol were mixed with 3 25 g of

potassium hydroxide in 30 ml of water After 15 minutes the solution

was neutral to litmus paper The ethanol was removed at room

temperature under vacuum and the residue was treated with an

equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid The product was then extracted

with ether and the ether layer dried over calcium sulphate The

resulting solution was evaporated to give a viscous, colorless liquid

which was decarboxylated by heating at 185 C on an oil bath for 3 hour

The resulting product was a rubbery, solid polysiloxane of the unit

formula Me NC(CH 2)25 i O.

EXAMPLE 3.

71 8 G ( 0 625 g -mol) of methyldichlorosilane 33 5 g ( 0 5 g -mol) of

allyl cyanide and 1 g of finely dispersed charcoal containing 2 % by

weight platinum were mixed After an induction period the mixture began

to react vigorously and external cooling was necessary.

After the initial reaction subsided the mixture was heated overnight

The resulting product was distilled to give a colourless liquid which

was the chlorosilane of the formula Me NC(CH 2)3-Si C 12, boiling

point 1220 C at 17 mm.

This chlorosilane was hydrolysed with water to give a viscous, sticky

polysiloxane of the unit formula Me NC(CH 2),Si O.

Ex AM Pv LE 4.

When chloromethylmethyldiethoxysilane was condensed with the compound

Me Me i i N E'C C i C 12,Si U was obtained.

EXAMPLE 5.

When Ph Si HCI 2 was reacted with CH, = CHCHC 2 GHKCN in accordance

with the procedure of Example 1, the compound C 12 Ph Si(CH 2)4 CN was

obtained.

When this compound was hydrolysed with water a viscous, sticky

siloxane of the unit formula Ph Si(CHI)C=N was obtained.

When 1 mol of this material was interacted with 0 01 mol of

hexamethyldisiloxane at a temperature of 900 C in the presence of the

70 salt Me 3 Si OK in amount of one K atom per 10,000 Si atoms, a

liquid co-polymer of the molecular formula Ph Me 3,Sio Slio N Si Me '

(CH 2)4 C r was obtained.

EXAMPLE 6.

When 1 mol of Cl 2 Me Si(CH 2),Cm N was co-polymerised by

co-hydrolysis and cocondensation with 1 mol of vinyltrichlorosilane, 1

mol of octadecylmethyldichlorosilane, 1 mol of

phenylmethyldichlorosilane and 1 mol of methyltrichlorosilane in

toluene solution, a resinous co-polymer of the composition 20 mol per

cent 786,020 Me Si(CH 2 JCN, mol per cent of monovinylsiloxane, 20 mol

per cent of octadecylmethylsiloxane, 20 mol per cent of

plienylmethylsiloxane and 20 mol per cent of monomethylsiloxane was

obtained.

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* GB786021 (A)

Description: GB786021 (A)

ARRANGEMENT FOR PERFORMING ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS USING AN

INTERMEDIATE

STORAGE


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DE1021188 (B) US3403385 (A) US3530285 (A)

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7869021 I Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June

23, 1950.

No 15773/50.

Application made In Germany on Oct 1, 1948.


Index at acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), A( 1 X: 2 A: 2 B: 2 C: 2 F 1: 5

A: 5 B: 6 C: 7 A: 8 B: 9 X: 10 A: 10 B:

1 OF: 13).

International Classification:-G 06 f.


Improvements in or relating to Electric Calculators I, GERHARD DIRKS,

of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German

nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a

patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be

performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement:-

The invention relates to automatic calculators, which are controllable

by means of electrical or magnetic signals.

Calculators, as hitherto known, may be classified as mechanical,

electromechanical and electronic calculators The electromechanical and

electronic calculators are very superior to those working on a

mechanical principle, both in efficiency and adaptability but,

according to the state of technology prevailing up to now, they

require an extraordinarily large number of relays, electronic tubes,

switching means and wiring Moreover, these machines are heavy, bulky

and very expensive.

In order to replace mechanical and electromechanical calculators by

the more efficient electronic computing means, one has applied either

electrical measuring processes with limited accuracies, or digit

computing processes.

It is characteristic of the known mechanical or electromechanical

calculating processes, that the computing means for each denomination

of a number to be processed are provided with means for the following

computing functions These computing functions are:( 1) recording or

storing the result (for example by a definite positioning of a counter

wheel in each denomination), ( 2) adding or subtracting within each

denomination (for example, by means of a rotation of the wheels

corresponding to digit values), ( 3) separating between a digit value

remaining in the same denomination, and a value to be carried over to

the next denomination, ( 4) forwarding the carry-over to the next

denomination.

lPrico w 6 d l The lines of development which have been followed

hitherto in electronic digital calculators likewise require for each

denomination means which are able to carry out the said four

processes.

This requirement entails basic difficulties, as the conditions to be

met for the process ( 1) of storing are radically different from those

met for the computing processes ( 2)-( 4) The means for carrying out

both types of process differ in principle and can be combined only

with difficulty.

Electronic calculators combining all said processes within the same

means are therefore unnecessarily delicate and expensive.

Such a combination has the disadvantage that for every denomination

calculating means must be installed whose calculation potential is

used only for a fraction of the time while they are mainly needed as

storing means.

It has been proposed to have separate means for the storage and

computing processes For example storing by means of electro magnetic

relays and by flip-flop circuits has been proposed but for the large

storage capacities required this involves a large and expensive plant

for the storing process It has also been proposed to make use of

mercury delay lines for the storing process but this necessitates very

delicate apparatus and a close supervision as to temperature and to

the re-amplification of the signals Furthermore, it has been proposed

to employ a magnetic wire or tape as a storage means but these had too

slow an access time for use as part of an arithmetic unit and have

therefore been proposed only as input and output means.

As modern book-keeping machines and like office machinery require a

large storing capacity with quick access to any part of the storage

means, all the said proposals have been quite unsuccessful for such

machines If therefore these tasks of storage and computing are to be

solved with known electronic calculators, extremely large plants are

needed often requiring several rooms in a building, and because of

their volume and their complexity they have been used for purely

mathematical purposes only.

With electronic calculators working on the binary principle, each

problem to be calculated must be expressed in terms of the numerical

values 0 and 1 only They require a previous transformation of the

initial normal numbers into binary numbers as well as, vice versa, a

return transformation of the final binary numbers into normal numbers.

As the calculation with binary numbers is only adaptable if the

transformation from normal numbers to binary numbers does not require

more time and other requirements than the mere calculation process

demands, such calculators are only suitable for the solution of

mathematical problems and especially only when a number transformed

into the binary system or derivations of such a number may be

repeatedly employed Therefore computers based on the binary principle

are not applicable for the ordinary commercial office machines for

book-keeping and the like, but only for very expensive large capacity

punched card machinery.

The great size of the known electronic calculators or rather

calculating plants restricts them to use in a definite location

prepared for them, and the servicing of them is extremely expensive.

The electronic calculator according to this invention is, on the other

hand, very reliable, simple, relatively small, handy and relatively

cheap It is suitable as a unit which can be used in combination with

the usual office machines, such as typewriters, book-keeping machines

of all kinds and sizes, and also for special machines, such as

machines for statistical and organising purposes It is further more

suitable for all desired combinations of such machines or for parts of

such machines and may be built in the most simple manner either as an

independent unit or in conjunction with other machines, or

combinations of machines.

The calculators according to this invention are, moreover,

considerably superior to all hitherto known electronic calculators

since, due to their relatively small size and simple and sturdy

construction they can be built as portable units and carried on a

journey in comparatively small receptacles (trunks, etc).

By building standardised types the manufacture, storage, sale, use and

servicing of the improved machines may be further simplified and

cheapened.

The new principle according to this invention is to have a separate

means for each of the four functions, and each operating for all the

denominations.

The process subsequently described requires only a single computing

means including a single digit value processing means and a single

carry-over means for the computing functions ( 2)-( 4) in all

denominations.

The process requires also only one computing record means for the

recording process ( 1) for all denominations In operation it takes one

digit value from the record means, 70 processes it arithmetically with

another digit value (for example, adds, subtracts, etc) in the single

computing means common for all denominations, removes the first-named

digit value from the record means and records the 75 new resulting

digit value in the record means.

This separation of functions may lead to complete separation of the

functions ( 1)-( 4) described above.

As the requirement of simultaneous record 80 ing and computing by the

same means can be dispensed with, a simple record means can be used

which is capable of recording a very large number of digit values It

therefore also facilitates in the simplest manner the produc 85 tion

of calculators with large capacity.

Furthermore, very steady and reliable circuit arrangements can be

provided for the three remaining computing functions ( 2) ( 4), which

could not be used otherwise, since they 90 are not required for

function ( 1).

The present invention provides a calculating machine comprising input

means and output means and, for one or more numbers, a computing

record means and an electrically 95 operating computing arrangement

(arithmetic unit), the said record means being other than a magnetic

tape or wire and having digit values represented by a change of the

electric or magnetic state of the record material of such 100 means,

different digit values being represented by such changes in different

localities of the record means each allocated to only one digit value,

the digit values being transferred to the computing arrangement from

the record means 105 denomination after denomination to effect result

signals under the control of other digit values delivered to the

computing arrangement, the result signals being transferred to the

same or other record means 110 Usually the said digit values are

transferred to the computing arrangement from the record means during

the computation of the different denominations of a number The digit

values within each denomination may be 115 recorded successively,

transferred and processed successively, effecting successive result

signals Resulting signals may be returned to appropriate localities on

the same record means from which one of the operands was 120 received

or to a record means moving in synchronism therewith.

According to another feature of the invention, the first said digit

values are transferred at the respective instant and/or period in 125

respect of a time base of which different instants and/or periods

represent different digit values Also, denominational values may be

transferred at the respective periods or a time base of which

different periods represent 130 786,021 below or equal to and those

above a limiting value In a normal decimal system such limiting value

would be " 9 " In a sterling currency system it would for example be "

11 " in a carry-over from pence to shillings and " 19 " in a

carry-over from shillings to pounds.

Other numerical systems would have other limiting values.

VALUE DIMINISHING MEANS A device for dividing a value greater than the

limiting value into two separate values, one equal to the limiting

value plus one (diminishing value), and the other being the remainder

or excess over the first.

SIGNAL-FORWARDING MEANS A device for carrying the diminishing value as

a digit value " 1 " into the next higher denomination.

different denominational values The said different localities may be

determined with reference to a fixed point on the record means or to

synchronising signals on the record means, and the time base above

mentioned may be determined with reference to the control frequency of

one or more electronic switches or to one or more synchronising

signals of distributing means.

The invention may be further characterised in that digit values are

represented in one or other of a plurality of number areas by changes

of state effected at different instants of a time base, and

denominational values are represented by different areas of the record

means, or vice versa, and the transferring of signals between record

means and computer arrangements may be operated on a basis of locality

and/or time selectively.

According to a further feature of the invention, there is relative

movement between the record means and sensing means in the computing

arrangement and during each cycle of such relative movement any area

of the record means can be selected for sensing Also, denomination

areas may be sensed in different computer areas at the same time.

In the description and in the appended claims the following terms

having the meanings shown:

CALCULATOR A machine incorporating signal-input and signal-output

means, a computing arrangement (arithmetic unit) and a computing

record means adapted to record one or more numbers.

The input and control means may be for example a keyboard, a magnetic

tape or otherwise, and the output means may be for example a magnetic

tape, disc, or drum, or the indicating screen of a cathode ray tube, a

printing unit or other indicator or the like.

The computing record means may for example be a magnetizable drum or

disc, the screen of a cathode ray tube, or other means (not being a

magnetic tape or wire) capable of recording and storing sensible

computing signals (the term computing signals including both value

signals for digit values and denomination values, and also control

signals).

This record means may be made up of number areas or sections each of

which can record signals for all the denominations of a number.

The computing arrangement or arithmetic unit incorporates digit-value

processing means (processing means) which are used to carry out

algebraic processes (addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division).

In the particular embodiments described, the computing arrangement

includes carryover means, which may be defined as a device including

signal separating-, value diminishing-, and signal-forwarding means,

each of which is defined below.

SIGNAL SEPARATING MEANS A device distinguishing between signals

PRE-MARK SIGNAL A signal made effective by a value-diminish 85 ing

means to cause the signal-forwarding means to carry the digit value "

1 " to the next denomination A pre-mark switch is a switch for

effecting the recording of a premark signal 90 The invention may be

provided with input means as set forth in my co-pending Application No

37214/54 (Serial No 786,033) and/or with output means as set forth in

my co-pending Application No 37201/54, 95 37203/54 and 37205/54

(Serial Nos 786,022, 786,024 and 786,026).

The calculating apparatus described in this specification is also

described wholly or in part in Specifications Nos 37226/54, 37227/54,

100

37229/54, 37230/54, 37231/54 and 37232/ 54 (Serials Nos 786,044,

786,045, 786,047, 786,048, 786,049, and 786,050), but the scope of the

claims differs in each case.

The invention is illustrated by the accom 105 panying drawings,

wherein: Fig 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a machine

incorporating the invention and constructed as a book-keeping machine

and embodying a magnetizable disc as a comput 110 ing record means,

Fig 2 is a fragmentary sectional elevation, looking to the left of Fig

1, Fig 3 is a view in axial direction of one half of the said disc,

formed as a magnetizable 115 signal carrier, the marking shown being

purely imaginary for the purpose of explanation.

Fig 4 a is a perspective view of one example of a magnetic signal

head, for example a sensing head on a magnetizable carrier, 120 Fig 4

b is a perspective view of an example of a set of heads consisting of

two magnetic heads for the forwarding of a signal with change of digit

value by " one," Fig 4 c is a perspective view of an example 125 of a

set of signal heads consisting of 11 magnetic heads for transfer of

computing signals in dependence on the operation of numerical value

switches or the like, Fig 4 d is a perspective view illustrating a 130

786,021 set of signal heads according to Fig 4 c in association with a

disc according to Fig 3, Fig 4 e is a like view to Fig 4 d showing

another example of a set of heads consisting of 11 magnetic heads,

which in this case embrace the disc at its edge, Figs 4 f-4 t

illustrate various forms of signals recorded on the record carrier,

the resultant shapes being modified because of the various alternative

recording arrangements which may be used in the carrying out of the

invention; and in said Fgures: Fig 4 f is a diagram in which the digit

value 6 is marked by recording A C in sine wave form in the digit

value fields 0-6,

Fig 4 g is a complementary recording of the digit value, by recording

A C in the digit value fields 7-9,

Fig 4 h shows how the digit value 6 is marked by recording impulses in

all the fields

0-6, Fig 4 i indicates that only the beginning of the row of digit

value fields is marked by an impulse as a " start" signal, the digit

value field 6 contains the digit value signal and the end is indicated

by a " stop " impulse, Fig 4 k is similar to Fig 4 i but with the "

start " and " stop " signals being of inverted polarity, one side of

the impulses being flat because it is effected by the discharge of a

condenser, Fig 41 shows that only the digit value field " 6 " is

indicated by an impulse, Fig 4 m illustrates how " start " and "stop"

signals are given by the sides of an elongated rectangular signal, the

digit value fields being indicated by an additional impulse, Fig 4 N

is similar to Fig 4 m, but with the " start " and stop " signals

indicated by an impulse in inverted direction, Fig 4 o is also similar

to Fig 4 m, wherein the inversion point of the " start " and " stop

signals indicates the digit-value field,

Fig 4 p is a diagram wherein "start," " stop " and digit value signals

are represented by wave periods, Fig 4 q is a diagram wherein "start"

and "stop " signals are given at the beginning and the end of the

sequence of periods and the digit value signal by the interruption

between them, Fig 4 r is similar to Fig 4 q, but with the interruption

filled by a wave of another frequency, Fig 4 S is a diagram wherein

the digit value field is marked by a signal formed by using different

frequencies, Fig 4 t illustrates how the recording can be effected by

a constant A C, the start signal and the digit value signal being

represented by short interruptions, Fig 5 is a perspective view of a

part of the disc according to Fig 3, as a rotor, with magnetic signal

heads, arranged as a stator, Fig 6 a is a representation in

rectangular form of the rotatable record means, which in Fig 3 are

shown as sections of the disc, and showing representations of definite

signals for the number " 28," Fig 6 b is a similar view to Fig 6 a,

show 70 ing the disposition of the various transmission means, e g

signal heads in a stator in relation to the various parts of the

record means, Fig 7 a is a diagram of a part or track on the disc of

Fig 3, with the signals representing 75 the number " 28," Fig 7 b

shows two tracks according to Fig.

7 a, with signal transmission means for the transfer of a signal from

track to track without change of value (" 8 + 0 = 8 "), 80 Fig 7 c

shows likewise two such tracks with signal heads displaced relatively

to each other, which are used for a transfer from track to track with

a change of value (" 8 + 1 = 9 "), Fig 8 a is a diagram showing two

tracks of 85 a record mean, a full keyboard, a selector switch for the

several denominational positions (columns) and with the circuit in

condition for a signal transfer from track a to track b, for the

problem (" O + 8 = 8 ") recorded in sector I, 90 Fig 8 b is a like

view but with the circuit in condition for the problem " 00 + 20 = 20

" recorded in sector II, Fig 8 c is a like view but with the circuit

in condition for the problem " 000 + 000 = 000 " 95 recorded in sector

III, Fig 9 a shows likewise the circuit in condition for the problem "

8 + 1 = 9 " recorded in sector I, Fig 9 b shows the same parts in

condition 100 for the problem " 2 + 9 = 11 " recorded in sector II,

Fig 9 c shows the same for the problem 0 + 0 = 0 " recorded in sector

III, Fig 10 a is a diagram showing three tracks 105 which allow a

transfer of signals from one track to a second or a third track, so

that the signal is recorded on the second track if below or equal to

the limiting value or on the third track if it is greater than the

limiting value 110 In this case (Fig 10 a) the transferred signal is

below the limiting value in sector I, Fig l Ob illustrates the same

process as Fig.

a, but with the transferred signal greater than the limiting value in

sector II, 115 Fig l Oc shows the transfer of signal " O " from the

second track to the third track, with the forwarding of a digit value

"one" as carry-over in sector III, Fig 1 la shows three tracks of a

magnetiz 120 able carrier with signal transfer means for the sensing

of computing signals from a track for signals for digit values equal

to or lower than the limiting value, without any diminishing of value,

in sector I, 125 Fig 11 b shows the same operation for digit values

higher than the limiting value with a diminishing of value in sector

II, Fig 1 c shows the same process as in Fig.

1 la, but in sector III, 130 786,021 Fig 19 a shows in symbolic form

the means for signal transfer diminishing of value (amplifier circuit

" C "), Fig 19 b shows in more detail a simple embodiment of the

amplifier circuit "C" control 70 ling an electromechanical relay as

carry-over pre-mark switch, Fig 19 c shows in still more detail the

amplifier circuit " C " but without carry-over pre-mark switch, 75 Fig

20 a shows in symbolic form the signal transfer means with diminishing

of value amplifier circuit " D "), Fig 20 b shows in more detail a

simple embodiment of amplifier circuit " D " using so an

electromechanical relay as carry-over premark switch, Fig 20 c is a

like view to Fig 20 b but controlling an electronic relay as

carry-over premark switch, 85 Fig 21 a shows in symbolic form the

means for the carry-over for the " fugitive one " in subtraction

problems (amplifier circuit " E "), Fig 21 b shows in more detail an

embodiment of the amplifier circuit " E " with elec 90 tronic relay,

Fig 22 shows a complete wiring diagram embodying the amplifier

circuits "A" to " E " shown in Figs 17 g, 18 c, 19 c, 20 c, (as

twostage amplifiers) and 21 b, 95 Fig 23 a is a view in the axial

direction of an inductive distributor, similar to that of Fig.

17 f, Fig 23 b is an edge view of the rotor used in the distributor of

Fig 23 a, 100 Fig 23 c is a cross section of the stator shown in Fig

23 a, on the line "A"-" B ", Fig 23 d shows a wiring diagram for the

control of gas-discharge tubes by an inductive distributor according

to Figs 23 a-c, 105 Fig 23 e shows the combination of an inductive

distributor similar to that of Fig 23 a with two contact switches of

commutator type, Fig 24 a is a diagram indicating how multiplication

is effected by repeated addition 110 from a full keyboard or punched

card or like selection device, with controlled electronic sector

switches.

Fig 24 b shows in principle an alternative control device for use in

multiplication and 115 division, Fig 25 a is a front view of a

register shifting device for factors having up to 8 denominations, Fig

25 b is a side elevation of the device 120 of Fig 25 a, Fig 25 c is a

part plan of the machine of Fig 1, showing the register shifting

device and the record means and signal heads, Fig 26 shows the basic

principle of the cal 125 culator for addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division with electronically controlled register

shifting device and cycle counter, Fig 27 a illustrates an alternative

arrangement of record means, sensing, transferring, 130 Fig 12 a is a

view corresponding to Fig 8 a, but illustrating means for adding and

subtracting digit values, the case shown being the addition problem "

1 + 8 = 9," Fig 12 b is a view corresponding to Fig.

12 a, but showing a subtraction problem by complementary addition " 1

+ 1 = 2," Fig 13 shows in a perspective view similar to Fig 5, a

rotatable signal carrier and stationary signal heads arranged above it

with a schematic representation of co-ordinated amplifier circuits A,

B, C, D and E, Figs 14 a-e show diagrammatically a discshaped

rotatable record means with the corresponding stationary signal heads

shown in a semi-circular ring, the separate figures showing successive

phases of the problem " 00 + 28 = 28," Figs 15 a-e show the same parts

as Figs.

14 a-e, but in the successive phases of another addition problem " 28

+ 91 = 119," Figs 16 a-h illustrate correspondingly the successive

phases of the subtraction problem " 119 84 = 35," Fig 17 a shows in

symbolic form the digit value processing means comprising a sensing

head, amplifier, group of numerical value switches and numerical value

coils associated with recording heads (amplifier circuit "A"), Fig 17

b shows in more detail a simple embodiment of the amplifier circuit

"A" of Fig 17 a, Fig 17 c shows in still more detail the amplifier

circuit "A" of Figs 17 a and 17 b, Fig 17 d is a side view of an

inductively actuating distribution arm serving as an alternative to

the contact sector switches of Figs 17 b and 17 c, Fig 17 e shows an

edge view of the same, Fig 17 f shows a section through an inductively

actuated distributor including the arm of Figs 17 d and 17 e, Fig 17 g

is the wiring diagram of the amplifier circuit "A" with an electronic

sector switch controlled by the distributor of Fig 17 f, Fig 17 h is

the wiring diagram of the amplifier circuit "A" with electronic digit

value switches also controlled by a distributor, Fig 18 a shows in

symbolic form the digit value separating and forwarding means

comprising a sensing head, amplifier, pre-mark switch and two pairs of

recording heads (amplifier circuit " B "), Fig 18 b shows in more

detail a simple embodiment of the amplifier circuit " B " using an

electromechanical relay as a carry-over pre-mark switch, Fig 18 c

shows in still more detail the amplifier circuit "B " of Figs 1 Sa and

18 b but with a carry-over pre-mark switch in the form of an

electronic relay, Fig 18 d shows an alternative arrangement of an

amplifier circuit " B " with an electronic relay comprising

exclusively high vacuum tubes, 786,021 6 78,2 separating and

diminishing means, Fig 27 b shows a further alternative combining the

digit value processing and carryover means, Fig 27 c is a view

corresponding to Fig 17 a showing the amplifier circuits "A" and " B "

as applied to the alternative arrangement of Fig 27 a, Fig 27 d shows

the amplifier circuits " C" and " D " also as applied to Fig 27 a, Fig

27 e is a part of amplifier circuit " D," as applied to Fig 27 a and

showing the premark switch for carry-over, Figs 27 f and 27 g show how

a discrimination is made between the two sensing heads of Fig 27 a by

electronic relay means, Fig 28 is a diagram showing the positions of

the signal heads relatively to the record means (shown as side-by-side

rectangular panels) but with displacement on sensing instead of on

recording as in Fig 6 b, Fig 29 is the wiring diagram of a calculator

with full keyboard when using the arrangement of Fig 28, Fig 30 shows

the wiring diagram of a multi-counter book-keeping machine in which

the input of digits is effected by a ten's keyboard, and the

processing of the signals is effected during the sensing, using the

arrangement of Figs 28 and 29, Fig 3 la shows the main shaft, and the

parts rotating therewith, of the calculator illustrated in Fig 26 but

without shift register, Fig 31 b is a view in axial direction of a

magnetizable disc used as a record means for the signals separated

according to whether they are below or equal to the limiting value, or

above the limiting value, Fig 31 c is an edge view of the disc in Fig.

31 b, Fig 31 d is a view in axial direction of a toothed disc used in

the one case as a signal generator for zero signals, and in another

case as a distributor rotor, Fig 31 e is an edge of the disc in Fig 31

d, Fig 32 is a face view of a computing record means formed as a disc,

with representations of tracks, digit value localities, denominational

sectors, and computing signals, as well as with a luminescent layer

for the stroboscopic indication of the numbers represented by the

signals, Figs 33 a, 33 b and 33 c are diagrams in perspective

representing respectively the indication of result signals by annular

stroboscopic, parallel stroboscopic, and cathode ray tube devices, Fig

34 a shows diagrammatically one method of computing by distributive

means, Fig 34 b is a delay means for delaying the pre-mark switch in

Fig 34 a, Fig 35 shows another method of computing by distributive

means and including a full keyboard, Fig 36 a is a part of a wiring

diagram of a computing arrangement incorporating the use of

cross-coils, showing how the coils are connected to the transmission

means and to recording heads, Figs 36 b, 36 c illustrate the wiring of

one example of a complete arrangement for computing by cross-coils,

with the simultaneous introduction of the second digit-value from

amagnetic record means, and adapted for addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division, Figs 36 d, 36 e, 36 f, 36 g illustrate

diagrammatically methods of computing e g with the cross-coils of Figs

36 a-36 c, Fig 36 h shows in part sectional elevation one constructive

embodiment of the cross-coil arrangement in combination with the

rotatable means for sensing the results, Fig 37 a shows a magnetizable

drum used as input and output means and as selective storage and

having a set of signal heads movable along its surface, said drum

being motor driven and geared to the mechanism for moving the heads,

Fig 37 b is a perspective view of a feeding mechanism for dealing with

two magnetizable tapes, Fig 37 c is a plan view of a disc bearing

optically sensible signals, Fig 38 is a diagram illustrating a method

of computing in which two input signals cooperate to select and

energize a coil representing the result, Fig 39 is a wiring diagram of

a device incorporating a capacitor for recording computing signals

according to the digit values presented by a keyboard, Fig 40 is a

wiring diagram showing the principle of processing by means of a

condenser as a result element, Fig 41 is a wiring diagram of an

arrange, ment for processing by means of a condenser as result

element, Fig 42 is the wiring of a computing arrangement wherein the

result is derived from result elements by means of deflecting a

cathode ray, Fig 43 is a wiring diagram of an electronic switch for

distributing computing signals to conductors co-ordinated to digit

values, denominations, etc.

Fig 44 is an electronic switch for controlling the recording of

computing signals, Fig 45 shows perspectively the cathode ray tube of

Figs 43 and 44, Fig 46 is a wiring diagram of a computer including the

screen of a cathode ray tube as record means.

In the drawings only so much of the mechanical parts of the calculator

has been included as is necessary for the understanding of the

invention, whilst for reason of clarity the electrical wiring diagrams

and the arithmetical problems dealt with have purposely been

simplified.

786,021 already stated, connected horizontally to all 65 other

keyboard contacts 160 for the keys having the same digit value " 0 "

The second horizontal line of keys 9 ' represent the digit value 1 in

all the denominations.

The contact 161 is therefore connected in 70 parallel horizontally

with the contacts 161 of all the other keys representing the digit

value "'1 " On the other hand there are vertical connections between

the other spring contacts 15 75 of the several pairs below the keys

For instance, spring contacts 15 shown in Fig 2 are connected to each

other vertically in the row 8 ' (Fig 1).

By means of the horizontal connection of the 80 respective contacts 16

for the same digit value, and the vertical connection of the spring

contacts 15 in the respective denominations, the full keyboard is

enabled to indicate, by depressing the appropriate key and closing the

85 corresponding contacts, any digit value in any denomination within

the capacity of the machine For any addition or subtraction operation,

and comparable with mechanically operating calculators, the keys of

the keyboard 90 will be arrested only for one such operation, whereas

for multiplying or dividing operations the keys remain arrested until

the operation has been completed.

The calculator contains within the casing 17 95 computers which

perform the operations of adding, subtracting and so on The mechanical

parts of the computers in the example now being described comprise a

shaft 18, which is rotated by the motor 19 either intermittently 100

or continuously as is described below On the said shaft 18 is mounted

the disc 7, comprising the computing record means (computing signal

carrier) The surface of the disc has a magnetizable layer, enabling

the recording, 105 sensing and erasing of signals inductively The

recording of such signals is effected during a movement of this disc 7

relatively to a stator indicated generally as 20 and comprising a set

of signal heads for recording, sensing and eras 110 ing respectively

The stator parts are mounted on the frame or chassis 21.

Also within the casing 17 is a sector-switch 22, mounted on the shaft

18 and serving to establish a co-operation between the vertical 115

rows of keys 8 '-8 ' and corresponding sectors on said magnetizable

layer, for a purpose described below Also carried by the frame 21 is

the stator 23 of a distributor, the rotor 24 of which is mounted on

the said shaft 18 The 120 stator 23 includes primary coils 23 ' and

secondary coils 23 ", whereby certain signals recorded on the disc

can, when transmitted to these coils, control output-mechanisms, for

instance the printing unit 2, and the carriage 125 roller 5.

The printing unit 2 is operable either by signals on the disc 7, or by

the contacts 1516 of the keyboard 1.

COMPUTING BY DISPLACING SIGNALS ON THE RECORD MEANS.

This may be done in two ways, namely by displacing the signals during

the recording of them on the record means, or by displacing them

during the sensing of them from the record means The former method

will be described first.

In the drawing, Fig 1 shows an electric calculator provided with a

full keyboard 1 as input means and a printing unit 2 as output means

This Figure also shows a further keyboard 3 for letters and

punctuation marks, and there are still further keys, 4 for

arithmetical functions, e g plus, minus, multiply and divide, as well

as command keys, e g.

print Printing is effected by the printing unit 2 and the carriage

roller 5 which holds the paper 6 and moves it linewise Fig 1 also

shows a disc which is contained within the interior of the machine

frame This Figure shows only a specific example of a calculator.

It is evident that there are many other possible ways of combining one

or more computers with input and output means There can, for instance,

be an input means in the form of a tens keyboard, or employing punched

cards, tapes, magnetic or optical storages or the like, other than the

computing record means Output means may be printing units, visual

indicating means and magnetic or optical storages, or the like, other

than the computing record means.

1 SURVEY OF THE MECHANICAL PARTS The full keyboard 1 contains ten

vertical rows 81-81 " of keys (see Fig 1), these keys also being in

ten horizontal rows 90-99 Of these ten vertical rows, the rows 81-8 '

represent different denominations, namely, from right to left, units

to ten millions, while the vertical rows 89 and 810 serve for

selecting the computers within which to operate The horizontal rows 9

'-99 represent in each denomination digit values from 0 to 9 The keys

in this keyboard can be pressed down, and when pressed down are

arrested mechanically by means of projections 10 (see Fig 2) provided

on each key and engaging below latches 11 on bars 12, one for each

vertical row of keys, these bars being urged longitudinally by springs

13 Each key is urged upwardly by a spring 14 so that when any key in

one of the vertical rows is depressed movement of the latch bar 12

releases any previously depressed key in that row Each key, when

depressed, closes contacts 15, 16 arranged below its lower end One of

these contacts in each pair is connected horizontally with the

corresponding contacts of all the other pairs in the same horizontal

row The key at the extreme right hand in Fig 2 and which is in the

fifth vertical row 85 (Fig 1) is adapted to make contact between

spring contacts 15 ' and 16 The contact 160 is, as 786,021 A THE ROTOR

Instead of the disc 7, a drum or other record-means can be used The

disc may be regarded as divided into 13 equal-sized sectors or

denomination areas I-XIII, that is to say, one more than the maximum

number ( 12) of denominations which are to be processed by the

computor.

As Fig 3 shows, the disc must be thought to be sub-divided not only

into the said different sectors I-XIII corresponding to the different

denominations of a given number, but also in such a way, that each

sector is sub-divided into digit areas or fields representing

different digit values The denominational area of sector I is for the

recording of the digit values in the last denomination of a number;

sector II is for the recording of digit values in the penultimate

denomination of that number; sector III is for the recording of digit

values in the antepenultimate denomination of the number, and so on.

Fig 3 shows also that, within each denomination area or sector there

are different groups of digit-areas or fields, these being indicated

in sector I as fields 0-9; 10-19; 20-39 To illustrate the way in which

signals of different digit-values in any denomination in a number are

recorded on the magnetizable disc 7, one must understand that, in each

sector the digit-value " O " will always be in field " O ";

digit-value " 1 " will always be in field " 1 "; digit-value " 2 "

will always be in field " 2 "; digit-value " 3 " will always be in

field " 3 "; digit-value " 4 " will always be in field " 4 ";

digit-value " 5 " will always be in field " 5 "; and so on, and

digit-value " 9 " will always be in field " 9 ".

The fields 10-19 are provided for intermediate recordings and the

fields 20-39 to allow for processing time.

The number 28 therefore, would be recorded in track a as shown in Fig

3 in such a way that there is an " 8 " digit-value signal recorded

within the field " 8 " in track a of sector I, whereas a digit-value

signal " 2 " is recorded in the field " 2 " track a of sector

II, and digit-value " O " is recorded within field " O " track a of

sector III, and further digitvalues " 0 " are recorded within the

fields " 0 " of all the remaining sectors of the said track a.

It is further to be seen from Fig 3 that the magnetizable layer may be

regarded as divided into side-by-side concentric tracks a-e; If,f,-fi;

m and n, the said digit-value signals corresponding to " 28 " being

shown in track a During relative movement between the disc 7 and

signal heads, the said different tracks are traversed by these heads,

which have recording, sensing and erasing means, the respective heads

being fixed within the stator in appropriate positions.

Whereas the tracks a, c, d and e are represented generally as single

tracks in the example now being described, the tracks b and 1,-fe, are

shown as a plurality of sub-tracks, each being traversable by a

recording, sensing and erasing head, these heads being either movable

from track to track or more usually there being signal heads for each

track which can be switched on and off as required The sub-dividing of

track b is illustrated fully in Figs 6 a and 6 b.

Within the tracks c and d there are interruptions in the magnetizable

layer Within each sector a magnetizable layer is present within track

c only within the fields 0-9, whereas, it is present within track d

only within the fields 10-19 The non-magnetizable portions of these

tracks are shown cross hatched.

In addition to the tracks a-e, which are used for the processing of

digit-value signals there are two further tracks in and N which

contain permanent signals In track N in each sector there is such a

signal in field 0, and in track m in each sector there are permanent

signals in the fields 0-9 These permanent signals are sensed by a

sensing head, whereby from track N in each sector a zero signal can be

put into the field " 0 " of for example track a, and track m provides

registering signals for use during computation proceedings as

described below.

B THE STATOR 95 The recording, sensing and erasing of the magnetic

signals on to and from the disc can be carried out in any manner known

from magnetic tape sound technology and the like.

Examples of signal heads and their manner of 100 use are illustrated

in Figs 4 a-4 e.

Fig 4 a shows a usual magnet head in a diagrammatic representation In

particular, the iron core 25 is shown with a slot 26 and a winding 27,

the head overlying the magnetic 105 layer 28 of the disc 7 A magnetic

flux in the head induced by an electric current within the winding 27

flows through the arms of the iron core 25 and partly through the

magnetic layer 28 and thereby brings about an increased mag 110 netic

saturation of this layer, and the remanent magnetizing-effect within

the magnetizable layer 28 constitutes a signal which may be of any of

the known recordable types.

For recording, the signal carrier or record 115 means need not be in

every case the movable part The signal heads may themselves move

without altering the principle of the process, since only the relative

movement between signal heads and record means is required 120 The

sensing of such magnetically recorded signals takes place in the

reverse manner, by means of sensing heads or sensing windings in the

same heads as the recording windings A magnetic signal which passes

the slot 26 of a 125 sensing head brings about a change of voltage

within the winding of that head, which constitutes a signal and which

when amplified can be used for computation or control functions or the

like 130 786,021 two tracks a and b, track b not being sub-divided The

disc lies in the slots of the heads, these being in line, and signals

are sensed in track a and recorded in track b The arrangement shown in

Fig 4 d has the advan 70 tage that the several slots can be arranged

much closer to each other, whereas the arrangement shown in Fig 4 e is

that it requires no more space for track b than for track a 75 As

shown in Fig 5 the signal beads are arranged as a stator over the

rotating disc 7.

There are different sets of signal heads to be seen The signal head 31

is for the sensing of signals within track a, from whence these sig 80

nals are picked up and are transferred by signal-transmission means,

which are switchable, to the recording heads 320-329 over the

respective sub-tracks in track b These elements for transferring

signals from track a to track b 85 are the digit-value-processing

means.

The sets of signal heads 33-38 are the signal heads of carry-over

means Of these the signal heads 33-34 are for separating or

distinguishing between signals on track b 90 which are equal to or

lower than a denominational limit value, for example, digit value 9,

and those on track b which exceed that limiting value, the former

being recorded on track c and the latter on track d Signal heads 35 95

are for the performance of the carry-over of the digit value " 1 "

from the preceding denomination (Signal forwarding means).

The transfer from the tracks c and d to the track e is effected by the

signal heads 36-38 100 When transferring from track c to track e there

is no change of digit-value, whereas when transferring from track d to

track e value diminishing means are provided comprising signal heads

37-38 There are pro 105 vided also means which determine whether,

within the next denomination, the recording heads 34 or 35 shall

operate, dependent upon whether or not there are signals in track d

for transfer to track e Only one arrangement 110 of these sets of

signal heads is provided irrespective of the number of sectors on the

rotating disc such one arrangement processing different denominations

in succession.

The tracks f,-f 1 of Fig 3 are for the 115 recording of the results of

12 computers, that is to say, for example, the calculator with twelve

tracks f,-1,2 is a twelve-computor calculator.

By enlarging the size of the disc or by 120 arranging a second or more

discs moving together in synchronism it is possible to have as many

signal-tracks as are required for any plurality of numbers.

As there is high-speed relative movement 125 between the record means

and the signal heads, there is an air gap between the relatively

moving parts preventing friction, but determining a recording and/or

sensing of signals in the required frequency and intensity 130 Erasing

takes place mainly by means of energizing an erasing head by a

high-frequency current Alternatively, the erasing could take place by

a suitable direct current erasing head, which would saturate the

magnetic layer and again de-magnetize it to bring about the original

condition of such layer The sensing and recording heads may, as shown

in Figs 4 b4 e, be mechanically united into a set of two or more heads

In this case the sensing can take place with the aid of a sensing head

and the subsequent recording with the aid of a recording head if they

are connected to each other over signal transmission means, for

example, an amplifier If the sensing and the recording slots 26 and 26

' of this combination of heads are in alignment radially of the disc

then a magnetic signal passing the sensing head is transmitted from

the sensed track to the corresponding field in the track under the

recording head 30 and therefore with the same digit value, since the

slots 26 and 26 ' are not displaced angularly relative to each other

as shown later on in Fig 7 b If the slots 26 and 26 ' are mutually

displaced angularly with respect to the record means (disc 7) then

with such a transfer of a signal from the sensed track to the track

under the recording head 30 a change of position angularly of the disc

will take place in the same sector, and therefore with a change of

digit value of the signal (see Fig 7 c).

Fig 4 b shows two signal heads 29-30 positioned side-by-side in such a

way that the slot 26 of the sensing head 29 is distant from the slot

26 ' of the recording head 30 by one field, which distance would be in

the direction of the relative movement between the heads and the

magnetizable layer.

Fig 4 c shows a combined set of one sensing head 31, with slot 310 and

ten recording heads 32 with slots 32 -329 by means of which the

transfer of signals from one track to other tracks can be effected in

such manner that any pre-determined changing of the position of the

signal on the signal-carrier, e g, the magnetizable disc 7 can take

place The slot 31 of the sensing head 31 is in the same angular

position as the slot 320 of the first of the recording heads 32, the

slots 32 ', 322 329 of the other recording heads being progressively

advanced angularly with respect to that of the previous recording

heads by the extent of one digit value field.

Fig 4 d represents the same set of heads as shown in Fig 4 c but in

the working position relatively to a magnetizable signal carrier or

record means in the form of a disc, namely disc 7, this set of heads

being able to change the position of signals in dependence on switches

(not shown) and operating with one sensed track a and a track b

divided into ten sub-tracks arranged side-by-side.

Fig 4 e shows an alternative arrangement in which such a set of heads

operates with only 786,021 Fig 6 a shows diagrammatically the

different fields on the rotating disc in which signals can be

recorded, whereas Fig 6 b shows in which different fields of the

stator the sensing, recording and erasing heads are provided Both

these diagrams show the different sectors as rectangles in order to

have enough room to show exactly the different fields in which the

signals are to be recorded, and in which the different signal heads

are arranged For convenience the tracks fl-f are omitted from Figs 6 a

and 6 b their purpose being similar to that of track e.

Figure 6 a also shows diagrammatically the different sectors, fields

and tracks of the magnetizable disc 7, used as a signal carrier or

record means Four sectors of a thirteensector disc are shown, placed

next to one another as rectangles, the third from the left

representing the identical sectors III-XII.

The complete signal carrier comprises the thirteen sectors, of which

the sectors I-XII are used as record means, for processing up to

twelve denominations The diagram shows sector II at the right of

sector I, but it is to be understood that on the disc sector II is

arranged in sequence to sector I, so that the fields 0-40 of the

sector I have their continuation in the fields 0-40 of the sector II,

which lead again in continuation to the 40 fields of sector III, and

so on and finally to the fields of the sector XII and then to the

switching sector XIII.

The permanent signals for " zero " in track N and for registering

purposes in the fields

0-9 of track m, which are used as signal generators in combination

with sensing heads, are indicated by stroke markings within the fields

of the track m and n Within track a is shown the recording of the

number 028 by means of signals within the field 8 of sector I, being

the signal for the lowest denomination 8 of this number 028, and

within field 2 of sector II, being the signal for the penultimate

denomination 2 of such number; both such signals being indicated in

the diagram Fig 6 a by hatched fields in the track a In the following

sectors III-XII there would be signals only in the fields 0 of track

a, and the complete recording would therefore represent the number

000000000028 Corresponding in position to the ten recording heads 32

of the digit value displacement arrangement the track b is made up

into ten sub-tracks, this as above stated allowing of an easier

construction and arrangement of the sets of signal heads with their

slots in a small angular distance.

Within the fields 0-9 of the tracks c and d there is a magnetizable

layer in track c only, whereas in track d the said fields are not

magnetizable, the layer being absent The cross-wise hatched lines

indicate that there is no possibility for recording within the fields

as indicated, as in these the layer is removed in order to separate

signals having a digit value equal to and lower than 9 and which are

recorded on track c, from those whose digit value is higher than 9 and

are recorded on track d For the same reason there is no magnetizable

layer within the fields 10-19 in track c, whereas the same fields in

track d can be magnetized Finally track e constitutes the result

track, whereas the track "f " (not shown in this Fig) allows of the

recording of as many digit numbers in the different tracks as there

are multi-column computers within the calculator.

Fig 6 b shows diagrammatically an example of the arrangement of the

signal heads within the stator For indicating the different types of

signal head the following symbols are used:

+ a recording head o a sensing head a non-switchable erasing head and

i: a switchable erasing head.

This diagram makes it possible to describe by means of symbols the

exact position of the signal heads within the stator, and the

different kinds of signal heads.

To facilitate the description, the following symbols will be used A

signal head of the stator within sector I, track a, field 9, is

symbolized e g in all the following diagrams by:

I a g; a signal head of the stator within sector I, track b, field 9

is symbolised e g in all the following diagrams by I b 9 etc.

In order to simplify the description of the position of the signal

heads arranged within the stator, their position is indicated by a

combined symbolism of letters and figures The Roman figure indicates

the sector of the stator, in which the signal head is to be found, the

small following letter indicates the track in which the signal head is

situated, and the figure finally indicates the field within the sector

of the track in which the slot of the signal head is situated.

" I a 9 " indicates, therefore, that the slot of this signal head is

in sector I, track a and field 9 of the stator.

In the stator there are provided sensing and recording heads for the

following processes:

COMPUTING PROCESS ( 1):

DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING.

This process effects the change of the digit value of a signal in

dependence of another digit value The means for this process comprise

sensing heads 32 -9 in the stator fields

I b 0 and I b 9 for the signal transfer from track a to track b, see A

in Fig 6 b COMPUTING PROCESSES ( 2)-( 5):

CARRY-OVER PROCESSES.

COMPUTING PROCESS ( 2).

By this process an indication is obtained as to whether the resulting

sum of the digit values of the respective denomination exceeds the

limiting value, and furthermore the forwarding of a carry-over by a

correction of the resulting digit value by " 1 " in dependence on

786,021 magnetizable disc 7 The description of the computing processes

therefore requires first an explanation as to how the signals

representing the digit values in a number are recorded A part of the

track a of the signal carrier is 70 therefore shown enlarged and

elongated in the various diagrams of Figs 7 a-7 c.

Fig 7 a shows two sectors of the track a (sectors I and II) for the

recording of the last and penultimate denominations of the number 75

028, and the subdivision of these two sectors into four times ten

fields The sectors are noted with Roman figures I and II, starting

with the last denomination of a number which is to be represented

Thus, for example, for 80 the recording of the number 028 sector I is

provided for the recording of the signal of the last denomination,

which is in this case the digit value 8, whereas the signal which

represents the digit value 2 of the penultimate 85 denomination of

this number is recorded within the sector II The next sectors III/IV

etc record only signals in the fields for the digit value 0.

The recording of a signal representing the 90 digit value 8 takes

place within the field 8 of the first quarter of the sector I by means

of an increased or otherwise altered remanence of the magnetizable

layer or in any other suitable known manner (e g a change of ampli 95

tude, frequency, phase, etc) The recording of the digit value 2

(penultimate digit) takes place in a corresponding manner by means of

a magnetic signal within the field 2 of the first quarter of the

sector II With numbers 100 which contain more than two denominations

signals for the corresponding digit values are recorded in the

remaining sectors; in this example (" 028 ") the digit value 0 is

recorded in the remaining sectors 105 For the transfer of signals in a

sector from one track to another, for instance from track a to track b

a sensing head is located within the track a and a recording head is

located within the track b In Fig 7 B two such signal 110 heads are

connected over an amplifier, shown symbolically If the slot of the

sensing head 29 and of the recording head 30, as shown in this

example, are in the tracks a and b respectively but in the same line

of stator fields and 115 within the same sector, signals recorded in

track a with the record means rotating in the direction of the arrow,

are sensed from track a, and transferred to track b without a change

of their digit value position In Fig 7 b the 120 signal 8 is being

sensed within the track a in exactly the same moment when the field 8

of track b passes below the slot of the recording head 30 as the two

slots of the sensing and recording heads are in the same line of 125

fields, whereby the sensed signal for 8 on track a is recorded again

as a signal for 8 on track b With further movement of the signal

carrier to the extent of one sector, the digit value 2 in the track a

in the sector II, that is 130 a carry-over pre-mark signal of the

preceding denomination.

The means for this computing process comprise sensing head 33 in

stator position I b 19, recording heads 341 and 342 in stator

positions I c 19 and I d 19 and the recording heads 35 ' and 35 ' in

stator positions I c 18 and I d 18 for the signal transfer from track

b to track c or d (B of Fig 6 b).


The unchanged transfer of the digit value signals, if the sum of the

digit values does not exceed the limiting value, the means for this

process 3 comprising sensing head 36 in stator position II c 5 and

recording head 38 in stator position II e 5, for the signal transfer

from track c to track e (C of Fig 6 b).


The digit value diminishing within the same denomination and the

pre-marking of a carryover as correction of a resulting digit value in

the following denomination is effected by the means of this process,

if the resulting sum of the digit value exceeds the limiting value.

The means of this process comprise sensing head 37 in stator position

I d 35 and recordinghead 38 in stator position II e 5 for the signal

transfer from track d to track e (D of Fig 6 b).


The addition of the " fugitive one " in subtraction and the

re-transfer to track a The means for this process are the sensing head

58 in stator position XIII e 19 and the recording heads 59 and 60 in

stator positions XIII a 19 and XIII a 18 for the signal transfer from

track e to track a (E of Fig 6 b).

Erasing heads are provided in the stator positions II a-d 19 and XIII

e 39 The erasing heads in the tracks b-e are uncontrolled They

automatically erase the signals from these tracks after they have been

processed.

The erasing head in track a is effective only during addition or

subtraction processes It is provided with a compensation winding, by

which the erasing effect can be removed if no further addition or

subtraction is to be effected, for several rotations may run through

without processing, for instance, in multiplication or division or if,

instead of computing, sensing for indicating the result is to be

effective.

During a co-operation with the selective storage it is likewise

necessary to make use of controlled erasing heads in tracks which are

to receive signals from the selective storage or are to deliver

signals for the result and the like into the storage.

II COMPUTING PROCESSES FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION.

1 DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING IN ADDITION.

Computing by means of such a signal carrier or record means and signal

heads depends on the changing of the position of signals on the signal

carrier, in this case the 786,021 12 786,021 the penultimate

denomination of the number 028 is likewise transferred unchanged in

value on to track b as a magnetic signal in field 2 of the sector II,

since sector II, field 2, track a of the rotor passes below the slot

of the sensing head 29 just at the moment when sector II field 2 of

the track b is below the slot of the recording head 30.

If, however, as demonstrated in Fig 7 c the slot of the sensing head

29 is displaced from the slot of the recording head 30 by one field,

for example, if the slot of this recording head is just over the field

9 of the sector I, then the magnetic signal of track a in field 8

13 induces a voltage in the sensing head, and the recording head

produces a magnetic signal in the magnetizable layer, of track b and

in a position altered by one field compared with the original signal

in track a.

By means of this displacement of the heads by one field, the signals

when being transferred from track a to track b are changed in position

so that the digit value of the signal sensed on track a is increased

by " one " on transfer to track b.

Figs 8 a-8 c shows the computing process of " 000 " + " 028 " = " 028

" The Fig 8 a shows the keyboard 1 with the different vertical and

horizontal rows of contacts The horizontally connected contacts 16

-169 (see also Fig 2) indicate the different digit-values 0-9, whereas

the vertical rows of contacts '-15 ' indicate the different

denominations, for example, 15 ' is the row of contacts for the last

or unit denomination of a number, 152 is the row for the penultimate

or tens denomination of the number, 15 ' is the row for the hundreds

denomination, and so on In Figs 8 a-8 c the full keyboard 1 shows that

in the last denomination there is pressed down the key " 8," which has

made a contact between the horizontal contact line 168 and the

vertical contact line 151, such contact being maintained so long as

this key is kept down.

In the contact row for the penultimate denomination, there is pressed

down the key " 2 " which connects the horizontal contact line 16 ' for

the digit value 2, with the vertical contact line 15 ' Therefore

within the full keyboard, the number 28 is introduced into the

calculator As there are no keys pressed down in the preceding vertical

rows of contacts '-158 there is indicated an " O " because contacts

below row 16 are normally connected but are separated when and so long

as another key in the same vertical row is pressed down.

Also, Fig 8 a shows the sector switch 22 (see Fig 2) with peripheral

contacts 39 I-390 and a centre contact 40 This contact 40 is connected

to the anode circuit of the amplifier 41 which amplifies signals from

the sensing head 31 which, as shown, is sensing a signal in track a at

slot 310 The peripheral contacts 391 _ 398 are connected to the

respective vertical contact rows 15 '-15 ' as shown and are wiped by

the contact 42 which rotates with the sector switch.

In Fig 8 a the arm 42 is wiping the peripheral contact 39 ' and at

that instant only digit values in the vertical row 151 can be 70

processed Fig 8 a also shows that the sensing head 31 over track a of

the rotating disc 7 is sensing the signal " O " in the digit value

field " O " of sector I, which signal is transferred over the

amplifier 41 to the centre 75 contact 40 of the sector switch 22 and

wiping arm 42 to the peripheral contact 39 ' thence to the vertically

connected contacts in row 15 ' and through the closed contact below

the depressed key " 8 " via the horizontal connec 80 tion 161 to one

side of the winding of the recording head having the slot 328, see

also Fig 4 c-4 d There is thus recorded in track b a signal in field 8

of sector I representing the computation " 0 + 8 = 8," effected by the

85 digit value processing means.

The other side of the winding of the recording head is connected back

to the amplifier 41 again Instead of zero signals being sensed from

track a they may be, in certain cases, 90 sensed on track N and

conveyed to the amplifier 41, the alternatives being determined by the

switch 43.

Fig 8 b shows the same processing means for dealing with the digit

values " O + 2 = 2 " 95 or " 00 + 20 = 20 " of the penultimate

denomination of the number 028 There is again shown the keyboard 1

with pressed down keys " 20 " and " 8 " so that, within the

penultimate vertical contact row 152 the key " 2 " is 100 pressed down

to close the contacts below it By this means there is a connection

between the vertical contact row 15 ' and the horizontal contact row

16 ' Within the sector II the sensing head 31, after passing over the

area 105 of sector I, senses a signal 0 in the track a (or n) which,

through the amplifier 41, the sector switch 22 and the contacts 39 of

the depressed key is transmitted to the recording head with slot 322,

whereby a signal is re 110 corded in track b in field 2 representing

the computation " 00 + 20 = 20 " In the same manner, sectors III, IV

and V and so on in track b receive a zero signal transmitted through

an amplifier 41, sector switch 22 and 115 the normally closed contacts

in rows 15 Y-15 ', representing the computations " 000 + 000 = 000 "

according to Fig 8 c.

Figs 9 a-9 c show the digit-value processing (without subsequent

carry-over) for the 120 addition of the numbers: " O 2: 8 + O 9: 1 =

0:11: 9 " within the sectors III, II, I for the three last 125

denominations of numbers 028 and 091.

Fig 9 a shows sector I of the tracks a and 786,021 286,021 b during

that instant of the relative movement between signal carrier and

signal heads, when sector I of field 8 of track a is below the slot

310 of the sensing head which is in the position I a 9 in the stator

(see Fig 6 b).

Over the track b there is again shown the set of the ten recording

heads with their slots 320-320 each displaced by one field from the

next within the stator positions I b 9 to I b 0.

These recording heads receive electric signals induced in the sensing

head 31 and transmitted via the amplifier 41, the sector switch 22 and

the contacts of key " 1 " (representing the last denomination of the

number 91) and the horizontal connection 161 to recording head with

slot 32 ' representing the computation " 8 + 1 = 9 " As the slot 32 '

of the energized recording head is displaced from the slot 310 of the

sensing head by one field, the magnetic signal of the recorded digit

value on to track b will in this case be " 9," instead of the sensed

digit value " 8 " The displacement by one field effects an addition of

" 1 " by these processing means These processing means are referred to

in the following description as " amplifying circuit A " With the

further relative movement of the rotor with respect to the signal

heads, a magnetic signal in the sector II, field 2, of track a (digit

value of the penultimate digit of the number " 28 ") passes under the

slot 31 ' of the sensing head This moment is shown in Fig 9 b As 20

and 90 are now to be added the recording head 329 is switched in

within the sector II of the disc 7 so that the magnetic signal " 2 "

in sector II track a is changed in position by 9 fields when

transferred from track a to track b and is recorded as " 11 " in

sector II of track b.

As on the further relative movement of the rotor by one sector, the

recording head becomes effective in sector III, in dependence on the

connection of the horizontal line 16 ' to the vertical row 15 ' for

the third-last denomination of the number, and the sensing head 31 in

the position I a 9 of the stator is connected with the recording head

320 in position I b 9 via the amplifier 41, sector switch 22 and the

zero contacts in row 16 of the keyboard 1 so that there is no changing

of digit value position during the signal transfer from track a to

track b.

The means for changing the digit value position of signals during

transfer from track to track are called in the following description

value-processing means (processing means).

They operate within the example so far described during a transfer

from track a to track b The result received on track b by an addition

of " 0: 2: 8 to 0: 9: 1 " by means of the set of signal heads 31-32 in

combination with the digit value switches in lines 16 '-169 and the

amplifier 41 will be " 0: 11:9 " These signals are recorded in track b

as an intermediate result of the computing processes effected by the

processing means as shown in Figs 9 a_ 90 In order to transform this

intermediate result " 0: 11: 9 " into the final result " 1: 1: 9 " a

carry-over is still essential and is effected by carry-over means

operating in 70 this example during signal transfer from track b to

tracks c and d and from those tracks to track e.

The several phases of these processes may be brought together by

corresponding switch 75 means and the like As it is possible, however,

to demonstrate in this example the different operations in different

phases, the following description will explain this.

2 CARRY-OVER 80 The carry-over means which is illustrated

diagrammatically in Figs 10 oa'-10 and 1 i1 1 consists of

signal-separating means, valuediminishing means, and signal-forwarding

means 85 a CASES EXCEEDING THE LIMITING VALUE AND FORWARDING THE

CARRY-OVER INTO THE NEXT DENOMINATION.

The separating means are for separating signals representing resulting

digit values gv equal to or lower than a pre-determined digit value (e

g, " 9 ") from signals representing digit values which are higher than

such predetermined digit value They comprise, in the example now

described, means for a signal 95 transfer from track b to tracks c and

d; usually sensing head 33, the recording heads 341 342, the amplifier

44, non-magnetizable areas 45 in the fields " 10-19 " of track c and

non-magnetizable areas 46 in the fields 100 " 0-9 " of track d, and

also two recording heads 351 _ 352, being distant from the recording

heads 34 I-342 by one field in each case and being effective as

forwarding means, if a carry-over of " 1 " into the next sector has to

105 be effected.

The transfer of signals from track b to the track c or d takes place

via " the amplifier circuit B " which consists of the amplifier 44,

the forwarding switch 47 having two ways 48 110 and 49, a sensing head

33 in the position I b 19 in the stator, two recording heads 34 '-34 '

in the positions I c 19 and I d 19 within the stator for the

separating of signals and two further recording heads 351-352, being

distant 115 from the recording heads 341-34 by one field in each case

and being effective as means for forwarding the value " 1 " if a

carry-over into the next sector has to be effected The recording heads

34 I-342 are connected in 120 parallel and connected to switch way 48

whilst 35._ 352 are in parallel and connected to switch way 49 of the

forwarding switch 47.

All the signal heads are suitably mounted fixedly on the frame 21 125

By means of the chequered arrangement of magnetizable and

non-magnetizable areas 4546 of the tracks c and d, the recording of

any one signal can only take place either in the track c or in the

track d since at any one 130 instant there is only one of the slots in

each pair of the recording heads 34 '-34 ' and 351352 over a

magnetizable layer Within the tracks c and d the signals of digit

values lower than or equal to 9, are therefore always recordable only

on the track c, whereas digit value signals exceeding " 9 " are always

recordable only on the track d.

In Fig l Oa, the separating of the signal " 9 " sensed from the track

b in sector I is effective during the transfer of that signal from

track b to tracks c and d only in track c, notwithstanding that it is

presented to both tracks, and the effect is that the signal " 9 " of

track b is now recorded in the field position " 9 " on the track c

whilst on track d no recording can take place.

If the forwarding switch 47 were in switch position 49, it would

connect the amplifier 44 with the second pair of recording heads 35._

352 In such event a forwarding of the signal " 9 " from track b would

take place, so that there would be a change of digit value position by

" 1 " and a signal " 10 " in track d would result This forwarding

switch 47 as is described later with reference to Figs 18 a18 ', may

consist of a plurality of electronic tubes but alternatively could

consist of relays or other suitable switch means.

Fig l Ob shows the separating of the magnetic signal " 11 " sensed

from track b in sector Il, after a rotation of the disc 7 by one

sector As a magnetizable layer in field " 11 " is provided in the

track d only, a transfer of a signal " 11 " from the track b to the

tracks c and d can only be effective on track d, in field " 11 " in

sector II of that track.

With the procedure described hitherto in the example " 028 + 091 =

119," the first sum 0 2 8 is still in track a During the transfer from

track a to track b, namely, during the value changing by the

processing means, there has taken place a changing of the digit value

position by one field because of the pressed down key " 1 " in the

last denomination row 151 of the keyboard 1 having been effective

within sector I of the magnetizable disc, as controlled by the sector

switch 22 (see Fig.

9 a).

After a relative movement by one sector there has taken place within

sector II a changing of the digit value position of the signal 2 in a

by "nine" fields because of the pressed down key " 9 " in the

penultimate denomination row 15 of the keyboard 1, " 028 + 091 =

0:11:9 " having been effected within the sector II as controlled by

the sector switch 22 (Fig 9 b).

Within Sector III no change of signal position has taken place during

this transfer from track a to track b as the sector switch 22 has made

only zero contacts effective (see Fig 4 ').

After the separating means has been effective in the three different

sectors, according to Fig 10 a-l Oc during a transfer from track b to

tracks c and d, the signals are now to be found in the tracks a, b, c

and d as follows.

Track Sector III Sector II a b c d 0 0 1.

2 Sector I 8 9 b NON-DIMINISHING OR DIMINISHING THE DIGIT VALUE IN THE

SAME DENOMINATION To complete the processing a diminishing 75 means is

required Such means is operated during a transfer of the signals from

the tracks c and d to the result track e, as shown in Figs.

lla-llc This transfer is effected in such a way that two sensing heads

36-37 are con 80 nected respectively via the amplifiers 50 and 51 to

the windings of the recording head 38.

The sensing head 36 is in position II c 5 over track c, whereas the

recording head is in the stator position II e 5 over the track e 85

Therefore, signals on the the track c are transferred to the track e

with the same digit value.

For example, in Fig 1 la, the transferring of the signal " 9 " in

sector I from track c to track e is shown 90 The diminishing means

consists of two amplifier circuits, the amplifier circuit C, by which

those signals are transferred from track c to track e when no

diminishing is to take place, the amplifier circuit " D " for transfer

95 ring signals from track d to track e, whilst at the same time

diminishing them in digit value by a corresponding change of digit

value position The extent by which diminishing takes place

(diminishing value) depends upon the 100 limiting value For example,

in decimal notation it would be by 10 fields, and in converting pence

to shillings it would be by 12 fields, and so on.

The amplifier circuit C consists of a winding 105 of the recording

head 38 in the stator position II e 5, the amplifier 50 and the

sensing head 36 over the track c in position II c 5 The amplifier

circuit D consists of another or the same winding on sensing head 38

in the stator 110 position II e 5, the amplifier 51 and the sensing

head 37 which is distant by 10 fields from the recording head 38 over

track d in the stator position I d 35 The amplifier circuit D controls

the carry-over forwarding switch 47 115 of circuit B and which moves

over from position 48 to position 49, dependent upon whether signals

are being sensed from track c or track d.

As with the further rotation of the disc 7 120 the magnetic signal "

11 " runs below the slot of the sensing head 37 of the amplifier

circuit D, there takes place, on the transfer from track d to track e,

a field displacement (change of digit value position) of the signal by

ten 125 fields so that the magnetic signal " 11 " on track d is

recorded in track e diminished to 786,021.

786,62 i the value" 1," in field 1 of track e (Fig 11 b).

This transfer effects also the ignition of the gas discharge tube 52

of the forwarding switch 47 and by energizing the relay winding 53

effects a switching over from the way 48 to the way 49 so that on the

transfer from track b to track c or track d the signal is forwarded

into the next sector III.

The transfer from tracks c and d to track e within sector III is shown

in Fig 11 In Fig.

9 e there has been shown the operating of the processing means with

the amplifier circuit A during a signal transfer from track a to track

b according to the computation: " O + O = O " On the transfer from

track b to tracks c and d shown in Fig 10 the forwarding of the

carry-over signal " 1 " was controlled by a tens carry-over signal

from the previous denomination in sector II, via the switch way 49 of

the forwarding switch 47.

Now the transfer of the signal " 1 " in sector III from track c to

track e, takes place by means of the amplifier circuit C without any

change of digit value position, and therefore the signal " 1 " is

recorded in track e.

On the further rotation of the the disc 7 the eraser heads 61-64 (see

Figs 5 and 6 b stator positions II a-d 19) of the tracks a, b, c and d

respectively which are permanently effective, operate to remove the

signals in those tracks, so that only in the track e are signals to be

found, as follows:

Track Sector III Sector II Sector I a b c e These result signals may

either be transferred back to trace a for further processing, or

transferred to one of the tracks f,-f, which are the record means for

further computers, or transferred to output means.

As the processing means operates successively in the several sectors,

independent of the number of sectors, that is independent of the

number of denominations of the numbers to be processed and independent

of the number of tracks f,-f of a multi-computor calculator, only one

set of signal heads is required Otherwise there is the possibility of

processing by more than one sets of signal heads, e g, in parallel or

in series There could if desired be more than one processing means

Figs 811 show that the value processing is independent of the shape of

the record means It can for example be a magnetizable disc, or a drum,

or the like.

The great practical advantages of the calculator according to the

invention may be clearly seen from the examples of addition already

described One of these advantages rests in the fact that the record

means may take the signals for the digit values directly, without

needing a previ 65 ous coding as with machines using only binary

numbers The machine according to this invention may therefore compute

directly numbers in the decimal system, and in any similar system 70 A

further great advantage rests in the fact that the value processing

may take place digitwise Thus, the value processing means are

immediately free for further processing, operating during the value

processing of a 75 complete number This results in particular from the

fact that the arrangement of the signal heads in the stator is such

that with every cycle of relative movement all the fields of every

sector have passed the signal heads 80 and all the value processing

operations for the denominations concerned are completed.

This means in practice that the value processing during the next

denomination area of the signal carrier (that is during the rotation

85 of the next sector past the signal heads for processing the next

denomination of the same number) can include a forwarding of a signal

from the previous denomination area As now the record means may be

within certain limits 90 of such dimensions as desired, with only one

value processing means, with very low inertia, a very large number of

denomination areas can be provided on the record means and when such a

calculation is Used in conjunction with 95 or within a book-keeping

machine, the work of a plurality of mechanical computers can be done

by only one value-processing means which need have only the capacity

for processing signals of digit values in a single de 100 nomination,

and including only one carry-over means By means of the digit-wise

terminating of the value-processing, by running through of the digit

values of a denomination it is also possible to use the resulting

digit values on 105 the signal carrier for further operations, for

example, in further computing or in printing, indicating, sorting,

checking and so on.

3 DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING DURING SUBTRACTION 110 Subtraction with the

machine according to this invention is carried out preferably by the

addition of complementary digit values, and is illustrated in Figs 12

" 12 b For this purpose the recording heads 32 -32 ' used as part 115

of the processing means during the transfer of signals from track a to

track b are each provided with an additional winding, and whereas the

one end of the normal winding on each head is connected to the key

contacts having 120 the digit value which that head represents, the

corresponding end of the additional windings is connected to the key

contacts having the complementary digit value For example, in head

328, one end of the normal winding goes 125 to key contacts 161 in row

9 ' and the corresponding end of the additional winding goes to key

contacts 161 in row 9 ' For the purpose of addition the change-over

switch 55 is in the position 56 and for the purpose of subtraction it

is in the position 57, under the control of the appropriate function

keys 4 (Fig 1).

For the purpose of comparison, Fig 12 & illustrates an addition of 10

to 80 in sector II, as a part of the operation of adding 119 to 84 The

sensing head slot 31 is connected over the amplifier 41 and the sector

switch 22 and vertical contact line 15 ' and horizontal line 16 ' to

the normal winding of the recording head 32 ', and the additional

winding of the complementary recording head 32 ' As the change-over

switch 55 is in position 56, only the normal windings are in circuit,

as shown by the thickened line in Fig 12 a.

On the other hand, subtraction is illustrated by means of the example

" 119-84 = 35 " 119 = 35 This is done by way of addition of the

complementary to nine in each denomination of the number 84 to the

number 119, e g.

" 00000119 + 99999915 = 00000035 " Fig 12 b shows the processing for

that part of this operation which concerns sector II.

The change-over switch 55 is now in position 57 and therefore puts

only the additional windings in circuit, as shown by the thickened

lines.

In this example a "fugitive one" well known in mechanical calculators

results in sector XIII and is to be added in sector I, this may be

done as a separate addition operation by the carry-over means as

described above, and as is usual in mechanical computers, or can be

done by change of digit value position during transfer from track e to

track a over amplifier circuit E.

EXAMPLE:

XIII XII XI X IX VIII VII VI V IV III II I o o O O O O O O 0 1 1 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 1 o O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 5 The amplifier circuit E by means of which this latter procedure is

carried out is shown in Figs 21 a and 21 b, and the above example of

subtraction in all its phases is shown in Figs 16 a-16 h.

The Figs 7 a-12 b serving by way of explanation, give only sections of

the tracks a-e used with single calculation procedures, and show them

in extended form Fig 13 shows the components of the amplifier circuits

A-E and especially the arrangement of their signal heads on a disc as

a magnetizable carrier (being the disc 7 of Fig 5).

4 COMPUTING IN SUCCESSIVE PHASES.

The following diagrammatic representations, Figs 14 a-16 h show, for a

better understanding of the working procedure of the computing

arrangement, the solution of a simple addition " 28 + 91 = 119 " and

of a subtraction problem " 119 84 35," the operation being shown in

its successive phases For clarity's sake only a three-place mechanism

(sectors IIII as computing sectors and sector IV as a time-lag sector)

is illustrated, and these sectors are imagined as having digital

fields according to the decadic figure system (compare Fig.

3) The sector IV of the computing signal carrier is an empty sector.

In the Figs 14 a-16 h the stator is illustrated as a section of a

circle which surrounds the computing signal carrier The surfaces

corresponding to the rotor tracks are also characterized here as

tracks, merely to show the relative positions of the signal heads in

the stator.

The marking of the sectors in the stator extends from zero in the

running direction of the rotor, whilst the marking of the sectors in

the rotor extends from zero in the opposite direction.

The position of the zero line of the rotor is made clear in each

figure by the extended radius line.

a ADDITION Task: 28 + 91 = 119.

The figures 14 a-14 e show the phases of the first part problem,

namely, the entering of the first summand " 028 " Phase of rotation in

Fig 14 a.

During the first rotation " zero-signals " will be recorded in the

record means by the recording head in position IV a 19 The arrangement

of the signal heads with regard to the single tracks and sectors of

the stator has been made in full accordance with the diagram in Fig 6

b, to gain a better understanding (compare Fig 14-16 with Fig 6 b).

Likewise the division of the record means (disc 7) in Fig 14-16

corresponds to the view of the disc in Fig 6 a.

The signal generator for the zero-signal is e.g a permanent

zero-signal within the " O " fields of track N of the signal carrier

in association with a signal head (compare Fig 6 a) or a mechanical

tooth or the like passing the 786,021 786,021 17 core of coils shown

in Fig 31 a, 31 d and 31 c (compare II, page 33) Such a zero-signal is

shown in Fig 14 a in field " O " on track a of sector I of the rotor

It is indicated by a vertical dash As with all other digit value

signals of these Figs, the zero signal is indicated additionally

inside the inner-circle of the record means by a numeral in the first

part of sector I of the rotor Furthermore in the fullkeyboard the key

" 8 " of the unit column is pressed down and switched on (see above),

so that the recording-head 328 (the last denomination of the number "

28 " to be added) is prepared for action by the contact below the

depressed key of this denomination, which has the effect that this

head records a signal in track b at that instant at which it receives

via the amplifier a signal from the sensing head 31 in position I a 9

The other recording heads 32 '-32 ' and 329 I b 9-2 and I b 0 remain

inactive, as they are not switched on or not prepared respectively The

indication that the signal-head " 8 " is prepared, is shown by the

numeral " 8 " on the circumference of sector I of the stator in Fig 14

a.

Phase of rotation in Fig 14 b.

After a rotation of the drum by 10 fields it will arrive at the

position shown in Fig 14 b.

The signal " O " on track a has moved accordingly, being just below

the sensing head, in position I a 9 of track a At this instant the

already switched-on recording head I b 1 of the stator has become

active via " amplifying circuit A" and at field " 8 " of track b of

the drum a signal has been recorded, representing the sum of " O + 8 =

8 " (see Figs 8 a and 17 a, process ( 1), the computing process).

In the meantime, another " 0 " signal has been introduced by the

recording head 59 in position IV a 19 of the stator.

Phase of rotation in Fig 14 c.

On rotation through a further 20 fields the rotor will arrive at the

position shown It is evident that the signals of both tracks a and b

have moved accordingly While signal " O " of track a at this continued

turn has not been used, the magnetic signal " 8 " of track b has

induced a surge within the sensing head 33 in position I b 19 during

the movement of the drum at the instant under the signal head (process

2, carry-over process).

As the carry-over pre-mark switch (telegraphic or electronic relay) is

in non-active position, because from the preceding sector no

carry-over pre-mark signal has been forwarded, this surge after

amplification has been led via amplifying circuit B to the recording

heads 34 ' and 342 in positions I c/d 19 connected in parallel

(compare Fig 10 a) Both signal heads have been active, but only signal

head 341 above track c had been able to record a signal in field " 8,"

because in the fields " O " to " 9 " of track d no recording of

magnetic signals is possible, because within these fields no

magnetizable layer on track d is provided.

Therefore signal " 8 " is transferred to track c with the same digit

value.

The sector I of the rotor holds a signal " O " on track a, on track b

signal " 8," and on track c also a signal " 8 " Meanwhile, the penulti

70 mate denomination of the keyboard has become active and has

switched on the recording head in stator field I b 7, indicated by

numeral " 2." Signal " 0 " on track a of sector II of the drum has

been moved on likewise 75 Phase of rotation in Fig 14 d.

With a further rotation by 30 fields the " O " signal on track a has

been erased by passing under the erasing head 61 in position II a 19,

consequently erasing the signals on SO track a of the rotor The signal

" 8 " on track b has moved on without having become active again The

signal " 8 " on track c, on the contrary, has passed below the sensing

head 36 in position II c 5 transferring the signal 85 " 8 " with

unchanged digit value after being amplified onto track e by the action

of the recording head 38 in position II e 5 (compare Fig lla,

computing process ( 3) transfer process, if the sum is less than 10)

The transfer 90 process ( 4) of Fig 20 diminishing 10 if the sum

exceeds 9, could not become active because no signal was on track d

when the respective field passed below sensing head 37 in position I d

35 As described in Fig 14 c 95 the signal " 8 " has been transferred

to track c and not to track d, because it is less than 10.

On sector II of the drum the " O " signal on track a has passed under

sensing head 31 At the instant of passing the signal head generates

100 a surge in its coil transferring it to the switched-on recording

head 32 ' via the amplifier By this means the signal causes a signal

displacement by two fields, which means addition of " O + 2 = 2 "

(compare Fig 8 b) 105 Meanwhile on sector III of the rotor again a " O

" signal has been recorded on track a.

Phase of rotation in Fig 14 e.

The rotor has now almost finished one " revolution " On sector I of

the rotor the 110 signals " 8 " on tracks b and c have been erased by

erasing heads 62, 63 in positions II b/c 19 The signal " 8 " of track

e meanwhile has passed under the sensing head 58 in position IV e 29

and has transferred this signal 115 with the same digit value " 8 " to

track a, because the excited pre-mark switch for the "fugitive one"

had not been excited The signal " 8 " on track " e " is still

existing.

On sector II meanwhile, the signal " 2 " 120 according to process ( 2)

has been transferred onto track c with the same digit value because

the gas dicharge tube 52 of the pre-mark switch 47 has not been

excited by a carryover pre-mark signal and because the record 125 ing

head 342 in position I d 19 of track d cannot become active at digit

values less than in consequence of the fact that the fields of this

track are not magnetizable This signal " 2 " has moved during the

further rotation 130 786,021 under the sensing head 36 (I c 5 process

( 3) which has transferred this signal with the same digit value onto

track e In the further course of the rotation the signal " O " on

track a and the signals " 2 " in tracks b and c have been erased by

the erasing heads 61, 62 and 63 (II a-c 19), and the signal " 2 " on

the track e has been moved on.

On sector III the " 0 " signal has been transferred without change to

track e by the processes ( 1), ( 2), ( 3), according to Figs 8 c, 1

Oc, 1 ic, because " O O = O " The transfer of the " 0 " may also be

suppressed if the " O "contact is held inoperative during process (

1).

In this case, no signal will be transferred from track a to track b in

sector III and the signal " O " will be eliminated by the erasing head

61 of track a before becoming active As shown in Fig 14 e the sum of "

0 + 28 = 28 " has been recorded on track e.

* When the erasing head in position IV e 39 is switched off, and the

amplifier in computing process ( 5) is switched over to the capacitor

of the discharge circuit of the intensity discharge lamp for the

generation of the stroboscopical light flashes, the sum " 028 " will

be visible by means of the stroboscopical disc as explained later The

same result can be obtained from track a, if desired.

Task: 28 + 91 = 119 (Figs 15 a-e and 16 a).

As described in Fig 14 a the signals for " 028 " are recorded on the

rotor, as on track a and also on track e sector I the signal " 8 " is

recorded and in sector II at this instant the signal " 2 " only is on

track e.

Phase of rotation in Fig 15 a.

The last denomination of the new figure 91 " viz, the " 1 " has been

prepared for the input by the pressing down of keys in the keyboard.

In sector I track a of the rotor the signal 8 " is under the sensing

head 31 of track a (I a 9), compare Fig 9 a, process ( 1) As only the

recording head 321 ( 1 b 8) is switched on, indicated by numeral 1,

the signal, while transferred to track b will be displaced by one

field and recorded as " 9," i e, as the sum of " 8 + 1 = 9 " In sector

II the signal " 2 " and in sector III the signal " O " have been moved

on.


In sector I of the drum the original signal " 8 " on track a has

advanced without having been active again The signal " 9 " on track b

has in the meantime moved under the sensing head 33 of the track b (I

b 19) according to process ( 2) and in the course of this, the signal

" 9 " has been recorded on track C in the manner described, because

the gas discharge tube 52 of the carry-over pre-mark switch had not

been excited in the preceding denomination (therefore the same digit

value), and because there is no magnetizable medium on track d in the

fields for digit values less than 10 (compare Fig 10 a).

The sensing head 37 on track d which performs the diminishing of " 10

" at digit values above 9 and also causes the carry-over to the next

denomination, has not become active, as no signal has been recorded on

track d.

In sector II meanwhile the signal " 2 " on track a has been moved

under the sensing head of this track, actuating the computing process

( 1) of Fig 9 b The recording head in position I b 0 is switched on by

pressing down the key " 9 " in the penultimate column of the keyboard

according to the number " 91," and in process ( 1) according to Fig 9

b a displacement of digit value signals takes place by " 9 " fields

Therefore on track b of the sector II of the rotor the signal " 11 "

will be recorded, being the signal of the sum.

In sector III of the drum a signal " O " still remains on track e.


In sector I the original signal " 8 " on track a and the signals " 9 "

on the tracks b and c have been erased by the erasing heads 61-63

after the signal " 9 " has previously been transferred from track c to

the track e with the same digit value at the running under the sensing

head of track c (compare Fig 1 la).

In sector II the original signal " 2 " on track a has moved on without

having been active again On track b the signal " 11 " has almost

reached the sensing head of the track b according to process ( 2) of

Fig 10 b.

In sector III, the " O " signal has moved on without having been

active.

Phase of rotation in Fig 15 d.

In sector I the signal " 9 " has moved on in track e The signals on

the tracks b and c are erased.

In sector II the signals " 2 " on track a and " 11 " on track b have

moved on, without having been active When signal " 11 " passes under

the sensing head of track b, this signal " 11 " is transferred to

track d instead of to track c and is recorded there with the same

digit value This digit value remains unchanged, for the gas discharge

tube 52 of the carry-over pre-mark switch had not been excited in the

preceding denomination The transfer takes place only to track d

because track c has no magnetizable layer at these fields (fields 10

to 19) in contrary to track d which is magnetizable in these fields,

whereas track d is not magnetizable in fields 0 to 9 (compare the

blackened fields on the figure).

At the further rotation the signal " 11 " is passed in track d below

the sensing head 37.

Hereby process ( 4) became effective As this digit value exceeds 9, a

change of signal position takes place by 10 fields, effecting the

diminishing by 10 (compare Fig 1 lb, the transfer from sensing head 37

in position I d to recording head 38 in position II e 5).

The recording on track e is performed as a signal " 1 " The discharge

tube 52 is excited by the 786,021 has been ignited Herewith the

addition process of the second number has been finished during one

rotation of the rotor.

b SUBTRACTION.

Task: " 119 84 = 35 " The detailed description of the subtraction

process is started by the switching on of the last denomination of the

subtrahend ( 84), that is 4, within the keyboard 1 and actuating the

subtraction key (Figs 16 a-h).

The final phase according to Fig 16 a is in this case at the same time

the initial phase of the subtraction.


In sector I the signal " 9 " on track a has moved under the sensing

head 31 in stator field

I a 9 for process ( 1) according to Fig 17 a.

Thereby a surge has been induced in the sensing head, which after

amplification is conducted to the switched on secondary winding of the

recording head 325 of the complementary digit value of the " 4 " in

stator field I a 4, which records the new result as signal " 14 on

track b.

In the sectors II and III there are the signals 1 " still on track e

of each of the sectors.


With further rotation the original signal " 9 " in track a of sector I

has moved on without having been active in the meantime The signal "

14," however, has been transferred by process ( 2) according to Fig 18

a from track b with the same digit value to track d, because no

carry-over pre-mark signal has been released by the preceding

denomination and the summand exceeds the value " 9 " In sector II

meanwhile the signal " 1 " is transferred by process ( 5) according to

Fig.

21 a from track e to track a, and on track e this signal is erased by

the erasing head 65.

In sector III the signal " 1 " remains on track e.

Phase of rotation in Fig 16 d.

In sector I the original signal " 9 " is still on track a The signal "

14 " in track b has moved on without having been active again.

On track d the signal " 14 " has passed below the sensing head 37 of

this track whereby a transfer to track e has been performed, effecting

the diminishing by 10 by a displacement of 10 fields from sensing head

37 in position

I d 35 to recording head 38 in position II e 5 within the stator The

signal " 14 " of track d consequently has now been recorded on track e

as a signal " 4 " In this phase the discharge tube 52 has been excited

(see above, rotation phase of Fig 15 d).

In sector II the original signal " 1 " has passed below the sensing

head 31 of track a.

At this instant the transfer to track b has been performed according

to process ( 1) of Fig 12 b with the complementary digit value of " S

" by the switched on secondary winding of the recording head 32 ' in

stator field I b 8 This is equivalent to an additive signal

displacepre-mark signal for the forwarding of a carryover from

amplifier 51 (see hatching of the discharge-tube 52 in Figs 15 d, 15

e) By exciting the telegraphic or electronic pre-mark switch 47 (Figs

10) of process ( 2) at the next process ( 2) the transfer of the

magnetic signal in track b to track c or d will take place from

sensing head 33 in position I b 19 to the recording heads 35 ' and 352

in positions I c/d 18, thus effecting the tens carry-over.

In sector III meanwhile the " 0 " signal has been recorded by process

( 1) likewise as " 0," so that the " O "-signals are recorded in the

tracks a and b.


In sector I the signal " 9 " on track e has moved on, without having

been active in the meantime.

In sector II the original signal " 2 " on track a has been erased, as

well as the signals " 11 " on tracks b and d On track e the signal " 1

" has moved on without having been active.

In sector III the original signal " 0 " on track a has also moved on

without having been active again The signal " 0 " on track b, however,

has passed under the sensing head on track b At the transfer process (

2) according to Fig 10 c, which performs the carry-over from the

preceding denomination, signal " O " of the track b has been

transferred by the sensing head 33 in position 1 b 19, via the

amplifier, to the recording heads 35 ', 352 in positions I c/d 18, as

the pre-mark switch 47 (see above) has been switched over By this

however only the recording on track c could be effective, as described

repeatedly above In the rotation-phase of this figure there are,

therefore, " 0 "-signals on track a and on track b, whereas on track d

the signal " 1 " is recorded.

Phase of rotation in Fig 16 a.

The rotor meanwhile has finished its rotation and has returned to its

zero-position.

In sector I according to Fig 21 a the signal " 9 " has been

transferred by the process 5 with the same digit value

amplifier-circuit E from track e to track a Therefore this signal is

recorded on both tracks e and a.

In sector II the signal " 1 " has moved on without having been active.

In sector III the signal " 1 " on track c has been transferred to

track e by process ( 3) via amplifier circuit C according to Fig llc

The signals " O " on tracks a and b and signal " 1 " on track c have

been erased bv the erasing heads 61, 62 and 63 of these tracks.

The discharge tube 52 has meanwhile been extinguished by a signal

which is generated by permanent signals, e g by the zero-signals of

the track n, provided in the " 0 "-position of each sector The signals

are generated by a special sensing head at the same time with the

passing of the field 20 under sensing head

33 and will be active if the discharge tube 52 786,021 ment of the

value " 1 " by the primary winding On the track b therefore the signal

" 2 " is recorded.

Within the sector II meanwhile the signal " 1 " has moved on without

having become' active.


During the further rotation the original signal " 9 " on track a and

the signals " 14 on tracks b and d have been erased by their erasing

heads 61, 62 and 64 The signal " 4 " on track e remains.

The original signal " 1 " on track a of sector II has moved on without

having been active again The signal " 2 " on track b has passed under

the sensing head 33 of this track and is transferred by it to track c

as a signal " 3 " by process ( 2) according to Fig 18 a This signal is

now recorded there, because the discharge tube 52 has been excited

(see phase of rotation in Fig 16 e) and the value " 3 " is below 10.

The signal " 1 " of sector III has been transferred from track e to

track a by process ( 5) and on track e this signal has been erased.

The secondary winding of the recording head in position I b 0 is

switched on, indicated by the numeral 9 at the circumference of the

stator.

Phase of rotation in Fig16 f.

The signal " 4 " on track e of sector I has moved on without having

been active.

The signal " 3 " of track c sector II has been transferred to track e

with the same digit value by process ( 3) of Fig 19 a All the signals

" 1," " 2," " 3 " on tracks a, b, c have been erased.

In sector III the signal " 1 " on track a has passed under the sensing

head of this track.

In this way it has induced a surge, which has been conducted to the

secondary winding of the recording head " 9 " in stator field I b 0

via amplifier 41 This signifies the addition of " 9 " or the

subtraction of " O " respectively.

Consequently the signal " 10 " has been recorded on track b by process

( 1) When passing under the sensing head 33 of this track, the signal

" 10 " is transferred to track d with the same digit value by process

( 2), because no carry-over pre-mark signal has occurred influencing

the relay, which therefore remains in the original position.

Phase of rotation in Fig 16 g.

On track e in each of the sectors I and II meanwhile the signals " 3 "

and " 4 " have moved on without having been active.

In sector III the original signal " 1 " on track a has been erased The

signal " 10 " on track b moved on without having been active again The

signal " 10 " on track d however has passed under the sensing head 37

of the track d, transferring by process ( 4) the signal " 10 " from

track d and diminishing it to a signal " O " At this instant, the

discharge relay 52 has been ignited by the same signal, preparing a

ten's carry-over into the next denomination It is necessary to provide

suitable means (compare Fig 26, reference numbers 156, 112, 148, 149)

in case of a transfer of a carry-over from the last sector, i e,

sector III 7 G in the example illustrated, to sector I, to secure the

action of the control-relay in process ( 5) by exciting the

corresponding discharge relay tube 147 (compare Fig 26 and in Fig 16 g

the hatched discharge tubes 52 and 147) 75 Phase of rotation in Fig 16

h.

The signal " 4 " on track e sector I has meanwhile passed under the

sensing head 58 in position IV e 19 As the relay 147 has been switched

on before, this signal has been con 80 ducted from the sensing head 58

to the recording head 60 in position IV a 18 by process ( 5), being

amplified and transferred from track e to track a By this step a

displacement by " one " in additional direction has 85 been performed

(digit value carry-over of the "furgitive one ") Consequently the

signal " 4 " of track e has been recorded on track a, now as signal "

5 " The signal " 3 " on track c has moved on, having been unchanged

and 90 been inactive.

In sector III the signals " 10 " on tracks b and d have been erased

and the signal " O " only remains on track e Herewith the subtraction

procedure 119 84 = 35 has been termin 95 ated.

C SUBTRACTION BELOW ZERO.

As subtractions below zero there is in contrast to the subtraction

with results higher than zero no addition of the "fugitive one" 100

required, because no " passing through " carry-over in all the

denominations occurs as with the complementary adding In this case the

complementary digit " 9 " remains in the first denomination The result

recorded on the 105 record means in the computer, can be shown by the

indicating unit as well as by the printing unit in positive figures.

THE ELECTRIC SWITCHING MEANS FOR THE DIFFERENT COMPUTING PROCESSES

110

The electric switching means are designed as standardised units as are

also the mechanical parts which are described above, whereby such

units can be combined with each other ad libitum 115 These electric

switching means are shown in Fig 13 by the generally used symbols This

Fig shows also the co-ordination of these electric switching means to

the different signal heads within the stator The switching dia 120

grams of the amplifiers, electric switches, etc, are shown in detail

in Figs 17 a to Fig 22.

The design of the machine may be simplified by using the same means

for different processes, whereas in these Figs separate 125 switching

means are shown for every process in order to facilitate the

description and their understanding.

The switching means are electronic tubes, 786,021 sively according to

the relative position of the rotor to the stator 65 On the other hand

there can be used switches which are practically without inertia

directly as the digit value switches 54 -549, for instance by means of

a tens keyboard or the like, wherein the digit value signals are 70

not switched directly, but are first recorded for instance in a

magnetic storage or record means This process is in principle

explained in Fig 17 h For the understanding of the digit value

processing at higher speeds it is suffi 75 cient to know that the unit

is provided with a practically inertia-less control device, which

makes effective those digit values for the different denominations

which are recorded in the corresponding sectors 1, II, III, etc 80 a

AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT BY CONTACT SWITCHING.

The operation of the amplifier circuit by contact switching and full

keyboard is as follows: 85 The sensing head 31 in stator field I a 9

(corresponding to the stator diagram of the Fig 6 a) is connected

according to Fig 17 b with the control grid and the cathode resistance

of the pentode 67 of the amplifier 41 90 The voltage surge, which is

generated within the sensing head 31 by the passing magnetic signal,

is made effective after its amplification via a coupling capacitor 69

at the control grid of the discharge tube 68 The capacitor 70 is 95

loaded via the resistance 71, so that its voltage is only a little

below the ignition voltage of the discharge tube 68, as the discharge

tube is biassed by means of the resistance 72 Due to the high

resistance 71, only a single dis 100 charge occurs within each sector.

A signal, coming from the sensing head 31 and amplified by the pentode

67 effects the ignition of the discharge tube 68 and subsequently the

discharge of the capacitor 70 The 105 current surge resulting from the

discharge of the capacitor 70 is conveyed to one of the recording

heads (Fig 17 b recording head 32 ' in stator field I b 1) via the

contact below the pressed down key " 8 " of the keyboard 1 110 which

connects the vertical row 15 ' with the horizontal row 16 ', via the

contact 391 of the sector switch, wiping contact 42 in sector I

position and central contact 40 of the sector switch 22 The bias is

preferably stabilized 115 by an electronic stabilizer (not shown) In

case of a transfer process according to Fig 8 a the magnetic signal "

8 " is recorded by the discharge tube 68 via the recording head 324 in

stator field I b 1 at the instant, when the 120 magnetic signal in

field 0 sector I track a of the rotor passes the slot of the sensing

head 31 and in track b the field 8 passes the slot of the recording

head 32 ' in stator field I b 1, whereby this recording head is

switched on 125 by the pressed down co-ordinated key of the last

denomination on the keyboard By this means the magnetic signal " 8 "

is recorded as discharge tubes and so on, preferably used with the

usual circuit elements like resistances, capacitors, transformers,

etc.

The machine according to the invention is operating without any

quantitive measuring and is therefore independent of the

characteristics of tubes, special voltages and the like and is as a

pure Yes-No process (black and white method), extremely reliable.

For a better understanding there will now be described electric

switching means for the different processes involved in a computing

operation with the arrangement according to the invention, namely:

1.

2-5.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Digit value processing means; Carry-over means; Separating and

forwarding means; Undiminished transfer; Diminishing means; Carry-over

of Fugitive " 1 " 1 DIGIT VALUE PROCESSING MEANS FOR PROCESS 1 IN

AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT A.

The processing means, which are in principle described above (the Figs

7-9 and 12) effect the transfer of a signal from track a to track b In

Fig 17 a the arrangement is shown by means of symbols The transfer of

signals from track a by the sensing head 31 in stator field I a 9 to

one of the recording heads

32 " in stator fields 1 b 9-0 effects the change of the position or

displacement of the computing signals for digit values This transfer

is effected via a low frequency amplifier 41 to compensate for the

losses of the airslot, of the leakage field and magnetizing losses,

etc, at the transfer and via the digit value switches (and

denomination switches 54 U 9) In Fig 17 b the contacts of the

horizontal contact rows 16 -, which are arranged below the keys of the

full keyboard 1, correspond to the above-mentioned switches 54 The

contacts are made effective beginning from the last denomination

successively by the sector switch 22 with the single distributor

contacts 391 to 39 ' In the example shown the number 028 is pressed

down within the keyboard in similar manner with reference to Figs 8

a-c.

At the full keyboard the distributing contacts 391 are connected with

the vertical denomination contacts 151 15 ' (compare also Fig 8 and

9).

When using a tens keyboard provision is made whereby either the keys

operate a full contact board stepwisely denomination by denomination

or the denomination switches are provided indicating within which

denomination each depressed key is to operate.

The denomination switches (sector switches) can be as the Figs 17 b to

17 g show, electromechanical, or electronic distributing switches.

Electronic switches for instance can be discharge tubes, which are

switched on succes786,021 the resulting signal of the addition of the

" zero signal" plus " 8 " on track b ( O + 8 = 8).

In order to ensure that the signals receive a defined position within

track b, which is independent of the exactness of the position of the

signals sensed within track a, at the transfer from track a to track b

an electronic " registering" is provided This registering effects the

recording of the resulting signals at defined fields regardless of

little inaccuracies which may occur in a longer row of additions.

In this case the electronic registering records the result according

to computing process The amplifier circuit A which is coordinated to

this process is also designed for a higher counting speed by the

arrangement of reliable electronic means.

Fig 17 c shows this modification of the switching diagram of this

amplifier circuit It effects by means of an additional

registeringcircuit, that during one computing period at the transfer

from track a to track b the signals for the results are recorded at

defined fields by signal switching control means, which are operating

either photo-sensing or an inductive signal generator.

In this Fig the sensing head 31 is connected with the control grid and

the basic point of the cathode resistance of the amplifier tube 74

Photo-cell 79 makes it possible to take from punchcards the computing

signals in a photo-electric way Voltage signals occurring in the

sensing head 31 in stator field

I a 9 cause the pre-amplifier pentode 74 to ignite the pre-relay

discharge tube 73 via the coupling capacitor 75 and open hereby the

pentode 67, which then receives the required screen grid voltage as a

voltage drop at the resistance 77 in the discharge circuit of the

discharge tube 73 on discharge of the capacitor 86.

The opened pentode 67 is the amplifier tube for the signal markings

(magnetic or optic on the signal carrier), whereby in case of magnetic

markings the sensing is effected by the sensing head 76 in stator

field XIII m

19 or in case of optic markings by photocell 78 Hereby either the

sensing head 76 is excited by magnetic signals within track m or the

photocell 78 is excited by corresponding optical markings Both means,

signal head as well as photocell, effect in the same way, via the

pentode 67 the discharge of capacitor 70 via the discharge tube 68

This discharge will become effective by that recording head, which is

switched on by its co-ordinated digit value switch 54 (see Fig 17 b)

and hereby 6 (J effects the recording of signals on track b displaced

according to the above-described process 1 (" processing ").

As the amplifier circuit A of the calculator can operate with digit

values, introduced by different input and control means, for instance,

manually by keyboards (full or ten's keyboard) but also by means of

punched cards, optic or magnetic tapes or the like, this amplifier

circuit will be adapted to these different input and control means,

according 70 to the different functions required in the computing,

that is to say, the input of the figures, of the signals " addition,"

" subtraction," etc, and the number of the computor, which is to

operate Other examples of the design of this 75 amplifier circuit A

are shown for the control of punched cards and tapes separately.

b AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT A BY ELECTRONIC SWITCHING.

In Figs 17 d and e are shown as modifica 80 tions of the sector switch

22 (compare Figs 8, 9, 12 and 17 b), designed as a contact

distributor, a rotating magnetic yoke as an inductively effective

signal distributing arm Such a signal distributor arm will be

preferably 85 used at speeds, at which contact distributors like the

sector switch 22 are unreliable The signal distributing arm 80 is

fixed on shaft 18 (compare Fig 2) in a position defined by key 84 Fig

17 f shows the distributing arm 90 in a stator 85.

In the stator, primary coils 81 " and secondary coils 82 '",

magnetically connected at one side as pairs, by the stationary yokes

83 are arranged If the primary coils are con 95 nected electrically in

series, as it shall be presumed for the cause of simplification, and

if during the rotating of the rotor these primary coils are constantly

energized, e g direct current, the secondary coils, by the passage of

100 the distributor arm 80, receive voltage surges.

These voltage surges are generated within those secondary coils, which

are co-inordinated to the corresponding sector, for instance, the

secondary coil 82 ' for sector I, the secondary 105 coil 822 for

sector II, the secondary coil 82 ' for sector III and so on by an

inductive effect at the changing or cutting of the magnetic field by

the distributor arm and therefore the changing of the magnetic

resistance between 110 coils 81 and 82 In total the stator contains 13

pairs of primary and secondary coils, whereby each sector of the

signal carrier 7 has a co-ordinated pair of these coils.

The signal distributor arm 80 connects mag 115 netically in turn the

primary coil with the secondary coil of each pair of coils and the

connection is effected at the beginning of each sector During the time

of the passing of the signal distributor arm 80 over a pair of coils

120 this forms an amplified coupling and therefore a lower resistance

via the signal distributing arm 80 and the closed magnetic circuit

acts as a transformer.

Fig 17 g shows the wiring of the amplifier 125 circuit A with

electronic denomination or sector-switches operated inductively by the

signal distributor arm.

In detail (like in Fig 17 c) the pentode 74 of amplifier circuit A

amplifies the signals 130 786,021 786,021 23 sensed in the signal head

31 in stator field

I a 9 The amplified signals are led via the coupling capacitor 75 to

the discharge tube 73 and effect its ignition to discharge capacitor

86 The screen grid voltage of pentode 67 is effected by a voltage drop

at resistance 77.

The electronic registering is effected by means of the permanent

signals in track m, whereby the signals are sensed from the signal

carrier by means of sensing heads 76 As an alternative there can also

be used a photocell 78 for sensing optically marked permanent signals

in a track corresponding to track m but in an optical way After the

amplification by the pentode 67 they effect the ignition of the

discharge tube 68.

The recording heads 32 9 in stator fields

I b 9-0 are not directly connected with the discharge circuit of the

discharge tube 68 as 21) in Fig 17 c via a contact sector switch 22

The discharge tube 68 controls only the recording via the pentode 87

and the discharge distributor tubes 88 '8, of which there is provided

one for each denomination of the full keyboard 1 Such discharge

distributor tubes 88 '- operate together with the contact rows '-15 '

Only at the ignition of one of these distributing tubes 88 W-88 ' the

full keyboard will be effective in that vertical denomination row,

which is co-ordinated with the ignited tube.

Therefore all the discharge tubes 88 '-88 ' have a defined voltage

drop between anode and cathode, which is below the ignition voltage

(it is to be preferred to stabilize the voltage by a stabiliser) The

control grids of the discharge tubes 88 '-88 ' are adjusted negatively

compared to the cathode by means of the voltage division between

resistance and secondary coil 82 of the respective discharge This

voltage drop (low ohmic coil) has such a dimension that at the

ignition of one of the discharge tubes 88 '-88 ' the voltage at all

the other discharge tubes is decreasing almost to the arc-voltage, so

that ignitions of other discharge tubes 88 W-88 ' of this circuit is

prevented.

Before the " zero "-position of a sector is reached during the

rotation of the signal carrier and indicating disc 7, the discharge

tube which corresponds to this particular sector/denomination, must be

ignited.

If for instance for the purpose of a repeated addition

(multiplication) controlled by the full keyboard 1, the digit values,

being indicated by pressing down the respective keys, are to be

effective successively denomination by denomination with great

denomination-computing speeds, this is preferably done as follows:

The keys of the keyboard 1 remain untouched, after they have been

pressed down The last denomination row of the keyboard (in which in

the shown example key " 8 " is pressed down) will be made effective by

the ignition of discharge tube 88 ' of the inductive distributor

(compare Figs 17 d-f), so that the recording head 32 ' in stator

fields I b 1 via discharge tube 881 and the contact below the key " 8

" (of the last denomination) is switched on by the ignition with a low

current This 70 current is not sufficient to effect the recording of a

signal, but it maintains the discharge as an electronic preparation

for its effectiveness.

Immediately after the sensing head 31 has been excited in stator field

I a 9 (see above), 75 the capacitor 70 is discharged by the

registering signals via the discharge tube 68 and resistance 90.

The voltage drop, which is effected at resistance 90 " opens " the

pentode 87 and effects 80 a strong current surge in its plate circuit.

The discharge tube 88 ', which is ignited, tries to keep its

arc-voltage despite the enlarged current of the pentode 87, and

therefore a voltage surge in the switched-on re 85 cording head 32 '

in stator field I b 1 (pressed down key " 8 " of the last denomination

of the keyboard) is effected, which in turn effects the recording of

the resulting digit value signal 90 By means of pentode 91 and

discharge tube 92 the extinction of the discharge tubes 88 '888 is

precisely controlled at the end of the passing of each sector For this

purpose there is sensed either a permanent magnetic signal 95 by a

signal head or, as a variation, a permanent optic signal sensed by a

photocell is used as an extinguishing signal This signal, which is

preferably the permanent "zero "signal in each sector in track n, is

sensed by 100 the sensing head 93 and effects an ignition of discharge

tube 92 via a coupling capacitor.

By the resistance 94, the cathode of pentode 87 will be for a short

time strongly positive compared with the voltage on the control grid

105 Thus pentode 87 will be closed for a short while and the ignited

discharge tube 88 ' will be extinguished by the blocking of the plate

current.

According to the position of switch 121 an 110 output of figures can

be effected by a visual indicating unit such as stroboscopic

flash-tube (see also tube 150 in Figs 32 and 33 l, and 214 in Fig 33

b) or by a distributor 23 a.

Instead of electronic denomination switches 115 (Fig 17 g) electronic

digit value switch can also be used for the whole switching process.

This process is shown in principle in Fig 17 h.

Here we see again the full keyboard 1, where the keys indicating

number " 28 " are pressed 120 down in the last two denominations The

contacts of the full keyboard are connected via the contact rows 16

with the corresponding electronic digit value switches 95 "-', which

are to operate successively The switching on of 125 these digit value

switches is effected denomination by denomination beginning with the

last denomination, which is marked in Fig.

17 h as vertical row 15 ' in the full keyboard 1.

The successive operation in the different de 130 786,021 nomination I,

II, III etc of the full keyboard is effected by contacts, for instance

by pressed down keys, in such a way, that an inductive sector switch

(Figs 17 d-17 f) is used, whereby its secondary coils 82 '' receive a

voltage surge by the rotating inductive yoke 80, beginning

successively at the right hand coil 82 ' at the beginning of each

sector Thus this process operates denomination-wise.

The secondary coil 82 ' of the sector switch will be effective via the

vertical contact row ' within sector I, the secondary coil 822 will be

effective via the vertical contact row 152 in sector II, the secondary

coil 82 ' via the vertical contact row 15 ' of the full keyboard in

sector III etc.

If this inductive sector switch, according to Figs 17 d-f, creates by

the mechanical movement of its inductive signal distributor arm 80

(rotating yoke) an impulse as voltage surge, via the vertical contact

row 151 in sector I, that is to say in that circuit, which is

coordinated to the last denomination, then automatically one of the

digit value switches will be effective within this number, and is

marked by the pressed down contact of the full keyboard or by an

equivalent sensing device as input means.

Within the full keyboard 1, shown in Fig.

17 h, the digit value " 8 " is within the last denomination.

When the inductive distributor arm 80 generates a voltage surge within

secondary coil 82 ' the digit value switch 95 '-96 ' is excited in the

shown example via the vertical contact row 15 ' and the horizontal

contact row 16 '.

The digit value switch 951/968, which is coordinated to the digit

value " 8 " is " closed " for the time length of one denomination,

that is during the passing of one sector The signal of the voltage

surge " closes " this preferably inertia-less switch and the computing

process is effected by the digit value processing means of the

amplifier circuit A because of the switched on digit value switch By

this electronic switch (discharge switch) only pentode 96 ' will be

effective The recording head 32 ' in the plate circuit of pentode 96 '

will receive the signals, which are to be recorded, as this recording

head 32 ' is co-ordinated to the pentode 96 s.

In Fig 17 h digit value switches comprise the combination of a gas

discharge tube 950 9 with the co-ordinated pentode 96-9 The pentodes

lead digit value signals only to that one of the recording heads 32

"-329, the co-ordinated gas discharge tube of which is ignited, as the

screen grids of the pentodes receive in this example its voltage by

the voltage drop at the resistances 97 -, which are connected into the

main discharge circuits of the gas tubes.

After the computing process, for instance the addition process, is

terminated under the influence of a switched-on digit value switch

95/96 -9 within one sector, the digit value switch is automatically

returned to its ineffective position by the extinction of the ignited

gas tube by a control signal, which is delivered to all the tubes 9609

at the end of each sector After resetting all the digit value switches

into the ineffective position, these electronic switches are again

prepared for new action within the second digit, that is within

penultimate denomination, which is to be processed Within this

penultimate digit the digit value " 2 " is marked within the full

keyboard 1 by pressing down the required key of this full keyboard and

thereby closing the corresponding contacts.

The contact input by pressing down keys can be replaced by equivalent

contact means, for instance controlled by punched cards, punched

tapes, or other equivalent means, for example magnetic tapes or the

like, as input means In this case the denomination or digit

value-distributor as a contact distributor, inductive or electronic

distributor or the like synchronized mechanically or by means of

synchronization signals, for instance start-stopsignals, so that the

digit value signals of the input means can control the electronic

digit value switches 95/96 correspondingly As soon as the magnetic

yoke 80 of the inductive distributor (compare Figs 17 d-f) cuts for

instance the magnetic field of the coil

82 ' of the vertical contact row 152 at the beginning of sector II, a

voltage surge is automatically delivered via the contact " 2," to the

control grid of the gas tube 95 ', which is part of the digit value

switch 95/962, and this digit value switch will be closed for the time

length of processing within the penultimate denomination Hereby the

displacement by two digit value fields of those digit value signals

will be effected, which are in that sector coordinated to the

penultimate denomination of the number.

After the termination of the processing within the penultimate

denomination the switched on digit value switch will be automatically

switched off by the extinction of the digit value tube and all the

digit value switches are ready for a new operation.

Within the third last denomination by means of the secondary coil 82 '

and the vertical contact row 15 ' in sector III in the example, there

will be effective a rest current signal " 0 " by the rest contact " O

" of the full keyboard 1, because no other signal is pressed down

within this denomination In the remaining denominations the digit

value switches 95-96 are operated in similar manner.

By this means the digit value signal displacement will be effective

successively on the signal carrier in the different denomination areas

(sectors) of the computing signal carrier.

As soon as the first denomination of the number in the Fig the eighth

denomination to be 786,021 signals into the next denomination The

digit 65 value signals recorded in track c, are transferred by process

3 without any further change of value.

If at the preceding denomination the gas discharge tube 52 of the

pre-mark switch has 70 been ignited in process 4 by a pre-mark signal

for a necessary carry-over forwarding into the next denomination, then

the signal transfer from track b to track c or d is effected via

sensing head 33 in stator field I b 19 to the 75 pair of recording

heads 35 ' and 352 in stator field I c and d 18.

The ignition of the tube 52 operates switch 47 and therefore the

signal is displaced by one field and recorded on track c or d by

record 80 ing head 35 ' or 352 thus effecting the forwarding of the

carry-over by changing the digit value by " one " The transfer is

effected via the amplifier 44 and via one of the two switching ways of

the 85 carry-over pre-mark switch 47 (symbolically shown as an

electromechanical relay 47), whereby in the resting position of this

relay (if no carry-over forwarding was to be effected) in its

switching position 48, the sig 90 nals are led to the pair of

recording heads 34 ' and 342 of the tracks c and d in the digit value

fields 19, and in the operation switching position 49 (if a carry-over

forwarding has to be effected) supplied to the pair of recording 95

heads 351 and 352 in the digit value fields 18 of the tracks c and d.

At speeds which are higher than 200 denomination additions per second

(as in Fig.

18 b) electronic relays instead of telegraphic 100 relays are to be

preferred, which can be designed for instance with a wiring diagram

according to Fig 18 c and d or with a wiring diagram corresponding in

its effect, for instance by controlled ring modulators or the 105 like

Such electronic relays operate practically without inertia and can

operate very reliably even at high speeds, for instance 50,000

denomination additions per second etc As these electronic relays are

very simple and require 110 no service, their use is to be recommended

also at lower speeds than 200 per second.

As the electronic relay operates with two pentodes or the like and one

gas discharge tube according to Fig 18 c, they effect at the 115 same

time the amplification in the required degree, and a separate

amplifier can be omitted.

a AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT B BY CONTACT SWITCHING 120 Fig 18 b shows the

amplifying circuit B which effects the transfer from track b to track

c and d with an electro-mechanic (telegraphic) relay The sensing head

33 above the track b in stator field I b 19 is connected via 125 the

amplifier 44 and the carry-over pre-mark switch 47 with one of the

groups of the recording heads 34 ' and 342 or 35 ' and 352 connected

in series or respectively in parallel.

processed has been recorded, then if instead of a simple addition a

multiplication is to be effected by repeated addition, the computing

process can be again begun at the last denomination of the number,

whereby a larger number of areas or sectors can be provided than the

numbers to be processed have denominations, for instance preferably 16

denominations, so that the signal carrier contains 16 areas for digit

values or 16 sectors.

THE DIGIT VALUE CARRY-OVER MEANS FOR COMPUTING PROCESS 2-5 IN THE

AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS B-E.

The digit value carry-over means comprise:

amplifier circuit B for the computing process 2 a, the separating

means, which distinguish between resulting digit values of the

computing process 1 below or equal to and those above a limiting

value, and they comprise for the computing process 2 b the forwarding

means, which effects the carry-over forwarding into the next

denomination by a displacement of the resulting digit value within the

said denomination by " 1 " These carry-over means are effective at a

signal transfer from track b to track c or d; in amplifier circuit B

means for an unchanged signal transfer from track c to track e for the

computing process 3; in amplifier circuit D diminishing means for the

diminishing of the resulting digit values within the same denomination

and means for the forwarding of premark signals to the next

denomination for the computing process 4 at the signal transfer from

track d to track e and in amplifier circuit E means for retransfer of

signals from track e to track a and for taking regard of the "

fugitive one " in the computing process 5.

2 THE SEPARATING AND FORWARDING MEANS FOR COMPUTING PROCESS 2 IN

AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT B. The arrangement is shown by symbols in Fig 18 a

The transfer of digit value signals is, as already described in Figs l

Oa-l Oc, effective from track b by means of sensing head 33 in stator

field I b 19 to track c or d via the recording head pairs 34 ' and

342, in stator fields I c and d 19 or 35 ' and 352 in stator fields I

c and d 18 connected in parallel, whereby at any time only one of

these recording heads can be effective within one of the tracks c or

d, as at any time there is only in one of these tracks a possibility

for magnetizing In track c only signals for digit values smaller than

10 can be recorded and in track d only signals for digit values which

exceed " 9 " can be recorded By such an arrangement the separating is

effected, dependent on whether the respective sum of digit values of

this sector is within the limit digit value " 9 " or whether it

exceeds it.

The digit value signals recorded on track d are transferred by process

4 to effect the diminishing and the forwarding of pre-mark 786,021 In

the resting position 48 of the carry-over pre-mark switch 47 both

recording heads 34 ' and 342 will be effective in the stator field I c

and d 19, whereas after a switching over of the carry-over pre-mark

switch 47 to switching way 49, both recording heads 35 ' and 352 in

the stator field I c and d 18 are switched on, whereby a digit value

signal displacement is effected by one field and thus a carry-over

forwarding from the preceding denomination by a change of the digit

value by " 1 " At the transfer to track c or d respectively the

signals, which have resulted from the counting process 1 are separated

according to whether the resulting digit value is equal or lower than

the limit digit value or whether it exceeds it, whereby there is taken

regard already of carryover forwarding by one from the preceding

denomination.

Signals with a digit value which does not exceed the limit digit value

(in the example " 9 " according to a decadic number-systerm) and which

are recorded in the rotor fields 0-

9, are recorded in track c, as track d has no magnetizable layer in

the rotor fields 0-9.

The signals, the digit value of which exceeds the limit digit value

(higher than 9), are recorded in track d, as the alternative track c

has no magnetizable layer in its rotor fields 10-19, and therefore

fields of track d can only be magnetized with resulting digit values

from 10-19.

The sensing head 35 is connected to the control grid of the amplifier

pentode 98 In the pentode plate circuit is an electro-mechanical

(telegraphic) relay 47, which has a definite bias to the resting

position 48 and which is used as carry-over pre-mark switch This

switch has two switching ways 48 and 49, the alternative position of

which switches in one or other of the two recording head groups 34 ',

342 or 351, 352.

b AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT B WITH ELECTRONIC RELAY.

Fig 18 c and d show two designs of the switching diagram of amplifier

circuit B with electronic relay, which can be used for higher speeds

of the calculator and which can be used in combination with the

amplifier The sensing head 33 in stator field I b 19 is connected via

the amplifier pentode 98 of the amplifier 44 and to the carry-over

pre-mark switch, which in this case is an electronic twoway switch

described with reference to Figs.

18 c and 18 d, constituting an electronic relay.

Such relay in its resting position is connected to the recording heads

34 ' and 34 ' in stator fields I c and d 19, and in the operating

switch position to the recording heads 35 ' and 352 in stator fields I

c and d 18 according to the carry-over pre-mark signals from the

preceding denomination in the winding 99.

Such a pre-mark signal is supplied to the grid of the discharge tube

52 (compare also Fig 10 a-c) and it ignites this tube When this tube

is ignited, the pentode 101 is opened and the pentode 100 is closed On

the contrary, if it remains extinguished, the pentode is opened and

the pentode 101 is closed.

This opposite and mutual opening and closing of the pentodes is

effected by the resistance 102 and 103, which are connected into the

discharge circuit of the gas discharge tube 52, whereby the junction

regulates the potential of the cathode and whereby the positive side

is connected to the screen grid of the pentode 101 and the negative

side is connected to the suppressor grid of the second pentode 100.

If the gas discharge tube is extinguished, the cathode and the

suppressor grid of the pentode 100 have the same potential, so that

the tube 100 is effective, it is opened.

If the discharge tube is ignited, there is a voltage drop at the

resistance 102, 103 according to the current of this tube Thereby the

screen grid of pentode 101 receives a positive voltage, whereas the

suppressor grid of the second pentode 100 is negatively biassed.

In consequence of it and contrary to the preceding state, the pentode

101 is now opened, and the pentode 100 is closed.

Both groups of recording heads are connected into the plate circuits

of the pentodes and 101, whereby the groups of signal heads becoming

effective are selected by the switching condition of the gas discharge

tube.

The effecting of a carry-over forwarding into the next denomination

(next sector) depends therefore on whether the discharge tube 52 is

ignited or not The extinguishing of the discharge tube 52 is shown in

Fig 18 c by means of the discharging of the capacitor 104 An

extinguishing can also be effected in a different timing instant by

the known means of breaking down the plate circuit The description of

the amplifier circuit A in Fig 17 g shows an electronic solution for

it The pentode is not required if two discharge tubes are directly

coupled.

A further modification of the design according to Fig 18 d shows as

electronic relay, two coupled electronic tubes instead of the use of

gas discharge tubes The signals which are induced in Fig 18 d in the

sensing head 33 are in this case amplified as usual by the pentode 98

of the amplifier 44 and hexodes 105, 106, the control grids of which

are connected in parallel via the capacitors 107, 108 In the plate

circuit of the hexode 106 are the recording heads 35 ' and 352 of the

positions I c and d 18 and in the plate circuit of the hexode are the

recording heads 34 ' and 342 in the positions I c and d 19.

If a current flows within the hexode 105, the cathode resistance 109

of the hexode 105 supplies the negative bias of suppressor grid of the

hexode 106 Alternatively, if there is a current in the hexode 106, the

cathode resistance 110 delivers a negative bias to the lio 786,021

amplifying circuit D in combination with the forwarding pre-mark

signal of a carry-over as shown in Fig 20 a.

The means which transfer signals of the sensing head 37 track d in

stator field I d 15 to the recording head 38 in stator field II e 5,

are of a similar design, but regard must be taken of the radial

displacement of the signal heads by ten fields, by which the

subtraction of " ten " is effected The circuit is provided with a

usual low frequency amplifier 51.

The plate circuit of the tube 113 of the amplifier 51, is via a

transformer 112 which is directly connected to the ignition electrode

of the discharge tube 52 (compare Figs 10, lib and 19 c), the

discharge current of which effects the carry-over pre-mark switch by

its winding 53.

Fig 20 b shows a practical example of the amplifier Circuit D The

signals sensed by sensing head 37 are amplified by the pentode 113,

the plate current of which excites the winding 53 b of the carry-over

pre-mark switch and simultaneously effects the recording of computing

signals by its recording head 38. The transfer from track d to track e

is

effected according to Fig 20 c via the sensing head 37 which supplies

the signals via the amplifier tube 113 to the recording head 38 in

stator field II e 5 By means of the additional winding 99, this

recording head 38 effects the ignition of the gas discharge tube 52

(amplifier circuit B Fig 18 c) for the purpose of the forwarding of

the carry-over to the next denomination By this means the transfer of

the signal from track d to track e representing the resulting digit

value is displaced by ten fields according to the difference between

the position of the sensing head 37 in stator field I d 35 and the

position of the recording head 38 in stator field II e 5.

Hereby the discharge tube 52 of the amplifier circuit B will be

ignited for switching over the carry-over pre-mark switch 47.

MEANS FOR THE CARRY-OVER OF THE FUGITIVE " 1 " FOR PROCESS ( 5) IN

AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT E.

From track e signals of digit values can be re-transferred for the

purpose of further additions to track a These signals can also be

transferred to and recorded on other tracks (for instance to a

selective signal carrier storage of signal carriers in form of tapes

as output means).

The re-transfer to track a can be effected without any displacement If

during subtractions by complementary additions there is given the

carry-over signal for a " fugitive one," the transfer in the last

denomination is effected by the relay in the amplifier circuit

according to Fig 21 a This relay can be designed in full accordance

with the electronic pre-mark switch of the amplifier circuit B of Fig

18 c.

hexode 105 Thereby the opened hexode delivers by its cathode

resistance the block voltage by which the other hexode is closed By

this way only one of the tvo hexodes can be opened at any instant The

control of this electronic relay is effected by means of negative

signals, which are supplied to the relay either from the amplifier

circuit C or D at the transfer of computing signals.

The switching over from the electronic tube to the other electronic

tube 106 or vice versa is effected in this case by the suppressing of

the current in the electronic tube 105 or 106 for a short instance,

either by a negative impulse to the control grid itself or-as in Fig

18 d-by a negative signal to a second control grid So long as a

current flows in one tube, the other one is blocked by the bias of its

suppressor grid by means of the voltage drop at the cathode

resistances 109 respectively 110 If by a negative impulse the hexode

105 is closed for a short while, in this instant no bias is delivered,

and hexode 106 is opened by the blocking of the hexode 105 until the

hexode 105 will be opened again by a negative impulse onto the control

grid of the hexode 106.

3 MEANS FOR UNDIMINISHED TRANSFER FOR PROCESS ( 3) IN AMPLIFYING

CIRCUIT C.

An unchanged transfer of digit values is effected by means of the

amplifier circuit C, symbolically shown in Fig 19 a The transfer is

effected from sensing head 36 in stator field

II c 5 to the recording head 38 in stator field

II e 5 via the amplifier 50 without any alteration of the digit value

This transfer is effective, if the resulting digit value of thc

computing process ( 1) does not exceed the limiting value Special

switches deciding whether the transfer process ( 3) or the transfer

process ( 4) will be effective are not required, as by the arrangement

of the tracks c and d this separation is already effected on the

rotor.

The signal heads 36 and 38 are in the fields of the stator which

correspond radially one to another, so that the digit value signals

are transferred with the same digit value Fig.

19 b shows a modification of the amplifier circuit C The digit value

signals sensed by means of sensing head 36 are amplified by tube 111

For the control of the digit value pre-mark switch, designed as an

electro-magnetic (telegraphic) relay, an additional repositioning

winding 53 a is provided at the output side of the amplifier.

Fig 19 c shows the same wiring diagram for co-operation with Fig 20 c,

that is without the operation of such a repositioning winding.

4 THE DIMINISHING MEANS FOR PROCESS ( 4) IN THE AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT D.

A diminishing of the digit value signals in the same denomination is

effected during the signal transfer from track d to track e in the

786,021 The amplifying circuit E of Fig 21 a, via the amplifier 66,

connects the sensing head 58 in stator field XIII a 19 to the

recording head

59 in stator field XIII a 19 for an unchanged transfer, or to the

recording head 60 in stator field XIII a 18 if regard has to be taken

to a fugitive " 1 " With computers of medium or greater capacity the

amplifier circuit E effects the addition of the fugitive " 1 " without

additional cycles of operation, whereas in slower operating computors

requiring further cycles of operation in computing process ( 2) the

fugitive " 1 " is forwarded from the first denomination to the last

denomination of the number These forwarding means are arranged in the

empty sector, in which otherwise the fugitive one would appear as a

pre-mark signal for a carry-over forwarding It is a repetition of

those carry-over forwarding means for the next denomination in process

( 2), and is controlled in the same way by the carry-over premark

signal released in process ( 4) This premark signal is delivered to

its gas discharge tube 147 only during the passing of sector XIII of

disc 7 through the zero-position of the stator (compare Figs 16, g and

h where for clearness sector IV is shown as on empty sector) In Fig 21

b the discharge tube 147 receives ignition signals only in the case of

a carry-over forwarding from the last into the first sector, and such

ignition effects the switching over of the pentodes as described with

reference to Fig 18 c, see pentodes 100 and 101.

6 A SUMMARIZED WIRING DIAGRAMS OF THE AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS A-E.

In Fig 22 there is given a summarised survey of the amplifier

circuits, based upon the preceding description of these circuits in

the

Figs 17-21 The different amplifying circuits are separated from each

other by dotted lines.

As a switching diagram for amplifier circuit A there is chosen the

switching by full keyboard and an electronic denomination switch as

sector switch according to Fig 17 g.

The amplifier circuit B is in accordance with Fig 18 c.

The amplifier circuit C uses a switching diagram according to Fig 19

c.

The amplifier circuit D is switched according to Fig 20 c.

The amplifier circuit E corresponds to the switching of the switching

diagram of Fig.

b.

By the preceding description of the different Figures 17-21, the

reading of this complete diagram for computing processes as for

instance addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, will be

easier.

In Fig 22 is shown the possibility of a connection with output means,

by which either intermediate or definite results can be recorded by

means of printing units, storage means or the like or by which such

results can be shown by visual indicating means, for instance,

stroboscopic means.

The connection to these output means is shown in the cathode circuit

of the discharge 70 tube 68 If the recording switch 121 lies in the

switching way 122 by reason of the function key 4 " print " of the

keyboard in Fig 1, the signals of digit values sensed from the record

means are, according to their timed 75 position with respect to the

zero-timing moment, supplied to a distributor in this circuit, for

instance to the primary coils 23 a of the distributing stator 23

(compare Fig 2), which is shown in detail in Figs 23 a-d, and which 80

allows the change-over of the different timed digit value signals into

different switching ways and relays or storage positions according to

the digit value.

If as shown this recording switch 121 is in 85 switching way 123,

these processes can be connected which require no additional

distributing means, for instance, the visual indicating of a result by

means of a stroboscopic visual indicating means according to Figs 32/

90 33.

The inductive distributor according to Figs.

23 a-d comprises in stator 23 a circle of ten primary coils 23 a 0-9

and ten secondary coils 23 b 0-9, the cores 128 a and 128 b of 95

which are on their one side connected with each other in pairs by the

yokes 124 Fig 23 a shows the side-view and Fig 23 c the section on A-B

of the stator illustrated in Fig 23 a.

The rotor 24 (compare also Fig 2) is fixed 100 on shaft 18 by a key

125 in a defined position relative to disc 7 It is of starlike form

with teeth 1260-S (rotating yokes) and in the example has nine teeth

equally spaced so that between the 9 parts of the rotor and between

105 the ten parts of the stator there is a vernierlike displacement by

rotor movement in the direction of the arrow 127, which is used for

the purpose of the digit value distribution for the digit value

signals 0-9 in the different 110 sectors of the disc 7.

The rotor 24 is fixed by its key 125 on shaft 18 in such a way that in

that timing instant, in which, according to Fig 8 a, the digit value

field 0 is below the slot 31 of the sensing 115 head 31 in track a,

the tooth 126 of the starlike rotor 24 is exactly opposite the cores

128 a' and 128 b O of the pair of coils 23 al and 23 b V connected

magnetically by the stationary yoke 1240 The magnetic resistance is

very 120 low at that instant, when the tooth 126 connects the primary

coil 23 a O magnetically to the secondary coil 23 b O in the way of a

transformer; and if a digit value signal " 0 " has been recorded on

track a it will be sensed at 125 that instant In all other pairs of

coils there is no inductive connection and therefore they have a high

magnetic resistance A sensed signal " 0 " therefore, supplied to all

the primary coils 23 a O therefore will generate a 130 786,021

especially to the descriptions of the Figures 65

9-11, 14, 15 and 17.

The fundamental processes of additional means for the denomination

displacement, the " counting of the rotations " and the control of the

rotations effective at each denomination 70 will be described as a

supplement to the abovementioned Fig 17 g, by means of the Figs.

24 a-b and 25 a-c Fig 24 a comprises a computing arrangement connected

with electric denomination switch and full 75 keyboard, such as is

shown in Fig 17 g.

Figs 25 a and b show a multiple inductive distributor arm 141 -8 of

the sector switch which can effect the functions of the denominational

displacement 80 In Fig 24 a the amplifying circuit A with control from

the full keyboard, including the reference numbers is so far identical

with Fig.

17 g, and additional description is not required so far as the similar

parts are concerned 85 As in Fig 17 g, the digits to be added, in this

case the multiplicand for the multiplication process, are recorded in

the full keyboard by closing the corresponding contacts between the

vertical denomination contact rows 151 90 ' and the horizontal digit

value contact rows 16 '', i e, corresponding to " 000 000 28 " The

separate denominations are made effective denomination by denomination

and, beginning from the right hand, by the ignition of the 95 single

gas discharge tubes 88 '', which is effected by secondary coils 82 -'

of the inductive sector switch The inductive distributor arm not shown

in Fig 24 a which makes effective the electronic denomination switches

one 100 after another, may be the distributor arm 141 ' of Fig 25 a

This distributor arm 1411 is fixed to shaft 18 in such a way that it

connects the secondary coil 82 ' with the primary coil 81 ' when the

rotor is in the zero-position concern 105 ing the denominations

(sectors) and digit value fields The connection of the primary coil

812 and the secondary coil 822 is effected by the same distributor arm

141 ', when the rotor has passed the sector I, and when, concerning

the 110 digit values, it is in the zero-point of sector II By this

arrangement, during the passing of sector I the denomination 15 ' (in

the shown example switched on digit value " 8 "); at the passing of

sector II the denomination 152 115 (digit value " 2 "); at the passing

of sector III the denomination 15 ' (digit value " O "); and at the

passing of sector IV the denomination 15 ' (digit value " 0 ") etc, is

effective.

At the first rotation of the disc is added, 120 according to Figs 8

000 + 028 = 028.

During addition the arrangement is effective only for a single

rotation (computing cycle) and the blocking of the keys is released

after 125 this single rotation, the keys remaining in a rest position

during multiplication, so that at the keyboard, " 28 " remains

switched on, and signal only in the magnetically-connected secondary

coil 23 b Y.

If in the next instant the field of the digit value " 1 " is below the

sensing head 31, the connection of the coils 23 a' and 23 a' is

effected by the tooth 1261 In that timing instant " 2 " the coils 23

al and 23 b are connected via the tooth 1262 etc, until, after " 9 "

the inductive distributor begins again with " O " For a better

understanding, in Fig 23 a there was chosen a vernier division, at

which in one rotation of the rotor each coil will be effective ten

times, giving a total of 100 fields in the sectors I-X It is evident

that where 13 sectors are used, each sub-divided into 40 digit value

fields, suitable modifications will be made to the rotor and stator By

reason of using the vernier divisions larger coil intervals can be

allowed On the same principle, there could be an arrangement with the

teeth in the zero-position of each sector and ten primary and

secondary coils in the stator fields

0, 1, 2, 3 9 of the same or of the following sector.

As Fig 23 d shows, the primary coils 23 a 0-9 are connected in series

and in switching position 122 via the recording switch 121 to the

discharge circuit of the discharge tube 68 (compare Fig 22) At that

instant in which a digit value signal is sensed by the sensing head 31

in track a a current surge is generated by the amplifier circuit A

which is given to the primary coils 23 a' A movable magnetic tooth 126

connects one of the secondary coils 23 b' with the corresponding

primary coil so that within this secondary coil a voltage surge is

generated, which corresponds to the respective digit value signal "

0-9 " such a voltage surge is used for the ignition or exciting of one

or another of the relays connected to each secondary coil, for

instance a discharge relay 129 ' by means of which output or storage

means can be connected in accordance with the timed instant of digit

value signals.

By means of such a distributing switch a stroboscopic visual

indication of the signals, sensed from disc 7, can be effected such as

is shown in Figs 32/33.

Fig 23 e shows in perspective the practical design of an inductive

distributor switch with rotor 117, teeth 1950 ', primary and secondary

coils 116 a, 116 b respectively on yokes 197, with a further rotor 118

of a contact switch, pairs of gliding brushes 119 ' an 1192 and

contact 120, for another distributing switch, e g, the sector switch.

VI COMPUTING PROCESSES FOR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION.

Multiplication may be effected by a denominational displacement and

within each denomination a repeated addition So far as an addition

process is concerned, reference is made to the above-mentioned

elucidations, 786,021 during a second rotation is computed:

028 + 028 = 056, at a third rotation 056 + 028 = 084, at a fourth

rotation 084 + 028 = 112 etc.

After nine rotations the signal carrier shows as a result 28 x 9 =

252, provided the process of repeated additions has not been

interrupted.

The number of cycles effecting additions in this denomination is fixed

by the last denomination of the multiplier For example, in the task 28

x 69 = 1932 the first step is to find the result of 28 x 9 in the

manner described above After terminating the nine cycles with the

intermediate result 252, recorded in the signal carrier, the circle 85

of coils Fig 25 c comprising the primary coils 81 q and the secondary

coils 82 ' (see Fig 17 f) is mechanically shifted in the axial

direction in such a way that the inductive distributor arm 141 ',

which is displaced by one sector relative to the distributor arm 1411

(Figs 25 a and b), now connects the primary and secondary coils 811

and 82 '-', instead of the distributor arm 1411.

This may for instance be done in the way shown in Fig 25 c The

multiple distributor arm 1411-' is fixed to shaft 18 The circle 25

with its primary and secondary coils 81 '- and 82 ' is switched

mechanically step by step after each ten rotations by means of the cam

groove 142 of the ten-part intermittently operating mechanism 143 The

springs 144 urge the slide on which the circle 85 of coils is mounted

towards the next switching position.

Beginning at the right side, the circle and its slide are moved

axially after each ten rotations to bring them into register with the

next arm of the multiple distributor arm 141 ' The ignition of the

denomination switches 88 ' is effected after each lateral displacement

of the circle so that after each ten cycles a displacement of the

ignition time of the tubes 88 -' of the electronic denomination switch

is effected and therefore a denomination displacement by one sector

The distributor arm 1411 is located in each adjusted position so that

it effects first an ignition of the last electronic denomination

switch 88 ' according to the last denomination 151 of keyboard 1, at

the beginning of the passing of the sector I; then it effects the

ignition of the denomination switch 88 at the beginning of the passing

of the sector II as is described with the reference to Fig 17 g The

successive ignitions of the denomination switches recurs ten times

during the first ten cycles of the computing signal carrier After

these ten cycles the last denomination 151 of keyboard 1 becomes

effective when the sector II of the rotor becomes operative, and the

penultimate denomination 152 is effective at the beginning of the

passing of sector III, etc In this way is effected a successive

displacement of each sectors by one sector length between the sensing

of the values from keyboard 1 and the sensing of the values from the

computing signal carrier 7, this displacement bringing about an

alteration of the denominations.

It has already been shown that instead of such mechanical displacement

electric changeover switchings are possible, e g, with different

coils.

As every distributor arm becomes active ten times before the axial

movement of the coils to the next arm of the distributor is effected,

there must be provided a device which ensures that only a certain

number of cycles of the distributor arm in each position of the coils

is effective.

A practical example of this cycle-counter and comparison-device for

use with contact switching is shown in Fig 24 a, which includes full

keyboard 162, with vertical contact rows 138 ' and horizontal contact

rows 134 -9, similar to those shown in Figs 2, 8, 9 and 17 g

Corresponding to the keys which are pressed down, e g, the keys " 69,"

a connection of the vertical and the horizontal contact rows is

effected by which digit values of the single denominations of the

second factor are represented.

The switch 131 is part of the cycle counter which after each rotation

switches to the next position During the first rotation of the

computing signal carrier, switch 131 effects the connection to

switching field 133 ', during the second rotation to switching field

133 ', that is to say, the centre contact 132 is connected to the

single contact 133 before the first rotation; and switches over to

1331 during the passing of sector XIII of the first rotation, to 1332

during the passing of sector XIII of the second rotation and so on.

Switch 135 switches to the next contact field after ten rotations of

the computing signal carrier, that is to say, once after one rotation

of the distributor switch 131 during its switching-over from field

1339 to 133.

In its starting position, switch 135 connects the positive pole, via

the central contact 136, the contact arm, and the switching field

1371 to the last vertical contact row 138 '.

After ten rotations of the signal carrier, that is after ten cycles,

switch 135 switches over to switching field 1372, so that the positive

pole is connected via the centre contact of this switch to the

vertical contact row 1382, that is to say, the penultimate

denomination of the multiplier After ten further cycles it moves to

contact field 137 ' and connects the centre contact 136 to the third

contact row 1383 and so on.

In connection with the cycle counting, the device has the task of

comparing the digit 786,021 nominations are multiplied in an

automaticmechanical way by a repeated denomination addition.

If electric switches are used, the change of connection can

immediately be controlled by 70 such a comparison device The same

schedule would be valid for controllable mechanical displacement

devices But as in general the addition speeds exceed greatly the

requirements of office machine operation, it will 75 generally not be

necessary to bring about an acceleration at simpler devices.

The division process differs from the multiplication process only in

that, after the introduction into the machine of the dividend by a 80

single addition, a repeated subtraction for instance in the form of a

complementary addition during nine rotations is effected in the same

way as it is done in the multiplication process, and in that during

the tenth rota 85 tion an addition is brought about This repeated

subtraction is interrupted when the process has passed below the value

zero This passing below the zero value is marked by the absence of the

fugitive " 1," and therefore the 90 winding 139 b of the relay 140 of

the comparison device is excited, and further complementary additions,

viz, the subtraction process, are rendered ineffective Simultaneously

the rotation number is recorded on the signal 95 carrier so that the

number of effective rotations in each denomination is clearly fixed in

a magnetic way and can be read and used as a quotient When dividing,

the process always passes below the zero value in consequence of 100

repeated subtraction processes, and a tenth process is always effected

for the single addition from which results the " remainder " of the

division in this denomination and which is the starting position for

further subtractions 105 in the next lower denomination Otherwise the

processes are completely analogous to the already-described

addition/subtraction processes and to the rotation and comparison

processes used in multiplication 110 One difference which must be

mentioned is that the switching of the distributor arms must be

opposite to that described with reference to Fig 25 c, so that the

division process begins at the highest denomination of 115 the

dividend and finishes at the last denomination As already described,

the " remainder " remains in storage in the signal carrier together

with the quotient which is also fixed in a magnetic way and they can

be taken off at 120 any instant The details of a practical example of

this arrangement will now be described:

*1 WIRING OF THE COMPUTING ARRANGEMENT FOR ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MUL

125 TIPLICATION, AND DIVISION.

a AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT A FOR PROCESS ( 1).

The sensing coil 31 in position I a 19 of Fig 6 b is shown in Fig 26

with the same reference number The amplifier of process 130 recording

in the full keyboard with the number of the rotations of the rotor By

this means the computing arrangement will be kept effective until the

number of rotations within each denomination of the multiplier is

attained which corresponds to the digit value of the corresponding

denomination of the multiplicand For this purpose the windings 139 a

and b of a relay are excited each time the central contact 132 is in

the zero-position 133 of the cycle-counter 131 The co-ordinated relay

contacts for instance contact 140 keep effective the computing

arrangement in this switching position by closing the circuit of the

keyboard When arranged as a polarised relay, or by means of an

additional winding or the like, the relay remains effective, until in

the particular denomination the cycle counter switch 131 closes a

circuit through the contact corresponding to the key pressed down in

the keyboard 162 and the switched denomination contact field of the

switch 135, giving within this comparison device a condition wherein

the rotation number which corresponds to the digit value has been

reached, and further addition processes are to be kept ineffective The

lowest denomination of the multiplier is represented by the digit

value " 9 " which is made effective by means of the switch 135 having

switching field 137 ' connected thereto and the key contact " 9 "

After the switching on of relay 139 repeated additions in the contact

positions 133 ', 1332, 1333-1339 are made in all nine times.

On the contact 132 moving from 1339 to 133 ' a circuit consisting of

the contact arm 136, contact field 137 ', vertical contact row

138 ', key-contact " 9," horizontal contact row 1349, connected to

contact field 1339, contact arm 132 and winding 139 b is closed and

switch 140 is opened, thereby disconnecting the computing arrangement.

In completion of the ten rotations the coils are shifted to coincide

with the second distributor-arm 1412, and the switch 135 switches to

the contact field 1372 The relay

139 is again excited via contact 133 and winding 139 a The repeated

addition is now recommenced in the next denomination during the

switching positions 133 ', 1332-6 of the switch 132, i e, for six

rotations After the sixth rotation the relay is interrupted via the

keyboard 162 by a counter winding 139, and further addition processes

during the rotations 7, 8, 9 are rendered ineffective.

After the second series of ten cycles the third distributor-arm 1412

is in effective cooperation with the coils 85, displaced axially.

This time the relay 139 remains in its resting position at the

switching position 133 of switch 132, as via the resting contact 134

'138 ' and switching field 137 ' of switch 135 the operating winding

139 ' is short-circuited.

In this position no rotation is effective as addition In the same

manner the further de786,021 32 786,021 ( 1) is pentode 67 with the

co-ordinated switching means, registers and capacitors The primary

windings of the recording heads in I b 9-0 are the windings 32 - The

secondary windings of these heads for the subtraction (complementary

windings) are the windings 166 - Use is made of the full keyboard 1.

The successive switching of the last, penultimate,-etc, denomination

of the full keyboard is effected by means of gas discharge tubes 88 '

(compare with Fig 17 g).

b AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT B FOR PROCESS ( 2).

The sensing head 33 in the position I b 19 of Fig 6 b is represented

with the same reference number The carry-over pre-mark-switch is

represented together with the amplifier by two electronic tubes 100

and 101 of which pentode 100 is the resting contact including

amplifier, and pentode 101 the operation contact including amplifier

The recording heads within their plate circuits are accordingly the

signal heads 351 and 35 ' and the recording heads of the "resting

contacts" 100 are the heads 341 and 342.

c AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT C FOR PROCESS ( 3).

The signal head 36 is used as a sensing head, and the pentode with its

switching means is used as an amplifier The recording is effected via

a secondary winding of the recording head 38.

d AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT D FOR PROCESS ( 4).

The sensing head 37 is connected to the grid of the pentode 113 which

is used as an amplifier together with its resistors and capacitors The

recording head 38 with the transformer 112 indicated in Fig 10 are

shown with the same reference numbers The discharge tube which effects

the change-over switching of the electronic relay is identified by

reference numeral 52.

e AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT E FOR PROCESS ( 5). The sensing head 58 in

position XIII e 19

of Fig 6 b is connected to the electronic relay which is formed by the

two pentodes 145 and 146, and also effects an amplification It is

operated as a switch by the discharge tube 147 Pentode 146 represents

the resting contact for the recording head 59 in position XIII a 19,

and pentode 145 represents the operation contact for the recording

head 60 in position XIII a 18.

The switch which provides the pre-mark carry-over signals only at the

passing from sector XII to sector XIII can effect an ignition of the

gas discharge tube 147 and by it a change-over of the electronic relay

in the ring-modulator circle 112, 148, 149 controlled by the gas

discharge tube 154 This tube switches the signals from transformer 112

to transformer 149, and therefore to the grid of the discharge tube

147, but only when tube 154 is ignited Provision is made in the main

discharge circuits to ensure that the tubes are extinguished at

controlled timing instants.

f VISUAL RESULT-INDICATING DEVICE.

Pentode 67 can be switched over in the grid circuit by the switch 152

', and in the plate circuit by means of switch 1522, so that pentode

67 effects, together with sensing head 151 via the transformer 153,

the control of the light flashes of the lighting impulse tube 150.

The discharge control device for especially short and intensive light

flashes has not been shown, to simplify the description.

2 SUPPLEMENTARY MEANS FOR MULTIPLI 75 CATION.

Mechanical parts of the computing arrangement are shown in

perspective.

On shaft 18 signal distributing arms 141 8 cut the fields of the coils

155 '- which are 80 arranged round these arms and also displaced

progressively and can be shifted axially in the direction of the arrow

230 Moreover there is shown the coil 156, which is not movable and

whose field is also cut by an arm 170 85

In co-operation with the coils and the discharge tubes 88 ' the arms

effect the automatic denomination displacement for the purpose of the

multiplication and division and the switching of the single

denominations of 90 the full keyboard, for the processing.

There is provided a second keyboard 162, which is used for the

feeding-in of the multiplier and pre-sets the cycle control respective

cycle comparison The second keyboard 95 also effects the necessary

switching processes in co-operation with the stepping mechanisms 157

and 158 which operate inductively and without contacts The windings of

the coils of these stepping mechanisms are marked 159, 100 and the gas

discharge switch which replaces the relay 139 is marked 161.

The decision whether the operation process shall be addition,

subtraction, multiplication or division is effected by the choice of

the key 105 " A-S-M-D " Below these keys are the marked contact sets

which initiate the selected function.

3 MULTIPLICATION PROCESS.

By reason of the preceding description the 110 "addition" process is

known, so that the "additions" description can be confined to the

control of the repeated addition and the denomination displacement.

In the full keyboard 1, for instance, may be 115 tapped " 28," and in

the second keyboard 162 may be tapped " 69," and the task " 28 x 69 =

1932 " is submitted to the calculator on operation of the command key

" M " The discharge tube 881 ignites The arm 120 141 ' cuts the field

of the coil 155 ' and a voltage surge is generated within the coil,

and the surge is conveyed to the grid of the tube.

The ignition of the discharge tube prevents the ignition of any other

tube in one cycle 125 786,021 The set of coils 155 8 is now shifted by

one denomination to the left (in direction of the arrow 230) always

after nine rotations in a manner indicated by reference to Fig.

c During the next passing of sector I of 70 the signal carrier 7 no

discharge tube is ignited as no denomination of the full keyboard 1 is

effective, and only the " O " discharge tube 167 or the like becomes

effective so that in the sector 1 of the new sum " O " is added, 75

and the sum remains unchanged.

At the continued rotation the arm 1412 has reached the field of coil

1551, has therewith ignited the discharge tube 88 ' and has rendered

effective the pressed down key " 8 " 80 in the last denomination of

the full keyboard 1, preparatory for the passing of sector II of the

signal carrier 7 (compare Figures 14 c and 14 d) The displacement of

the distributor arm by one denomination effects therewith that 85

without any contact switches and the like in the further course of the

repeated addition of " 28 " the computing signals become effective

displaced by one denomination.

In the described practical example again 90 nine rotations ensue

mechanically in a similar manner.

As in the penultimate denomination of the full keyboard 162, however,

the key " 6 " is pressed down; only the first six rotations 95 become

effective as additions, whereas during the three further rotations no

functions are effective This is brought about by discharge tube 161,

which at its ignition biasses the suppressor grid of the pentode 67

and by 100 means of the voltage drop in the resistance 173 the tube is

practically " closed " Thereby the amplifying function of the pentode

for the voltage surges of the passing digit value signals, which are

induced in the sensing head 105 31, becomes ineffective in the same

instant.

Moreover, by the closing of the pentode the discharge tubes 88 ' of

the penultimate denomination of the full keyboard 1 is extinguished By

means of a compensation winding 110 231 of the erasing head 61, in

position II a 19, in the discharge circuit of discharge tube 161, the

erasing effect in track a is cancelled at the same time, so that the

digit value signals for a sum recorded in this track are not 115

changed or erased during the next rotations by the extinction of the

discharge tube 161 After terminating the nine rotations the pentode is

" opened " again and the effectiveness of the erasing head 61 is

restored 120 The ignition of said discharge tube 161 is controlled by

an inductive distributor having a yoke on its discs of the counter as

a cycle and by means of which the magnetic flux between the pole-shoes

of a pair of coils is 125 preliminarily closed.

The pairs of coils 59 are arranged around the " units " disc 157 of

the cycle counter, and the pairs of coils 160 around the " ten's "

disc 158 of the cycle counter The yoke 168 is fixed 130 The main

discharge circuit of the discharge tube is in the plate circuit of

pentode 67 whose current is controlled by its grid potential This

pentode is biassed to such an extent that its plate current is just

strong enough to keep up the ignition of the gas discharge tube.

When the sensing head 31 in track a (compare 31 in Fig 6 b) generates

a voltage surge by induction of the magnetic signal, this raises the

plate current of tube 67 and effects a signal recording by means of

the recording head 32 ' (in position I b 1, compare Fig 6 a, 8 a and

14 b) and records signal " 8 " in track b.

On further rotation of the computing signal carrier 7 the discharge

tube 88 ' is extinguished in that the grid of the pentode 67 is tapped

negative by the sensing head 171 to such an extent that the current

which is necessary to sustain the discharge of the tube is no longer

maintained.

On further rotation arm 141 ' cuts the next coil 1552 The succeeding

discharge tube 882, which renders effective the penultimate

denomination of the full keyboard, is thereby ignited as this coil is

connected to the ignition electrode of this tube.

As the penultimate denomination key " 2 " is pressed down the

recording head 322 " 2 " becomes effective (addition) On the passing

of the signal " O " below the sensing head 31 of track a, the

recording head 322 effects the recording of signal " 2 " in track b

(compare figures 8 b, 14 d).

Thus, during the first rotation the denominations of the keyboard are

successively rendered effective by igniting the successive discharge

tubes 88 at the passing of the arm through the fields of the

successive coils.

If no key in any vertical row has been pressed down, zero signals are

effected electrically by means of the discharge tube 167.

If any one of the gas discharge tubes 88 is ignited, the discharge

tube 167 " O " cannot also be ignited, as meanwhile the plate voltage

has broken down to arc-voltage.

If, however, no key is pressed down and the contacts remained open, so

that the discharge tube 88 which is co-ordinated to the denomination

could not ignite, then on additional impulses in their place the

discharge tube 167 ignites, the main discharge circuit of which leads

via a winding of the recording head 32 " 0 " Similarly, the second

cycle is effected, and to the interim sum " 28 " which is on the

signal carrier, is now added the number " 28," so that at the end of

the second cycle the interim sum " 56 " is on the signal carrier at

the end of the third cycle " 84 " and so on.

In the last denomination of full keyboard 162 is a " 9 " therefore

nine rotations, i e, nine cycles are effected successively After these

nine cycles the digit value for " 9 x 28 is recorded on the computing

signal carrier.

786,021 to the non-magnetic disc 157, and the yoke 169 is fixed to the

non-magnetic disc 158 The secondary windings of the coils 159 are

connected via the keyboard with the primary 3 windings of the coils

160 The secondary winding of the coil 156 is connected with the

primary windings of the coils 159, and the secondary windings of the

coils 160 are connected with the cathode and the ignitionelectrode of

the discharge tube 161 When the arm 170 moves through the magnetic

field of the coil 156, built up by direct current of its primary

winding, a voltage surge will be generated in the secondary winding at

each revolution This surge will be conducted, as described above, via

the inductive working distributors 159 and 160, however, only when in

this denomination of the keyboard the contact, which corresponds to

the revolution, is closed in order to ignite the discharge tube, in

this case after the sixth revolution.

Another solution of this problem is in the description of of the ten's

keyboard in the computing distributing process (cross-coil method)

described later In this case the ignition impulse of the discharge

tube will be generated in a coil similar to coil 156 The rotation disc

157 is provided with a tooth.

In another practical form of the calculation arrangement, a recording

head is shifted at each revolution along the signal carrier by a gear

unit such as is shown in Fig 24 b, or a slowly operating storage-unit

is connected to it In this case the digit value signals are kept in

the respective fields of the circumference, for instance, signal " 6 "

in the field in which after the sixth revolution the sensing head and

the storage-unit are opposite to each other.

If in a case of multiplication the signal is passing under the sensing

head, the discharge tube 161 will be ignited.

In order to increase the speed of the cornputor, it is possible to

eliminate any ineffective revolutions in any particular denomination.

For example, if there are only two denominations in a number, then

they can be recorded immediately the digit in the ten's denomination

has been reached Further, when the number in the units denomination

has been reached, switching over to the tens denomination can be

effected without delay caused by the completion of the complementary

remaining rotations in the units denomination.

The switching of the relay 152 ', 1522 does not require any further

explanation The contacts make effective the computing process in the

shown position after switching over they effect the indication and

eliminate the effectiveness of the erasing head in track a The

intermediate switching of a multiplication-body is outlined in the

chapter of the computing distributing process (cross-coil computor).

4 THE DIVISION PROCESS.

The additional equipment for the division consists of a compensatory

winding of the coil 155 , by means of which an indication is given

that the value " O " has run through and has been evaluated for signal

forwarding, and of a set of signal heads 172 9 by the means of which

the result (quotient) is 70 recorded in the signal carrier.

The cycles at the division are the same as that at the multiplication

When the dividend is set in the keyboard 162, and the divisor is set

in the keyboard 1, in the course of the 75 first revolution the

dividend will be recorded on the signal carrier by addition The slide

with the circle 85 of coils 1550-8 is in the left-hand position Its

starting position when dividing corresponds therefore to the final 80

position at the multiplication At this position of the circle 85 of

coils 155 -s the divisor which is set in keyboard 1 is subtracted

during the course of nine revolutions.

The subtraction is effected again by the 85 employing of secondary

windings 166 of the recording heads 32 -, the co-ordinated digit value

of which is complementary to the primary windings.

The change-over switching from "addition" 90 to "subtraction" will be

performed by the shifting of switch 55 from switchway 56 to switchway

57.

Similar to the procedure of multiplication the effectiveness of these

nine revolutions con 95 cerning the computing process is interrupted

when the discharge tube 161 is ignited The ignition occurs if, during

the passing of distributor arms 141 through the field of the coil , no

digit value forwarding signal of the 100 "fugitive one " has been

performed.

If the coil 155 has a secondary winding, the magnetic flux of this

coil can be compensated by the ignition of the discharge tube 147 as

the secondary winding is part of the 105 main discharge circuit When

there is no " fugitive one " this discharge tube does not become

effective The coil 155 effects in turn the ignition of the discharge

tube 161, which blocks the pentode 67, current to the erasing 110 head

61 of track a is counteracted and the process of repeated subtraction

is interrupted.

Moreover, the ignition of the discharge tube 161 effects the recording

of a digit value signal by recording head ( 172 ') which is effective

115 via the distributor 159/168 at a position of the change-over

switch 227 ' corresponding to that at which it is " switched on" at

the respective revolution The quotient of the division process is

recorded denomination by 120 denomination on the signal carrier such

as described above The correct denomination-wise co-ordination in the

signal carrier is accomplished by the co-operation of the distributors

160 and 169 in conjunction with 125 the set of coils 155 i.

Of the nine revolutions, co-ordinated to one denomination, only such a

number of cycles will be effective as is necessary to bring the result

below " zero " The number of cycles 130 786,021 ated " probe

electrodes " can effect the control.

The signal heads 33, 341, 342, 35 ' and 35 ' as well as the respective

track b are no longer required.

The erasing heads, too, can be arranged within the sector I The

sensing head 177 of track d effects only the releasing of the

carryover pre-mark signal, but no transfer functions.

The figures 27 f and 27 g show by thickened lines the alternative

paths of current through the electronic relay of Fig 27 a.

2 CONTROL OF THE DIGIT VALUE SWITCHES BY ELECTRONIC TUBES.

In the preceding description of the Fig 27 a the switching of the

signal heads which correspond to the single digit values is effected

by the full keyboard 1 In Fig 17 g an " electronic-switch " effected

the switching-on of the single denominations of the keyboard 1

successively, beginning with the last denomination 151 With a

computing arrangement suitable for all calculations a change of this

process can be effected suitably in such a way that the electronic

relays are co-ordinated to the respective digit values as digit value

switches (compare Fig 17 h) instead of being co-ordinated to the

different denominations as shown in Fig 17 g The result of any

counting process will be sensed from the signal carrier via a

distributor, for instance, a distributor which is inductively

effective by means of moving magnetic yokes, electronic-switches and

the like, so that the sensed computing signals effect the ignition of

the discharge tubes 9509, corresponding to the digit values of the

denomination to be processed The gas discharge tubes are switches,

which when ignited act as contacts for digit values like those of the

full keyboard The new digit value can in this case be taken off either

from the full keyboard or from a magnetic storage used at the input of

the digit value by means of a ten's keyboard or the like, or used as a

substitute for punched cards, etc This method has the advantage that

the transfer quality of the signals by the amplifier, the sensing and

the recording heads, requires even at the addition of the longest rows

of denominations, no special requirements, as the signals will be

processed in general only once.

Fig 27 b shows the electronic digit value switches combined with an

electronic relay according to the Figures 27 a, 27 f and 27 g,

operating as a digit value transfer switch, so that the switching

corresponding to the processes ( 1) and ( 2) corresponds to the

preceding descriptions Track e of Fig 27 b is provided as a record

means track, whereas track a can be situated as an input and output

storage outside of the computor These can be also intermediate

transfer tracks for transfers from a selectable storage or the like,

whereby there can be timing differences between the selecting and the

processing of the computing signals.

recorded on the signal carrier, however, will be one less, due to a

suitable arrangement of the connection of the distributor coils in

combination with the recording heads 172 '.

As a "' tenth revolution " takes place for practical purposes within

every denomination displacement, an addition of the divisor, recorded

in keyboard 1 is effected in a way that, during the course of the

tenth or last cycle within one denomination displacement, the contact

55 is switched over from switchway 57 to switchway 58 For the

performance of addition, switch 228 is closed; for subtraction, switch

229 is closed For multiplication switches 2261 and 226 ' are closed

For division, switches 227 ' and 2273 are closed.

Round-off procedures, in dependence of the decimal point are possible

with both multiplication and division These operations will be

explained later in the description of the distributive computing

process (cross-coil computing arrangement) in union with the use of

the ten's keyboard in order to facilitate the explanation of the

multiplication and division.

VII SIMPLIFICATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS OF THE WIRING.

On account of the separate performance of the computing processes (

1)-( 5) in single amplifier circuits the operation of the calculator

becomes particularly clear Further advantages can result from the

combination of several functions within one switching circuit.

In the following are given some characteristic examples of such

combinations.

1 COMBINATION OF PROCESS ( 1) WITH PROCESS ( 2).

Instead of separating the process ( 1) from the process ( 2) (the

processing) the carry-over forwarding a combination of both processes

can also be made within the switching diagram The processes ( 3) and (

4) can also be combined to a certain degree The changes resulting in

this case are to be seen by the example in Fig 27 a.

This Figure shows that sensing heads 31 ' and 312 are provided and

that they are arranged in the positions I a 9 and I a 10 of the

stator.

The displacement by one field of the digit value carry-over which

otherwise occurs in process ( 2) is here already effected in process (

1) in that the electronic relay, formed by the tubes 174-176, in the

case of a transfer without a digit value carry-over from the preceding

denomination, renders effective the sensing head 31 ' via the pentode

174 At the performance of the digit value carry-over, however, it

renders effective the sensing head 312 via the pentode 175 The

switching-over ensues by controlling the suppressor grid or the screen

grid by means of the gas discharge tube 176 In this case the voltage

drop at a resistor in the main discharge circuit is used as a control

voltage.

In a modified form, the currents of separ786,021 The transfer

functions 3 and 4 of the Figures 19 a and 20 a are also introduced by

an amplifier circuit Figs 27 b, 27 c and 27 d show in symbols both the

amplifier circuits which can replace the amplifier circuits A, B, C

and D of the Figs 17 a, 18 a, 19 a and 20 a.

3 COMPUTING BY SIGNAL DISPLACEMENT AT SENSING.

The preceding practical examples of the computor, carried out the

displacement of the digit value signals at process 1, the " processing

" by voltage surges, induced in one sensing head, or in the

combination with the ten's carry-over of process 2, previously

described, sensed selectively in one of two sensing heads, which

surges are lead via the amplifier to ten recording heads of which only

one was switched on via a contact-switch, gas discharge or the like.

Contrary to this in the modification corresponding to Fig 29 there are

provided ten sensing heads of which at each timing instant one sensing

head is switched on via a digit value switch operated from the full

keyboard 1 In this case the transfer occurs via an amplifier may be to

one recording head, or at a simultaneous performance of the digit

value carry-over to two recording heads, or finally in the shown

combination if the limit digit value is exceeded with the diminishing

of the digit value the transfer occurs to four recording heads.

The arrangement of the heads within the stator and the connection

between transfer means and signal carrier is shown in Fig 28 (similar

to Fig 6 b, and illustrating diagrammatically a digit value processing

means which becomes effective by displacement at the recording).

The difference between the procedures of Fig 28 and Fig 6 b is only in

the switching arrangement in that the decision whether digitvalue sums

keep within the limiting value or exceed it, can be made immediately

at the transfer process from track a to track b At the exceeding of

the limiting value a switch is operated which, if the digit value

transgresses the limiting value effects the transfer to the second of

the recording heads which is displaced by ten digit-value units

opposite to the first or both the recording heads (limiting value

switch).

By this arrangement the processing of the digit value in the same

denomination can be combined with the diminishing and the carryover in

the same transfer, and together with the transfer from track a to

track b can be made the selection as to whether the digit value is

below or equal to the limiting value or exceeds it If signals of digit

value exceeding the limiting %alue are to be transferred by means of a

coupling member, the carry-over pre-mark switch will be made active in

the same way as it was done at the preceding description by the

selecting and wiring of the computing signals to the separated tracks

c and d.

For this reason the diagram of Fig 28 differs from that of Fig 6 b

only so far as the diagram of the signal heads for the sensing 70

comprises ten sensing heads which are arranged in the fields I a 10-19

for the digit-values

0-9 In track b, however, are provided both the recording heads which

are displaced by ten digit-value units; these recording heads are 75

situated in the field positions I b 0 respectively

I b 10.

In the tracks c and d, however, no sensing or recording heads are

provided, as the situation whether the sum of the digit-value exceeds

80 the limiting value is already effected by a switch, which is

switched-over compulsorily at this limiting By this switch, digit

value signals which do not exceed the limiting value are recorded by

the recording head 179 of field 85

I b 0, whereas the recording of the signals of digit-values which do

exceed the limit digitvalue, and therefore must be diminished in the

same denomination, is effected by the recording head 181 in the

position I b 10 90 The arrangements of the sensing heads and the

recording heads are therefore equivalent in their effectiveness, if by

co-ordinated digitvalue switches, via an amplifier, such heads of two

tracks are connected which differ in their 95 mutual distance by that

number of fields which the digit value signal shall be displaced at

the effective addition.

In Fig 29 an especially simple structure of the calculation

arrangement of an office calcu 100 lator according to the invention is

represented by the way of an example It is provided only with one

electronic tube and a gas dischargetube and the amplifier can also be

replaced by a gas discharge relay with a cold cathode or 105 the like

The switching diagram shown in this figure can be used with

calculation arrangements with not too high an operation speed (up to

200 denomination additions/sec at the minimum) 110 The sensing heads

31 are switched on successively by the contacts under the keys of the

full keyboard 1, denomination by denomination by the denomination

distributor 42 115 The voltage surges, induced within the switched-on

sensing coil will be lead via the transformer 183 to the grid of the

pentode 67 and will be amplified there As is shown in the figure, the

sensing head co-ordinated 120 to the digit-value " 0 " is arranged,

corresponding to Fig 28 i e, contrary to the figure 6 b in the

position I a 10 The sensing head in I a 19 is provided for the

digit-value " 9 " The recording head for digit-values below 125 " at

which there has to be taken no regard of a digit-value carry-over from

the preceding denominations, is 179 in position I b 0, but if a

carry-over from the preceding denomination is to be dealt with, it is

180 in position 130 786,021 is provided for complementary addition

(subtraction).

The relay 55 effects the switching-over "addition-subtraction " The

contacts 54 -540 of the keys 0-9 of the ten's keyboard are also 70

shown in the drawing The sensing heads 31 only become effective during

that rotation of the signal carrier following pressing down of the

keys The switching-on of the digit value switches 54 is effected via

the 75 relay 190 and contact 192 The relay is controlled by the

adjustable cams which are on the automatic switchboard 193 fixed to

the movable part of the printing unit Its part A controls, by means of

cams 194 and switches 80 1930, to which denomination the respective

digit value belongs For instance, if cam " 2 " is set, the sensed

digit-value is recorded in sector II (penultimate denomination), as

only in sector II of the rotating distributor 199 is 85 provided a

contact for effecting the switchingon of the relay 190 via its winding

189.

Part Bl selects by means of cam 195 and switch 193 ', in which track

(a b, or f) of the storage unit, to which registry computor the 90

digit values are delivered, whereas in part B 2 cams 196, in

co-operation with switches 1932 and 193 ', select whether an addition

or a subtraction shall be effected By cams 197, part Cl of the

switchboard and switches 1932 and 95 193 ' controls which balance

computor shall be excited, whereas part C 2, by means of cams 198 and

switches 1934, 193 ', 1938 and 193 ' effects addition or subtraction.

Corresponding to the description of the 100 multiplication processes

(section VI), the controlling of these processes can also be effected

by different tracks of the storages, which are provided for these

programme control markings, and which are sensed by a gliding group

105 of sensing heads.

The working operation is as follows: The displacement of the computing

signals for addition is effected by the switching-on of the respective

sensing heads 3 F 1 - The displace 110 ment of the signal by the

required distance is effected by transfer to the recording head 179,

if the sums keep within the limiting value The signal which is excited

in the sensing head is amplified by pentode 74, so that the gas dis

115 charge tube 73 is ignited, and the capacitor 86,charged through a

resistor to a voltage lower than the striking voltage, is discharged

in a short time (compare Fig 17 c) The voltage drop at the resistor 75

affects the screen-grid 120 voltage and the pentode 67 is opened This

tube amplifies the signal taken from track in by sensing head 76.

If the limiting value has not been exceeded, the undiminished

recording is effected in 125 switching position 200 of the limiting

value switch by means of the recording head 179.

After the passing of field 9 under the slot of this recording head the

limiting value switch switches-over to position 201, thus connecting

130 XIII b 39 For dealing with result-signals which exceed the

limiting value, and the recording ensue without a digit-value

carryover from the preceding denomination then recording head 181 in

position I b 10 operates, but if regard must be taken of a digit-value

carry-over, the recording ensues by the recording head 182 in position

I b 9 of the stator.

The separating irrespective of whether the resulting digit-value of

the sum of the processed denomination exceeds the limiting value or

not, is effected automatically each time by means of a contact switch

184, which is arranged at the circumference of the drum or in a

similar way This limiting value switch transfers the digit value

signals which are below or equal to the limiting value, to the pair of

recording heads 179/180, but it transfers those signals which exceed

the limiting value, to the recording heads 181/182 This arrangement

ensures that a running through digitvalue carry-over, for instance at

the passing from 99 999 to 1000 000, is taken care of.

If the recording of the digit value signals is effected by the

recording heads 181/182, the digit-value carry-over to the next

denomination is forwarded simultaneously Via the secondary windings

185 of heads 181/182 the discharge tube 52 of the cover pre-mark

switch is ignited The discharge current of this tube is limited by the

resistor 186 The ignition has, in consequence of the small current in

the main discharge circuit, only a preparing character By a cam-switch

187, which is controlled by the circumference of the signal carrier 7,

the resistor 186 is bridged, so that the winding 53 of the carry-over

pre-mark switch receives sufficient current to change-over its

armature 47.

By this means the recording heads 180 and 182 instead of the recording

heads 179 and 181, are prepared for the recording of resulting digit

value signals for the sum The recording is then effected by the digit

value 4 S signal in the switched-on sensing head via the transformer

183 and the pentode 67.

The gas discharge tube 52 of the carry-over pre-mark switch is

extinguished by the opening of the holding contact 188, as the main

discharge circuit is interrupted The contact is controlled, e g, by

cams on the disc.

In Fig 30 is shown an arrangement for a complete bookkeeping machine,

e g, a machine capable of dealing with say 50 twelve denominational

numbers, each of them with direct subtraction below zero This

calculator can be provided with a selective storage device which

allows the automatic storage of the new balance after computation if

the new balance signal is not recorded on a magnetizable layer or the

like on or in an account card Each of the sensing heads 31 has two

windings, one of the windings being connected to contact 56, and

provided for direct addition, and the other, connected to contact 57

of the relay 55, 786,021 the recording head 181 to the pentode 67 for

the recording of diminished values By displacement of signal head the

diminishing is effective.

The winding 53 a of the carry-over pre-mark switch 47 which comprises

a polarized relay, is excited by a secondary winding of the recording

head 179 The relay switches to switchway 48, effecting the recordings

without forwarding the digit value carry-over A computing signal,

recorded by means of the recording head 181, energizes by the winding

99 the winding 53 b of the polarized relay and turns it over to

switchway 59 By this arrangement, the sensing head 31 ' " 1 " is

switched-on and effects the forwarding of the digit value carry-over

to the next denomination.

Thus within all the denominations (sectors) which are not computed,

the digit value signals of the same value are transferred via the

holding contact 191 and the switchway 48, so that the sensing head 310

is effective At the performance of the carry-over forwarding, the

sensing head 31 ' is effective.

Only once in the operating sector and during only one revolution, i e,

at every key-pressing, the relay 189 changes over to switchway 192 and

effects in the same denomination an addition via the closed switch of

the switches 54 9 of the ten's keyboard In the following sectors, the

forwarding of the digit value carryover is effected according to

whether the switchway 201 is rendered effective A " fugitive one " is

transferred directly from the last sector into the first sector.

The recording of the result can be done by the usual recording units,

by the types of a typewriter or the printing unit, described in the

following.

VIII VARIATIONS OF THE MECHANICAL PARTS.

The fundamental structure of the mechanical parts of the computer is

shown according to the invention, in Fig 31 a.

On the main shaft 18 are firmly arranged and fixed in their mutual

position -by keys or the like: toothed wheels 205 and 206, the

magnetizable discs 207 the cylindrical computing signal carrier 71 as

well as the inductive switches i 57 and 158, necessary for the

multiplication.

The Figures 31 b and 31 c show in side view and edge view respectively

one of the magnetizable discs 207 which are provided as track c and d

for the distinguishing of the digit-values, i.e, whether the result is

less than or equal to limiting digit-value or exceed it The figures 31

d and 31 a are similar views of the toothed wheel 205 of Fig 31 a such

as can be employed for the input of the zero signal in connection with

a signal head.

In the following Figures 32, 33 a, 33 b, and 33 c are suggested three

modifications of a visual indication device.

Fig 32 shows a computing signal carrier, comprising disc 7, divided

into four sectors and corresponding to the rotor of the figures 1416

The non-magnetizable areas, for instance and 46, are rendered

conspicuous by hatching Around the annular magnetizable area 208 70 is

arranged a second ring, which contains in an optic layer the pictures

of the numerals 0-9.

The same disc for stroboscopic indication is shown in Fig 33 a.

The main shaft 18 carries the stroboscopic 75 disc Its optic layer

shows by means of suggestion the pictures of the numerals 0-9 which

are illuminated by a flashing lamp 150 behind the viewing aperture 210

and which are projected by means of the optic lens 211 to the 80

screen 212.

On the main shaft 18 of Fig 33 b is provided the stroboscopic cylinder

7 ', likewise with the pictures of the numerals and with magnetizable

tracks The sensing means (signal 85 heads 213) as well as the

glow-lamps 214 controlled by said heads for the stroboscopic

illumination of the numerals are outlined.

Further result indication means comprising a cathode ray tube is shown

in Fig 33 c 90 COMPUTING BY DISTRIBUTIVE MEANS OF COMPUTING.

In the preceding description has been described a principle of

computing by calculation arrangements comprising displaced signal 95

heads co-operating with magnetizable computing signal carriers and

transfer means The displacement could be effected at the recording as

well as the sensing.

According to the invention computing 100 signals can be delivered to

signal carriers of modified forms of computing arrangements which will

give a result-signal defined relative to space or time.

As a further example of a computing 105 arrangement the computing

operation is effected by computing distributors, of which the

recording of the result is as described in the preceding section A, by

transfer means to a signal carrier 110 I DISTRIBUTIVE COMPUTING WITH

SUCCESSIVE INTRODUCTION OF THE SECOND

DIGIT-VALUE.

As a practical example a distributor was chosen which is effective by

variations of a 113 magnetic field.

Fig 34 shows a computing unit suitable for slow operational speeds.

In this case, the movable magnetic yoke 126 (" 0 " yoke), comparable

to a contact 120 arm, moves during the first revolution between the

primary coils 215 a, 216 a, 23 a O ', 217 a and the secondary coils

215 b, 216 b, 23 b-', 217 b of the instructive distributor This

rotation is co-ordinated to the digit value " 0 " of 125 the one

number to be added.

After this revolution the yoke is displaced axially, so that at the

second revolution the yoke 126 ', angularly backwards displaced by one

field, will move through the fields of the 130

786,021 field " O " passes under the sensing head 31.

As the discharge tube 219 will switch on the pentode 220, and a

voltage surge, generated in the sensing head 31 is amplified by the

pentode 220 and transferred, but only if the 70 surge reaches the grid

of the pentode during the time of its opening, that is to say, during

the first revolution only a " 0 " signal is transferred, during the

second revolution a " 1 " signal is transferred, etc Therefore a corm

75 paring verification of the numbers of revolutions with the numbers

of the signals being stored will be obtained automatically If there is

conformity between these two cycles the signals will be transferred

(for other solutions 8 C of this problem see the chapters concerning

multiplication, cycle-counters in section AVI).

The signal sensed by sensing head 31 will be transmitted to the

ignition electrode of the discharge tube 218, via transformer 221, so

85 that this tube will be ignited in the case of conformity before the

yoke is entering the pairs of coils 23 a/b 9 and 217 a/b At the

passing of the magnetic yoke through the pairs of coils 217 a/b, that

is, after the revolution has 90 been finished, the discharge tube 218

will be extinguished by a corresponding extinguishing impulse

generated by coil 217 b.

The voltage surge, generated in the secondary coils 23 b-' will be

recorded by the 95 recording heads 179, 180, 181 and 182 The selection

of the proper recording head from the above set will be performed by

procedures analogous to those of Fig 29 The signal heads 179, 180 are

displaced, as described in that 100 figure, relative to the heads 181,

182 by ten digit value units This has been done for the purpose of the

diminishing of ten from resulting sums above the limiting value The

switching over is done by a suitable switching mech 105 anism 47/184

The forwarding of the digit value carry-over is effected by means of a

polarised relay 47/53 a, 53 b which will switch over according to

which pair of heads is excited The relay serves as a carry-over pre

110 mark switch.

The switches 47-184 are operated by pulses from the secondary windings

of heads 179-182 in the same way as is described with reference to

Fig29 115 At the energising of relay 223 via the switching-over

contact 47 of the said relay, the switching over to the switching

position 49 with the recording heads 180/182 is effected at the

performance of the digit-value carry 120 over, whereas in the holding

position the signals are recorded in switching position 48, by the

heads 179/181 As already mentioned, at any instant only one of these

heads will be effective by means of the switch 84 125 The contact

switch-over mechanism can be replaced for inertialess operating by

inertialess switches, such as gas discharge tubes, electronic relays,

etc.

In the construction above described, ten 130 pairs of coils On

completion of this second revolution, which is coordinated to the

digit value " 1," the yoke 1262, then 126 ', etc, pass between the

coils, that is to say, in ten revolutions ten yokes, displaced each

time by one digit field pass between the coils.

By the switches 54 '-, which might be the switches of the full

keyboard, the keys of a typewriter or a bookkeeping machine, etc, one

of the primary coils 23 a'9, representing the digit values 0-9 (at

subtraction cycles the complementary values 9-0) will be excited.

The switch position remains unchanged during ten revolutions.

In the example, the " 2 " has been switched on by the digit value

switch 54 ', -which connects primary coil 23 a 2 in the main discharge

circuit of the tube 218 If during the first revolution which is the "

O " cycle, the discharge tube 218 has been ignited A voltage surge

will be induced in the secondary coil circuit 23 b at the instant of

the signal timing position " 2 " ( 0 + 2 = 2) It is in that moment,

when the yoke 126 passes the field between the magnetic poles of the

excited coil 23 a 2 and secondary coil 23 b W, that the signal will be

recorded in the record means (in the example a magnetic layer) by

means of one of the recording heads 179-182 at the corresponding field

It is evident that in lieu of this a glow-storage, a contact-storage,

etc, can be used.

If, instead of the digit value switch 542, the digit value switch 548

for the digit value " 8 " had been closed, the voltage surge would

have been released at the signal-timing position " 8 " An ignition of

the gas discharge tube 218 during the second revolution, effects the

addition of " 1 " The digit value switch 54 ' shown closed, introduces

as a first operand the digit value " 2 " At the passing of the yoke

126 ' during this revolution the voltage surge would be excited in the

signal timing position " 3," etc.

It is evident that this procedure is similar to the digit value signal

displacement by signal heads which are mutually displaced and

represents a means to generate a signal corresponding to the sum of

both the operands when the corresponding denomination passes under the

recording head.

The ignition of the discharge tube 218 during the revolution

corresponding to the first operand requires a more detailed

explanation.

In this example of the computing arrangement, the ignition of the

discharge tube 218 takes place whenever one of the magnetic yokes 126

-9 runs through the group of coils 215 a, 215 b and 216 a, 216 b

During the passing of the magnetic yoke through the coils, 215 and 216

the discharge tube 219 will be ignited by an impulse from coil 215 b

and extinguished afterwards by an impulse from coil 216 b.

During the passing by of the yoke 1260 the ignition takes place at

that moment when the 786,021 revolutions are necessary for each of the

computing cycles However, in consideration of the available revolution

numbers this is tolerable at normal computing operations Another

practical example of the computing arrangement requires only one

revolution at every computing operation.

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF A CALCULATING ARRANGEMENT ACCORDING TO THE

COMPUTING DISTRIBUTING PROCEDURE WITH SIMULTANEOUS ACTUATION OF

THE

SECOND DIGIT-VALUE.

High efficiency is possible with the abovedescribed computing

distributing method, if each of the magnetic yokes has its own set or

circle of coils on the stator according to the Fig 35, and comprising

primary coils and secondary coils, the former being marked 240, 241,

242, 243-249, and the latter 250, 251, 252, 253-259 In the secondary

coils it will be seen that coils 251-259 are sub-divided into coils

251 a and 251 b, 252 a and 252 b and so on, the number of coils

sub-divided progressively increasing in number to effect the carryover

into the next denomination Coils 240 will not be so sub-divided as

they only deal with values " 0-9 " While in the mechanism according to

Fig.

34 the magnetic yokes will be shifted laterally opposite to the set of

coils, causing the magnetic yoke 126 first to enter the magnetic

fields of the coils during the first revolution and by yoke 1261 at

the second revolution and by yoke 1262 at the third revolution etc

this lateral movement will be omitted in the mechanism according to

Fig 35.

In Fig 34 the discharge tube 218, by means of which the coils were

excited, was ignited during one revolution only and remained

extinguished during the other revolutions, but in Fig 35, one of the

discharge tubes 244 will be ignited during every counting revolution

These discharge tubes, in the same way as the discharge tube 218 in

Fig 34, will excite the energizing of the co-ordinated sets of coils.

The only difference is, that for every digitvalue, one discharge tube

and a set of coils " 0 to 9 " has been co-ordinated.

In the case where a " O " should be added to the digit-value " 6," set

in the last denomination of the full keyboard according to Fig 35, the

discharge tube 244 will be ignited By this ignition, the primary coil

2400, co-ordinated to the " 6 " will be excited and if the magnetic

yoke 126 passes, a voltage surge will be induced in the secondary

coils 250, connected in series, at the instant at which the respective

field of the rotor passes the recording head 179, recording the

addition " 6 " + " O " =cc 6 " If, however, the addition " 6 + 1 = 7 "

has to be performed, the discharge tube 244 ' is ignited according to

the second digit to be added, viz 1 As the magnetic yoke 126 ' is

displaced angularly relative to the magnetic 65 yoke 1260 by one digit

value unit, the " 7 " corresponding to the sum of the digit values

will be recorded on the signal carrier by the recording head 179.

The ignition of the discharge tube 244 9 70 is effected by the upper

set of coils 238/239 by means of the magnetic yoke 126 .

If the voltage surge of a digit value signal is imparted to the grid

of pentode 87 and amplified, the discharge tube 237 will be 75 ignited

via the coupling member 236; the discharge tube 237 together with the

capacitor 233 represents a sawtooth generator The capacitor has been

biassed closely below ignition voltage by a resistance 80 At the

moment of the ignition of discharge tube 237 the capacitor 233

discharges itself via the primary coils 238 9 of the set of coils A

strong current surge will thus be initiated in the coils 238 at that

instant at which 85 the digit value signal which corresponds to the

one digit passes under the sensing head This surge will only be

imparted, via the magnetic yoke 126 , to that pair of the secondary

coils 239 -9 past which the yoke 126 moves, that 90 is, and which is

in the case of the digit value " O " to the coil 2390, in the case of

" 1 " to the co-ordinated coil 239 ' etc co-ordinated to this digit

value.

One end of the secondary windings is con 95 nected to the cathodes of

the discharge relays 244 '-, and the other end of the coil 2390 is

connected with the ignition-electrode of the tube 2440, and the coil

239 ' with the ignition electrode of the tube 244 ' etc; the discharge

100 tube will be ignited each time the co-ordinated digit value signal

passes under the sensing head 32 ' or 322.

With this cycle the proper addition process (computing process 1) has

been terminated 105 The arrangement of the set of coils allows at the

same time the separation of signals depending on whether the result of

both digit values is less than or equal to the limiting value or

exceeds it 110 The operation of the sub-divided secondary coils is as

follows: In the path of the magnetic yoke 1260, which is the " 0 "

track, such a sub-division has not been provided The secondary coils

115 250 " are all connected in series, and a digit value carry-over

cannot be effected, as the highest of the digit value sums,

co-ordinated to this set of coils is less than the limiting value 120

In the next set of coils of the digit value 1 " of the magnetic yoke

1261, the last secondary coil 250 ', however, is separated, as its

co-ordinated signal timing instant " 10 " requires a digit value

carry-over The two 125 coils 2520-2529 on track " 2 " of the magnetic

yoke 1262 are separated in order to forward the digit value carry-over

of the signal timing instants " 10 " and " 11 " The signals 786,021

full keyboard but, in the case shown, control of these groups of

elements by the discharge tubes 950 9 has been provided.

The arrangement illustrated is such that the magnetisable elements

have primary coils each 70 having two windings for control purposes,

and the windings are insulated from each other.

For example, the one part of the core 260 'a carries the primary

windings 260 ' and 270 .

The windings of each set of primary windings 75 260 '-', 261 etc are

connected together and arranged in vertically-connected rows in the

anode circuits of the discharge tubes 95 -9, the latter being operated

in accordance with one of the digit values which is to control the 80

arrangement The windings of the other sets of primary windings 270 -9,

271 -9 etc, are connected together and arranged in horizontal rows in

the anode circuits of the discharge tubes 244 '-', these being

controlled in accord 85 ance with the second digit value.

The arrangement of the windings on their cores is such (as will be

apparent from the drawing) that the conductors forming the windings

are in two sets such that each con 90 ductor is linked to a

multiplicity of the elements and each element is linked to one and

only one conductor of each set, whilst no two of the elements linked

to any conductor of one set are linked to the same conductor of the 95

other set.

For each element with its primary windings, there is a secondary

winding, and these are sub-divided or separated-except the row 280 '

co-ordinated to the result digit value " O " 100 each into two groups,

which are identified by the indices a and b By this arrangement, the

energising of a coil marked with index a indicates a result without

diminishing of the digit value by ten within the same denomination 105

and without forwarding of a carry-over premark signal into the next

denomination, whereas the actuation of the coils with the index b

effects the diminishing of the digit value and the forwarding of the

carry-over 110 pre-mark signal into the next denomination will be

effected.

All the elements are suitably provided with an additional winding (not

shown) by which a magnetic flux will be induced in one direction, 115

and which exceeds by a small amount the magnetic flux generated in the

other direction by the current of the discharge circuit of one of the

gas discharge tubes 244 '-9 or 95 "-9.

Thus an effective magnetic flux can only be 120 induced by igniting

two gas discharge tubes at the same time to excite the two primary

windings on a single element.

Computation according to this system may be carried out as follows In

Fig 36 a, a digit 125 representing signal is sensed by sensing head 31

' from track a Switch 47 is in position 48 during this sensing and the

signal is amplified by amplifier 41 prior to being fed to all the

primary coils 304 ' of cores 304 a' of the 130 of the coils 250, 251

a, 252 a, 253 a and 259 a exceeding the limiting value ignites the gas

discharge tube 235 By means of the displaced recording heads 179 and

181 in the discharge circuits of the tubes 234 and 235, the

diminishing is effected in the same process.

Both discharge tubes are part of a sawtooth generator and are biassed

close to the striking voltage.

Corresponding to the excited recording heads (either 179 or 181), that

winding 53 a or 53 b of carry-over pre-mark switch which is connected

in parallel, will be excited too Each time the signals are given via

the discharge tube 234 to the recording head 179, the armature of this

relay will connect the sensing head 31 ' to the grid of pentode 67 If,

however, the recording is effected by the signal head 181, because the

sum of the digit values exceeds the limiting value, the sensing head

312 will be connected by the armature 47 of the relay with the grid of

the pentode 67.

When the magnetic yoke 126 ' passes the coils 238/239 at the beginning

of the next digit column, and if the sensing is done via the sensing

head 312, that pair of the coils 239, which is " higher " by one unit

will be excited, and tube of discharge 244 9 which is "higher" by one

digit will be ignited, and thus the digit value carry-over into the

next denomination will be terminated.

If higher speeds are required, the polarized relay would have to be

replaced by an electronic relay.

COMPUTING BY MEANS OF RESULT ELEMENTS By a result element, of which

there are different forms of execution, is meant a device which may be

influenced by twvo digit values jointly to deliver a result, and which

may be for example in the nature of a 2-entry gate, or may be

dependent on combinations of voltage, current and/or time.

RESULT ELEMENTS IN THE NATURE OF 2-ENTRY GATES.

(a) CROSS ELEMENTS.

Referring to Figs 36 a and 36 b, there are shown examples of a

computing arrangement with inductive result elements comprising

magnetisable elements, for example cores, having one or more

conductors forming windings whereby the magnetic saturation of the

cores may be varied.

The cores are shown in horizontal rows representing one set of digits

0-9, and in vertical rows representing another set of digits 0-9 Each

core is shown in two parts In the drawing, the cores are designated

2600 a to 260 'a down the left-hand vertical row and 260 Ta to 269 'a

along the topmost horizontal row In this arrangement, for example, the

two parts comprising the core 263 a would lie in the sixth horizontal

row from the top and the fourth vertical row from the left.

The respective vertical rows of the elements 2600 a to 2699 a may be

switched directly by a 786,021 input distributor The signal will pass

to only that secondary coil 305 which is connected to its primary coil

by one of the magnetic yokes 304 b-' completing the magnetic circuit

between the two parts of the related core 304 a at the instant of

sensing, and thereupon ignite the co-ordinated gas discharge tube 95 '

As a result of this ignition, a current flows through all the

co-ordinated and interconnected primary windings in the corresponding

one of the columns of elements 260 'a-269 'a.

A second digit representing signal, say from a keyboard or from

another storage track, is now conveyed (by means not shown) to the

control grid of the correspondingly valued tube of the series of

discharge tubes 244 -9 connected respectively to the rows 270 '-9, 271

etc of primary windings, and therefore only in that element in which

the two primary windings on a common coil are energised is there

sufficient current to induce a voltage surge in the corresponding

secondary winding 280-289 on the passage of one of the sensing yokes

200 -9 The surge is conveyed to the co-ordinated gas tube of the gas

discharge tubes 407 or 408 -' dependent on whether the digit value

result is below or equal to or in excess of the limiting value of the

denomination (namely " 9 " in a decimal notation) and such tube when

ignited, effects the recording of a result signal on track e either by

recording head 179 or 181 according to its value, that is to say

according to whether the result is above or below the limiting value.

There are ten yokes co-operating with the distributor cores 304 'a and

ten yokes with each of the groups of cores 2600 a-2690 a to 260 'a-269

'a The digit values are sensed from the track a and recorded on the

track e serially with only a small distance between the recording

positions allocated to adjacent digit values of a denomination The

physical position of the yokes co-operating with each group of cores

is staggered in relation to the position of the cores so that although

the yokes are driven in synchronism with the movement of the tape, the

separation of the cores is greater than the separation of

corresponding positions on the tracks.

The yokes associated with each row of cores are staggered in relation

to the other rows, the yokes for three rows being shown in Fig 36 a.

The relative positions of the yokes is such that all the cores which

represent a particular result value will have their magnetic circuits

completed at the same time The construction of the yokes is described

above in connection with Figs 23 a to 23 e.

The spatial relationship between the yokes 200 and the distributor

yokes 304 -b is such that the particular tube 95 is ignited under

thecontrol of the distributor before the yokes 200 complete the

magnetic circuits of any of the cores 260 -a to 269 'a.

In the secondary coils it will be seen that coils 281-289 are

sub-divided into coils a and b, the sub-division being progressively

shifted from row to row.

The operation of the sub-divided secondary coils is as follows: 70 The

secondary coils 280 are all connected together and to the tube 407 ,

since a digit value carry-over cannot be effected, as the highest of

the digit value sums, coordinated to this set of coils is less than

the 75 limiting value.

In the next set of coils 281, the right-hand secondary coil 281 b

however is separated, as it represents the result value " 10 " which

requires a digit value carry-over In the next 80 set of coils, the

last two coils at the right-hand end of the row are separated in order

to forward the digit value carry-over of the result values " 10 " and

" 11 " The secondary coils, suffixed a, at the left-hand side of the

sub 85 division effect an ignition of the gas discharge tube 234,

through one or other of the tubes 407 ' , whereas the secondary coils,

suffixed b, at the right-hand side of the sub-division effect an

ignition of the gas discharge tube 235 90 through one or other of the

tubes 408 9 By means of the displaced recording heads 179 and 181 in

the discharge circuits of the tubes 234 and 235, the diminishing is

effected in the same process 95 Corresponding to the excited recording

heads (either 179 or 181), the switch 47 will be in one or other of

its two positions Each time the signals are given via the discharge

tube 234 to the recording head 179, the 100 sensing head 31 ' will be

connected to the amplifier 41 by switch 47 (in its position 48).

If, however, the recording is effected by the signal head 181, because

the sum of the digit values exceeds the limiting value, the sensing

105 head 312 will be connected to the amplifier 41 by switch 47 in its

other position.

The head 312 is displaced from the head 31 ' by a distance equal to

adjacent digit recording positions on the track a, so that a 110 digit

representing signal on the track is sensed one digit time later by the

head 312 than by the head 31 ' For example, a signal which is sensed

by the head 31 ' at such a time that the output from the head

represents the value 115 " 8," is sensed by the head 312 at such a

time that the output from that head represents the value " 9 " Thus,

ignition of the tube 52 in parallel with the tube 235 by a signal from

a secondary coil suffixed b causes shifting of 120 the switch 47 from

the position shown, so that the sensing of the next denomination will

be effected by the head 312 The value sensed from track a will

therefore be increased by unity, so taking account of the carry 125

The discharge tube 234 will be ignited by exciting the secondary coils

280 a, 281 a, 282 a, 283 a, etc The co-ordinated capacitor will be

discharged and by means of the recording head 179 will effect a

recording of the result in 130 786,021 246, the ignition of the

discharge tube 300, which causes a current surge in the windings 304

By means of the co-ordinated row of yokes 3232 an impulse will be

induced in the co-ordinated coil of the secondary coils 305 to 70

energise one of the gas tubes 950 D In the main discharge circuit of

these gas discharge tubes are situated the primary coils 260 -D to 269

-.

The vertically connected windings in Fig 75 36 b (which are shown

horizontally in Fig.

36 a), are shown in Fig 36 b as long and narrow rectangles ( 270-279)

The horizontally connected primary windings (which are shown

vertically in Fig 36 a) are represented by small 80 rectangles In each

case, for the sake of clearness only some of these windings are shown.

Also represented as long and narrow rectangles are the secondary coils

280-289.

This arrangement is the same as that shown 85 in Fig 36 a with the

exception that the remaining details of the switching means according

to Figs 36 b and 36 c deal with the means for the processing of the

multiplication and the division, the automatic rounding-off

operations, 90 the stepping arrangement for automatic tabulating of

denominations, and the setting of the decimal point.

When a key of the keyboard 54 in Fig 36 c is depressed, a circuit is

completed through 95 one of the wires in the cable k (Figs 2 and 3) to

the ignition electrode of the corresponding tube of the group 95 -959

in Fig 36 b At the same time, through a circuit not shown, the tube

2440 is also fired The cross coil 100 arrangement is then effective to

add " O " to the digit entered by the keyboard 54, so that the tube

234 will be fired at a time representative of the digit value, in the

manner already described in detail in connection with Fig 36 a 105 The

firing of the tube 234 produces a pulse which is fed through the

switch 245 in the intermediate position, the recording head 31110, the

contact arm of the switch 320 and the switch 319 in the position

shown, so that 110 the appropriate digit value is recorded in the

first denominational position of track c Each time a key of a keyboard

is operated the relay 317 of Fig 36 c is energised, and this operates

the stepping switch 320 after the recording of 115 a digit has been

completed.

Consequently, when the next digit is entered on the keyboard, the same

addition process in the cross-coil arrangement takes place, but the

pulse due to the firing of the tube 234 is now 120 applied to the head

311 ' and so on for subsequent digits so that the multiplicand digits

are recorded in successive denominational areas in the track c.

The multiplier is recorded in the track d in 125 exactly the same way

except that the switch 245 is set to the extreme right-hand position

(Fig 36 b) so that the pulses from the tube 234 are fed to the heads

313, which are again selected in turn by the stepping switch 320 130

track e of the signal carrier.

When one of the secondary coils 281 b289 b is excited, the discharge

tube 235 will be ignited, and a recording by the recording head 181,

as well as operation of the switch 47 will be effected The recording

heads 179 and 181 are displaced against one another by ten digit

recording positions in order to effect the diminishing of the digit

value if above the limiting value.

The discharge of tube 234 performs at the same time a repositioning of

the carry-over pre-mark switch In this arrangement, the carry-over

pre-mark switch is shown as an electronic relay 292 which is reset by

the transformer 254, the primary winding of which is situated in the

discharge circuit of the discharge tube 234 The discharge of tube 235

effects the switching on of the electronic relay 292 of the carry-over

pre-mark switch by the resulting signal induced in the secondary

winding of the transformer 255 The digits of one of the values which

is to be added are taken from track a by means of the sensing heads 31

-20 (Fig 36 b), displaced progressively by one denomination relatively

to each other Via the step-switch 321 and the switch 247, i e the

"multiplication-division " switch, the signals will be conducted to

the transformer 296 and the tubes 291/293 of the electronic relay in

Fig 36 c Depending on the ignition or extinction of the gas discharge

tube 292 effected by the transformers 254/255 which are part of the

recording circuit, one or other of the two pentodes 291, 293 is

effective The digit value signal is amplified and via the

corresponding transformer is led to the gas discharge tubes 297/299

and 298 which will be ignited The main discharge circuit of the

discharge tube 297 is led over the windings 3020, but the current

through the discharge tube 298 is led over the windings 3021 (Fig 36

b) These windings are arranged in such a way that the windings 302

correspond to an addition of the digit value " 0," but the windings

302 ' correspond to the addition of the digit value " 1 " to perform

the digit value carry-over from the preceding denomination, i e they

are equivalent in effect to the windings 260 and 261 of Fig 36 a.

By the yokes 1261/0 to 126 "/' is provided a sequential magnetic

connection between the cores carrying the windings 3020 and 302 ' and

the cores carrying the horizontal connected winding rows 303 ', so

that by excitation one of the winding rows will ignite the

co-ordinated discharge tube 244 and so energise a related primary

winding 270 to 279.

The second digit value to be added is taken from storage track c by

means of one of the heads 311 and imparted via the transformer 317 to

pentode 295 controlled by the gas discharge tube 294 When the gas

discharge tube 294 is ignited, pentode 295 amplifies the computing

signal and effects, via the transformer 786,021 During multiplication

the track a is used for accumulating the partial products and the

track b is used as an auxiliary track for dealing with the

rearrangement of the digits in accordance with whether or not there is

a carry in the same way as is described above.

At the start of multiplication tracks a and b both contain zero As a

first step, the first multiplier digit is sensed from the track d to

control the ignition of the corresponding one of the tubes 3010 to 301

' The stepping switch 320 is in the position shown (Fig 36 b) so that

the head 31410 is effective to sense track d and the signals from this

head are fed to the primary winding of the transformer 315 The signals

from the secondary of this transformer are amplified by the pentode

290 (Fig 36 c) and produce a corresponding pulse in the secondary of

the transformer 316 to fire the gas tube 296 The firing of this tube

produces a current in the primary coil 306 of a distributor via the

line e, and the associated yokes 1260/0 to 12691 ' will complete the

magnetic circuit to one of the secondary coils 307 which corresponds

to the particular digit value which was sensed by the head 314 and

will fire the corresponding one of the gas tubes 301 -9 to register

the first multiplier digit.

At the start of each multiplying cycle, the gas tube 295 of Fig 36 c

is fired by a pulse applied to the transformer connected to the

ignition electrode through circuit not shown When the tube 294 is

fired, screen voltage is applied to the pentode 295 to allow it to

respond to signals from the transformer 317 Since the stepping switch

320 is in the first position (as shown in Fig 36 b), this transformer

will receive signals from the head 311 and the line m, so that signals

will be induced in the transformer 246 corresponding to the

multiplicand digits recorded in the track c These signals control

firing of the gas tube 300 which is connected through the line i to

the primary coil 304 of another distributor (Fig.

36 b) The yokes 323 of this distributor couple the primary coil 304 to

the individual secondary coils 305 which, with the switch 55 in the

position 56, are connected to the ignition electrodes of the gas tubes

95.

Consequently, when the first multiplicand digit is sensed by the head

311 ' the corresponding gas tube 95 will be fired At the same time the

track a is being sensed by the head 312 " which is connected for

operation by the stepping switch 322 The signals sensed from the track

a are fed via the line c to the transformer 296, the secondary of

which is connected to the control grids of two pentodes 291 and 293

One or other of these pentodes is selected for operation dependent on

whether the gas tube 292 is fired or not This tube operates in the

usual carry pre-mark manner, to determine whether or not the sensed

value is increased by one.

Depending on whether the pentode 291 or 293 is effective, the gas tube

297 or 298 is fired These two tubes are connected through lines f and

q to primary coils 3020 and 302 ' (Fig 36 b) These two primary coils

may be coupled magnetically to the secondary coils 70 303 ' to 303 '

by the yokes 126 The position of the yokes is such that if the coil

302 ' is energised then the secondary coil 303 which is energised

corresponds to the digit value sensed from the track a, but if the

coil 302 ' 75 is energised, then the secondary coil 303 which is

energised will have a digit value greater by one than the digit value

sensed in track a.

The secondary coils 303 are connected to the ignition electrodes of

the tubes 244 to 80 244 ' so that one of these tubes is fired in

accordance with the digit value sensed from the track a Hence, at the

end of the first step the first multiplier digit is set up on'the

tubes 301, the first multiplicand digit is set up on 85 tubes 95 and

the first digit from the track a is set up on the tubes 244 Since this

is the first cycle, the value from the track a will in fact be " 0 "

The switch 245 is set to the left-hand posi 90 tion, shown in Fig 36

b, so that the sum value from the cross coil arrangement is recorded

in track b by one or other of the heads 179 or 181 depending on

whether there is a carry or not As a second part of the step, the said

95 value is transferred from track b to track a in exactly the same

manner as is described above for addition The head for sensing track b

and the head for recording on track a have been omitted from Fig 36 b

100 In subsequent stages, the successive digits of the multiplicand

will be set up on the tubes 95 and the corresponding successive digits

from the track a will be set up on the tubes 244 Thus, at the end of

one revolution 105 the multiplicand will have been added to the value

recorded on track a which is in fact " O " at this step, and the sum

will have been recorded back on track a.

The yoke 323 ' moves at 1/10th of the 110 speed of the other

distributor yokes so that, at the end of the first revolution, it will

have moved from the " 0 " position to the " 1 " position On the second

revolution, the multiplicand digits will again be set up successively

115 on the tubes 95 and the digits from track a, which are now in fact

the same as the multiplicand are set up on the tubes 244 Consequently,

at the end of the second revolution the track a will now contain twice

the multi 120 plicand value The tube 294 of Fig 36 c energises an

erasing head 231 which operates on the track a to erase each digit

recording after it has been sensed, to allow a recording of the new

sum value after transfer from the track b 125 These cycles are

repeated until the yoke 323 ' comes opposite one of the coils 308

which is connected to that tube 301 which is energised When this

occurs, a pulse will be induced in the coil 309 which, via line l and

130 786,021 to the value registered in track a so returning to a

positive remainder The necessary column shifting is again effected by

the stepping switches as in the case of multiplication.

These switch-on or switch-off cycles can 70 also be performed in a

simple manner by providing, according to a modified example of the

computing arrangement, that instead of ten discharge tubes only one

discharge tube in combination with a mechanical shifting is 75 used

Another solution of this problem is by means of a sensing head

continuously or stepwisely moved laterally along a signal carrier, on

which is recorded a digit value signal always in the "row" which

corresponds to 80 the " revolution " Fig 36 d is an addition table,

containing the resulting sums within cross-fields of the vertical and

the horizontal rows of two operands These cross-fields contain in 85

diagonal rows identical amounts The crosselement procedure with such

schematically crosswise arranged winding-systems can make use of the

ignition of the gas discharge tubes and by the exciting of at least

two winding 90 systems for computing purposes in consequence of the

intensified magnetic flux of the element which is in the

"crossing-point," the digit value signals for the recording of the

result will be induced in the co-ordinated 95 secondary coil.

Fig 36 e shows an addition table similar to the diagram of Fig 36 d

Result sums were obtained in the table of Fig 36 d by going through a

column and a row in the direction 100 of arrows 430 and 431, and at

the crossing points the sum is marked Deviating from this, in the

table shown in Fig 36 e, the one operand is introduced in the

direction of arrow 430, while the other is read in the 105 diagonal

direction of arrow 432, i e the top right-hand corner represents an

entry of 1, the next diagonal row an entry of 2, and so on The results

are then found at the lefthand side of the diagram, while a cross in

110 the cross-field of the second operand indicates that the result is

in the result row 1018, also marked with a cross, and not in the

result row 0-9 The arrangement of this Figure has the advantage of

determifining the 115 results at a defined position independent of its

amount In similar manner, other crosspoint elements can be provided in

accordance with other tables, by means of which any other computation

can be effected Examples 120 are shown in the arrangement of Figures

36 f and 36 g being multiplication tables, the former of which

contains the tens digit of single denomination multiplications, and

the latter is provided for the units digit One of 125 the sectors is

given in the direction of arrow 431, the other is contained within the

crossfields in the direction of arrow 433 The result is shown in the

horizontal rows under the tables 130 transformer 310, will be applied

to the tube 294 to extinguish it This cuts off the pentode 295 and so

prevents the multiplicand value being read to the cross coil

arrangement The erasing head 231 is also deenergised so that the last

value recorded on track a remains there This value is equal to the

multiplicand multiplied by the first multiplier digit.

There are now a number of idle cycles in which no addition takes place

until a total of 10 cycles have been performed The stepping switches

320 and 322 are then moved on one position, and the set of 10 cycles

is repeated Because the stepping switches have been shifted, the

necessary column shifts will be obtained, to take account of the fact

that the second multiplier digit has now been set up on the tubes 301.

These groups of 10 cycles occur in succession so that eventually the

track a contains the final product.

In order to round off a value the relay 324 (Fig 36 b) is energised at

the required denominational position under the control of the stepping

switch 321 This relay operates the switch 318 in Fig 36 c to energise

the gas tube 299 This, through wire h energises the primary coil 3025

which has the effect of adding 5 to the digit value sensed from the

track a in a similar manner to the effect of the primary coil 302 '.

In Fig 36 b, twenty teeth are provided as magnetic yokes, for instance

the teeth 1260/0, 1260/9, 1263/ O and 1264/' The increased number of

teeth would have been necessary in consequence of the intention to

arrange 20 denomination areas on the circumference of the signal

carrier By means of vernier-like arrangement between stator and rotor,

a finer or closer spacing of the digit value signals on the signal

carrier will be the result, notwithstanding the relatively large space

between the stator-coils of the crossing coil arrangement.

The division process is generally similar to that for multiplication

The dividend is recorded initially in track a and the divisor in track

c The track b is again used as an intermediate calculation track and

track d is used for recording the quotient The switch 55 is set to the

subtraction position so that the divisor value is subtracted from the

dividend value in track a The divisor and dividend are initially

recorded in the tracks a and c in such positions that the remainder

value will go negative within 9 cycles of subtraction.

The occurrence of a negative remainder is determined by whether or not

there is a negative carry in the last denomination position in track a

The occurrence of a negative remainder is used to generate a signal to

extinguish the tube 294 to prevent further subtraction taking place.

Each group of 9 cycles is followed by a 10th in which the switch 55 is

set to the adding position so that the divisor is now added once

786,021 A computing arrangement with cross-coils according to these

diagrams as multiplication elements will effect a multiplication

within one cycle, ten cycles not being needed as in multiplying by

repeated addition.

d TABULATION.

The grouping-process, especially the tabulation of the correct

denomination at the grouping by the ten's keyboard 54 is effected by

the sensing and recording heads 311, 312, 313 and 314 in co-operation

with the change over switches 319, the stepping relay 320, and the

keyboard 54.

When a key of the keyboard 54 is pressed down, the ignition of the

respective one of the discharge tubes 95 9 will be effected via

secondary windings of the coils 3051 "o At the same time the discharge

tube " O ":244 ' is effected By this, for instance at the taking off

of the digit-value " 3 ", a recording of the result of the addition

process " O + 3 = 3 " is effected via the discharge tube 234 and the

co-ordinated recording head 179 In the intermediate position of switch

245 as well as in the shown switch-position of the change-over switch

319, this computing signal, however, will not be effected by the

recording head 179 in track b, but by the uppermost of the recording

heads 246 of track c, switched-on by means of the stepping relay 312 X

Simultaneously the stepping relay will be switched further by a

current impulse e g in its winding 317 in the current circuit of its

keyboard 54 so that at the pressing down of the next digit for the

digit-value " 6 ", the sum " O + 6 = 6 " will be imparted to the next

of the recording heads of the track, that is to the signal head 3121 x

etc The digit " 6 " for instance will be recorded by the recording

head 312 v.

The order or the sequence of the further operation of the ciphers

takes place by the changing over of switch 319 from switchway

"keyboard " to switchway " working operation " By this change-over the

corresponding sensing head, for example the sensing head 31 Pl with

five taking off ciphers, is made active As for the denominations, this

sensing head has obtained the importance of the zeroposition, by its

position it defines the sector I.

The further operation occurs with little departure from what has

already been described.

For multiplication the separated input tracks c and d are provided in

Figs 36 a and 36 b for the two factors By this a universal utilisation

of the computing device is made possible Instead of the separated

tracks c and d a recording for instance can be provided in one track

In this case the denominations of both the factors are arranged

displaced against one another.

e DECIMAL POINT.

If a decimal point key is co-ordinated to a ten's keyboard, say in the

denomination which the stepping relay 320 will occupy at the actuation

of the key for the decimal point, the recording of a digit value

signal for this decimal point will be effected on the signal carrier

without a further switching of the stepping relay.

By this means the decimal point signal can be indicated in the

visibility device, if its image is provided between the images of the

digit rows in the optical layer 209 of the disc of Fig 32

Correspondingly transposed, the decimal point signal can effect the

writing down of the decimal point in the printing unit.

If the insertion of the decimal point is necessary in products

(corresponding to both its factors) a second stepping relay will be

suitably co-ordinated, which by actuation of the keys of the ten's

keyboard 54 is switched on, only when the decimal point key is already

pressed down Hereby, this stepping relay is set to the position

resulting from the sum of the key operations after the actuation of

the decimal point key, that is, resulting from the number of the

denominations of both factors following the decimal point From the

position of the stepping mechanism the recording of the decimal point

signal for the result is shunted in the storage.

The recording of the position of decimal points of quotients can be

effected by the same stepping relay If dividends and divisors are

manually or automatically adjusted to the same number of denominations

after the decimal point, the switching of the stepping mechanism is

released each time after ten revolutions by one denomination

backwards.

When the starting position is attained, the decimal point signal is

recorded for that sector determined by the distributor 322.

The lead wires of the round off switch are led over the stepping relay

which fixes the position of the decimal point, and therefore the

switch controls the rounding-off.

The visual result can again be effected by means of the visibility

disc and other means, known from the Figures 26, 32 and 33 By means of

a further winding of the transformer 254 and the switch the flash

impulse tube is co-ordinated to the discharge tube 234, so that it

receives immediately the stroboscopic signals, for the releasing of

the current necessary for making the result visible.

The printing of the result is effected by means of the discharge relay

set 244 _, which excites that winding of the adaptor of the printing

unit, which is co-ordinated to the respective digit The switching of

such adaptors is separately described in the section " printing unit "

The windings of the adaptor can be locally implicated into the set of

coils of a distributor, for instance of the distributor 85.

Instead of putting-in the digit value signals via track c and d, this

can be done by means of a full keyboard in accordance with Fig.

786,021 (imaginatively) track by track in the lateral direction The

stepwise moving is more advantageous than the continuous lateral

feeding of the carrier 418, as in this case pulses are arranged on a

spiral around the drums, cross 70 ing on the reverse movement from the

left side the lines recorded during the forward movement, whereas at

stepwise feeding of the slide in both directions, the same tracks can

be used for sensing, erasing and recording The 75 selecting in

different tracks is not only effected by the lateral movement of the

carrier, but also by an electric switching in parallel arranged within

sets of coils The carrier contains at the same time the sensing,

erasing and 80 recording heads, which can be combined to one single

head, by the arrangement of different windings The erasing at the

selective storage is preferably effected by means of high frequency

erasing, as in this way the erasing can 85 be effected easily at

definite spots by the transferring of the erasing high frequency only

at the desired spot, when the slot of the head is just opposite to the

field of the magnetic layer, in which the erasing has to be effected

The 90 switching of this erasing means is set forth in detail below,

see the description of Fig 29 c, relating to the sorting procedures

The different tracks or the different slides can be coordinated to

different computers (counters) 95 STORING BY MEANS OF TAPES.

Storing on tapes can be effected as well on optical as on magnetic

tapes The definite importance of the digit-value contained on such a

tape, can either be achieved in such a 100 way, that the pulses have a

definite position relatively to a hole or the like in the tape, or to

synchronizing marks on the tape itself.

These synchronizing marks can either be a control frequency supplying

the control fre 105 quency for the deflecting system of a cathoderay

distributor or they can also be zero pulses synchronizing the

discharge circuit of sawtoothed discharge circuits Finally they can

consist in the step and stop pulses, as they 110 are used for the

control of teletypers.

* In Fig 37 b there are two tapes shown, 419 and 420, these are

advanced step by step by the feeding mechanism which comprises the

cranks 421 and connecting rods 422 which 115 latter carry the cross

members 423 having upstanding feeders 424 Magnets 425 are arranged

below the cross members 423, and there are braking or arresting

members 426.

If the magnets 425 are energised the feeders 120 424 are pulled away

from the tape and the arresting members 426 are brought down on to the

tape, so that the reciprocating cross members do not affect the tape

If however the magnets 425 are not energised the cross 125members 423

are urged upwards (by springs 426) and at the same time the members

426 are retracted so that the tape is fed forward step by step by the

feeders 424 co-operating with feeding holes in the tape Signals sensed

130 If an automatic setting of the decimal point is intended, instead

of the decimal point key, decimal point ledges are provided which are

between the vertical key rows of the full keyboard and which are

turned to an operative position when the decimal point to be inserted

between any adjacent keys in the vertical rows Beginning with the last

denomination the stepping relay operates automatically step by step

until it is checked by the contact of the turned down decimal point

ledge Similarly, the relay can be employed in the manner above

described at the ten's keyboard.

By way of example Fig 36 h shows the local arrangement and

accommodation of sets of coils of a computing distributor, such as

described above in connection with the Figs 36 a and 36 b By means of

shaft 18 the motor 19 drives the rotors, e g the rotor 24, within the

sets of coils e g stator 23.

One of the special advantages of the electronic means of computing,

storing and so on consists in the possibility of selective storing in

combination with the computing-, printing-, indicating-devices and the

like These selective storages may contain either changeable pulses,

which can be sensed, erased and renewed or fixed pulse sequences,

containing charts and the like Both sorts of selective storages allow

the sensing of a selected position of the storage and the transfer of

these pulses to computing-, printing-, indicating devices and the like

in a fraction of a second.

The principles used for selecting, are mainly the same as those

already described as used for coding or converting signals.

A magnetic selective storage is shown in Fig 37 a It consists of the

magnetizable cylinder 409 with its shaft 410 arranged in bearings in

the supports 411 and 412 On shaft 410 also are toothed wheels 413-414

for driving the drum and a wheel 415 independently through clutches,

the drive originating in a motor 416.

Extending between the supports 411-412 are two guide rods 417 on which

slides a carrier 418 for signal heads (recording, sensing and erasing)

these being positioned so as to co-operate with the magnetizable layer

on the drum 409 The carrier is traversed to and fro to selected

positions by means of a cam or screw thread actuated by the said wheel

415 There may be more than one set of signal heads for each drum, and

these will be independently traversed to selected positions.

Signals stored on the drum may be stored in a longitudinal or in a

circumferential direction.

The storing of impulses in the lateral direction for the selective

storage accounts is effected simply by the lateral movement of the

carrier 418 If this movement is done stepwisely circular tracks are

achieved, lying 786,021 on the tape 419 in the sequence in which they

are recorded may be recorded on tape 420 in the same or another

sequence by means of a cross-switching board between the respective

sets of sensing devices 427-428, see for example my co-pending

Application No 37212/ 54 (Serial No 786,031) There may be any number

of tapes in association with each other so that sorting through any

number of cycles can be effected.

In Fig 37 c an optical selective storage means is schematically shown,

e g as may be used in the control and selecting of logarithm charts

and the like The same way of selective storing can be used in

connection with magnetic selective storages.

The control of the selecting of the different pulses is achieved by

means of the pulsemarkings in the concentric rings " a 00-90 " and "

0-9 " For the storing of impulses by optical means four decades can be

subdivided in the same way, if impulses at a size of ten are used on

micro-films, so that at ten concentric rings the pulses for five

columns can be stored With magnetic selective storing ten to hundred

subdivisions can be achieved at ten column-figures.

The control pulses for the " hundreds " are arranged in the ten tracks

(concentric rings) of portion " a 00-90," whereas the control impulses

for the " one's " are contained in the ten tracks of portion " b 0-9 "

Each of the portions " a " and "b" is controlled by a photocell,

connected with a discharge tube.

Only one of the ten concentric rings of the portions a and b can

become effective for the selective control on account of the slotted

blends "A" and " B," which can be laterally adjusted to one of the

concentric rings " 00 "/ 10 "/20 " etc These control markings are

contained within each of the sectors of the selective storage,

according to the number of columns required.

At each portion "a" and "b" a series of ten, hundred, etc

extinguishing pulses is arranged, by means of which the closing of the

pentode is effected According to the adjustment of the slotted blends

"A" and "B" only at one specific instant in each of the sectors both

pentodes will be excited at the same time, so that only one of the

pulses " c 0 to 9 " can become effective within each of the sectors

Instead of slotted blends the corresponding deflecting of a light-beam

can be used At this arrangement the digit-value pulses are provided in

concentric rings in portion " c " around the centre point.

b 2-ENTRY GATES CONTROLLED BY SELECTIVE SWITCHING.

If the digit values are introduced on separate switch ways according

to different switch positions, instead of the coils of a computing

distributor with 2 or more windings as result elements, there can be

provided coils which have such a number of windings as set tasks

corresponding to the digit value which is coordinated to the result

elements.

The working operation of the computing arrangement with result coils

according to Fig.

38 is evident from the following description 70

The result of a computing process is taken from the coils 352 '-, the

windings of which connect one contact, representing the digit value of

the first digit to be introduced, with a second contact, which

corresponds to the 75 digit value of the second digit to be

introduced.

Figure 38 shows that the connection of the contact group 326 of the

one digit value to the contacts 327 , which are co-ordinated to 80 the

other digit value, leads over a winding of coils 325 Both the contact

groups are coordinated to the digit value " O "; the result coil 325

likewise corresponds to the " O " as result of the addition task " O +

O = O " 85 Corresponding to the arithmetical task " 1 + 2 = 3 " the

connection of contact group 3261 to 3272 leads over the coil 325 ' The

connection of the contact group 3266 to 3274 leads over a winding of

coil 325 and over a winding 90 of coil 328 which, being excited,

effects the digit value carry over into the next sector.

The contact groups 326 9 and 327 9 may either be metallic contacts or

electronic contacts, or some may be metallic contacts, and 95 other

electronic contacts.

The results derived from the coils 325 (or alternatively resistances,

contact series etc) are recorded on the signal carrier In this

computing device, others of the above mentioned 100 storage devices

can be employed for the derivation of the result, for instance a

glow-storage in which for every denomination 10 discharge tubes are

co-ordinated one of which is ignited at each operation The recording

on the signal 105 carrier of the stored result occurs either by

voltage drop at a resistor, which is arranged as a result-element in

the main discharge circuit or the potential difference which is

taken-off at a probe at an anode opposite for 110 instance to the

cathode.

Another modification provides relay contacts in form of printing unit,

contacts where they are used for the recording of the result as later

described 115 Other computing operations may be performed according to

the same process; for instance in computing bodies for multiplication,

the connections of contacts representing two factors, are led over the

windings of the 120 result coil.

COMPUTING BY MEANS OF COMBINATIONS OF CURRENT, VOLTAGE, TIME OR THE

LIKE.

Further modifications are obtained by transforming digit values into

units of measurement, 125 especially according to current, voltage,

charge, time and the like These units of measurement can be

transformed ad lib into other units, processed together, and from the

said units of measurement can be obtained digit 130 786,021 Fig 40

shows the principle of computing by using a condenser as result

element The signal head 333 senses digit-value signals on the

magnetizable tape 404 After being amplified by amplifier 41 the

signals ignite the dis 70 charge tube 337 and, by means of the voltage

drop at the resistor 340, " open " pentode 330 and capacitor 331 is

charged.

The limiting value signal sensed by sensing head 356 and amplified by

amplifier 401 75 ignites the gas discharge tube 373 The voltage drop

at the resistance 339 biasses the pentode 330 and closes it, thus

terminating the charging of condenser 331 The voltage of said

condenser therefore is in accordance with the time 80 difference

between sensing the signals.

In similar manner a second digit-value signal will effect the charging

and a second limit value signal will terminate it, thus introducing a

second digit value The voltage of 85 the capacitor is now in

accordance with the sum of the two digit values introduced by their

digit value signals.

The loading of the capacitor need not be effected by one single

switching process in 90 opening the pentode, but the capacitor can be

loaded by a plurality of switchings-on of the pentode It is only

necessary, that small timeperiods remain between the each opening of

the pentode, so that the capacitor will not be 95 discharged

irregularly via irregular ohmicresistance or the like in a disturbing

degree If for instance a pentode is opened within the first switching

process for four time period units according to the digit value " 4,"

and 100 in the second switching process for five time period units

according to the digit value " 5," the capacitor receives a voltage

which is (equal to nine) timing value units which is equal to the sum

of the digit values If within the first 105 switching process the "

opening " of the pentode has lasted for 9 time period units according

to the digit value 9 and in the second switching process period 5

timing units according to the digit value " 5," the capacitor 110

receives in this case a voltage corresponding to the digit value " 14

" A modified arrangement for charging the condenser makes use of the

time intervals of the " 0 " signal and the digit value signal, the 115

first opening the pentode and the latter closing it.

When sensing the digit value from say the disc 7 as a record means the

" O " signal and the limiting signal can be sened from track N 120 of

such signal carrier By changing the " O signal and the limiting value

signal complementary quantities of electricity are obtained, by means

of which subtraction is effected.

DERIVATION OF THE RESULT BY FURTHER 125 CHARGING.

Computing by means of capacitive elements can be effected according to

Fig 40, by providing a condenser in the computing device, and which

condenser is charged by a pentode 130 value signals or digit values

The transformation and processing of the units of measurement is

effected by result means.

TRANSFORMATION OF DIGIT VALUES INTO VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND TIME UNITS

AND THE LIKE WHICH ARE INTERCHANGEABLE.

a The transformation of digit values into voltage, current and time

units for processing by result elements is shown with reference to Fig

39 For instance, for the transformation of digit values into voltage,

a pentode can be rendered conducting for a certain length of time, and

by means of the biassing of the grid a current co-ordinated to digit

values can be obtained Fig 39 shows clearly the input of digit values

by taking-off defined voltages, which effect a corresponding current

flow through the pentode.

The digit-values are transformed into voltages by means of the

keyboard 54 and the resistor 329 On closing of a digit-value switch

540-9 the pole of the said switch is connected to its tapping of the

resistor 329 The common pole of all the switches is led to the grid of

pentode 330, the cathode of which is connected to the positive end of

the resistor 329.

By this means the voltage between cathode and grid of pentode 330 is

in accordance with the tapped resistance and the digit-value tapped in

at the keyboard.

The said voltage controls the plate current of the tube 330, e g a

current of one unit on the actuating of key " 1," and a current of

nine units on actuating the key " 9 " The transformation of

digit-values into voltages, currents and resistances is obtained by

using the Ohm's law relation between voltage, current and resistance

The pentode acts as a resistor, the resistance of which is controlled

by digit-values.

Fig 39 also shows the transformation of current into voltages, as the

condenser 331 when charged for a defined period of time has a voltage

which is in accordance with the charging current corresponding to the

digit value.

The computing signal is represented by its time position, which will

be the time difference between actuating the digit value switch and

the ignition of the gas discharge tube 343, the latter being connected

in parallel with the condenser 331, and having a striking voltage

defined by constant biassing If the condenser 331 exceeds this

striking voltage, the discharge tube ignites and its plate voltage

breaks down to its arc voltage The discharge current passing to the

recording head 334 effects the recording, or otherwise controls,

electronic switches, or the like, which record signals or sequences of

signals, a frequency modulation or the like on the signal carrier.

Thus, the unit of measurement "time " is derived by a gas triode,

indicating by its ignition when the condenser has been charged to a

predetermined voltage.

786,021 controlled by the computing signals or by similar suitable

switch means with a quantity of electricity corresponding to the digit

value, so that in the condenser is caused a voltage which represents

the sum of the digit values.

The switching of the computing arrangement is shown in Fig 41 The

computing signals are sensed from track a by means of the sensing head

333, and are led to the grid of pentode 335 The amplified voltage

surge is led via the transformer 336 to the ignition electrode of gas

discharge tube 337 The voltage drop of the resistor 340 in the main

discharge circuit of tube 337 provides the screen grid potential of

the pentodes 341 and 342.

By the ignition of the gas discharge tube 337 both the pentodes are

opened, and they charge the co-ordinated condensers 331 and 332 with

constant current.

The charging is terminated when an extinguishing impulse, induced in

coil 338 at a defined time, effects the extinction of tube 337.

By a charging process of the same kind the second term of the sum

(summand) is introduced into the computing device and effects

therewith a corresponding further charging of the condensers 311 and

332.

By the supply of further charging units, the gas discharge tubes 343

and 344, which are connected in parallel to the condensers 331 and 332

are ignited The striking voltage of these gas discharge tubes is so

chosen that the gas discharge tube 343 ignites where ten charging

units are led to the co-ordinated condenser 331 The discharge tube

344, however, has a higher striking voltage, and ignites after the

supply of 20 charging units Through transformer 345 the recording of

the result signal is effected by means of the recording head 334 when

at the further charging of both the condensers after the introduction

of the second term of the sum (summand), one of the discharge tubes

ignites.

In the computing arrangement shown in Fig.

41 further charging by 10 charge units is provided The gas discharge

tube 343 ignites on receipt of 10 charge units and the other 344 on

receipt of 20 charge units The carry over pre-mark signal is forwarded

dependent on the ignition of the discharge tube 344 which has the

higher striking voltage, and simultaneously effecting the diminishing.

In a modified form, the ignition of the gas discharge tube 343 before

the termination of the receipt of the charge corresponding to a second

digit value to be operated, can serve as a signal for the necessary

fonvarding of a digit value carry over The grid of discharge tube 343

has such a striking voltage that there is an ignition whenever the

potential of the condenser corresponds to the quantity of 10 charging

units for each digit unit.

Means for the transfer of the digit value carry over from the

preceding denomination is not represented in Fig 40 The carry-over

premark signal is suitably recorded in an area of the record means

which is co-ordinated to the next denomination area of the computing

signal carrier; or a "blind storage" may be employed On ascertaining

the digit value sum 70 of the next denomination, this carry-over is

taken care of for instance by increasing the charge of the condensers

331, 332 of Fig 41 by one digit value, or this is done by increasing

the striking voltage of the discharge tubes 75 343, 344 or of

corresponding tubes, or by providing other means which effect the

recording of the resulting digit value increased by the digit value

carry-over.

For the performance of the subtraction 80 either complementary

digit-value is introduced by making a corresponding contact or the

like, or systematically the digit value as well as its value

complementary to " 9 " are recorded at the same time on separate areas

on the com 85 puting signal carrier, so that in addition tasks -the

direct digit value, and in subtraction tasks-the complementary digit

value, is taken from the computing signal carrier.

Moreover, signals are obtained which are 90 complementary to each

other for the working up in a computing arrangement, i e not by taking

the " time-space " " 0 " up to the computing signal, but by taking the

" time-space " from the computing signal to the signal " 9 " 95

limiting signal as starting-point for the operation of the

complementary digit.

The number of the computing cycles which have been executed

respectively have become active (cycle counting) at the multiplication

100 tasks and at the division tasks can be obtained by the

ascertainment of the charge of the condenser which is supplied with

one charge unit at each computing cycle.

DERIVING OF RESULTS FROM THE DEFLEC 105 TION OF A CATHODE RAY.

A result element, for example an electronic converter, for

transforming result-voltages into signals representing digit values by

their timing instant and the like is shown in Fig 42 The 110 voltage

of a condenser, e g condenser 331 of Fig 40, is supplied to a pair of

deflection plates vertically deflecting the cathode ray of a cathode

ray tube, while the other pair of deflection plates is connected to a

time base 115 generator Therefore the cathode ray is vertically

deflected to a level of the screen 378 according to the voltage of

said condenser.

The cathode ray is displaced horizontally by the time base generator

120 As the cathode ray passes or sweeps over the layer 380 connected

with the grid of the discharge tube 402, it ignites the tube, thus

recording a " 0 " signal or a start signal by means of recording head

397 on the tape 406, 125 the latter being either a single tape with

two tracks or consisting of tape 406 and 405 having a single track.

On further movement of the cathode ray, it passes over the stepped

layers 382 or 381 and 130 786,021 786,021 51 at that timing instant,

it ignites the discharge tube 403 by means of either direct connection

or by secondary emission, and, when passing over the layer 383, it

will also ignite the discharge tube 52.

The ignition of tube 403 will effect the recording on tape 404 of a

digit value signal by means of recording head 334 at the timing

instant when the cathode ray passes over the layer 381 or 382 The time

difference between the " start " signal and the digit value signal

depends on the level of the cathode ray and the voltage of its

controlling condenser, effecting simultaneously the diminishing of

sums exceeding the limiting value.

The ignition of tube 52 effects the forwarding of a carry over into

the next denomination if the result exceeds the limiting value.

Any signals or sequences of signals can be obtained and/or recorded by

such electronic converter in the same manner as with the optically

sensed storage means according to Fig 37 c.

A computing arrangement may include a condenser, charged with

quantities of electricity corresponding to the digit values.

Deviating from the arrangement of Fig 4042 result signals in this case

are derived from the electrical charge of a condenser such as 331 (Fig

40) representing the sum of the digit values, and, parallel to this

condenser would be the deflecting plates of a tenfold graduated

electron switch which, according to the intensity of the voltage of

the condenser would effect by means of its cathode ray a secondary

emission at the respective switch segment to ignite the co-ordinated

one of a number of discharge relays or the like.

Fig 41 shows the mode of operation of the switching The ignition of

the gas discharge tube 337 is effected by a surge of the " 0 " signal

induced in the winding of signal head 338 By the ignition of the

discharge tube, the charge pentode 330 receives its screen grid

voltage as voltage drop at the resistor 340 of the main discharge

circuit of the discharge tube, and charges the condenser 331 by means

of its plate current The voltage supply is stabilised by a

stabilisator of known type delivering two stabilised voltages.

A computing signal from track a of the computing signal carrier sensed

by signal head 333 and amplified in pentode 335 effects via the

transformer 351, the extinction of the gas discharge tube 337.

The introduction of the charging quantity, corresponding to the second

digit-value is effected in a similar manner.

The condenser 331 is connected with the plates 346 so that its voltage

effects a corresponding bending of the cathode ray 348 Such bending

control which of the switch segments 349 -9 is selected by the cathode

ray The ignition electrodes of the gas discharge tubes 350 -, from

which the result is derived, are connected with the co-ordinated

switch segments At the moment of sensing the digitvalue signal, a

further secondary winding of the transformer 351 connected to the

emission grid of the cathode ray tube 347 will intensify 70 the

cathode ray and thereby ignite that tube of the discharge tubes 95 9

corresponding to the charge of the condenser 331.

One or several electron switches are suitably co-ordinated with the

transmission means Two 75 synchronizing frequencies, taken from the

record means or other source and shifted by 90 relatively one to

another, effect a circular bending of a cathode ray By employing such

an electron switch 352 of Fig 43 as receiver, 80 a positive impulse is

led to the grid of the cathode ray tube when the cathode ray is on

that one of the segments 354,n, which is coordinated to the signal, so

that by the secondary emission current a co-ordinated discharge 85

tube is ignited.

By employing such an electron switch 352 as signal generator the

emission grid of the cathode ray tube is biassed equally and the

switching on or interrupting of the secondary 90 emission current is

effected by means of the switches 1900, co-ordinated to the segments

345 f n By the synchronously moving electronic ray the signal making

is given at the right moment 95 Fig 45 shows a cathode ray tube with

12 switch segments, which can suitably be used as an electronic switch

Fig 43 shows such an electronic switch as receiver From the computing

signal carrier is taken a synchronizing 100 frequency which is

amplified via the amplifier 357, and at the same time this amplifier

delivers a second deflecting voltage, which is shifted by 90

relatively to the initial voltage.

Both the deflecting voltages are led to the 105 pairs of deflecting

plates of the electron switch 352, 358, 359 and effect the circular

bending of the cathode ray The computing signals which are sensed from

the computing signal carrier are led, via the amplifier 41 to the 110

emission grid 360, and control the intensity of the cathode ray The

cathode ray passes along the switch segments 354,-no and, being

intensified by a sensed computing signal, effects the ignition of the

co-ordinated elec 115 tronic-relays which are not represented in the

Figure, but the connections thereto are shown and marked 353-u.

Fig 44 shows the utilisation of a similarly constructed electron

switch 352 as signal 120 generator The electronic ray is bent

circularly in the same way by the pairs of deflecting plates 358, 359

and passes along the switch segments 355 "n With the switch segments

are co-ordinated switches 54 ', which control 125 the effectiveness of

the switch segments If the electronic-ray impinges on a switch segment

which is rendered active by its coordinated switch, a voltage drop is

effected by the flowing secondary emission current at 130 786,021

resistor 361 The voltage drop is led to the grid of pentode 371, in

the anode circuit of which is situated the recording head 366 which

records the computing signals on the computing signal carrier.

COMPUTING WITH THE USE OF AN ELECTROSTATIC COMPUTING RECORD MEANS.

Further modifications may be obtained whenl, instead of the

magnetizable computing signal carrier, an electronic record means is

employed which consists of a storage screen, on which controlled

cathode rays are directed.

Cathode ray storage tubes are known, for example in television for

converting from one line frequency to another On this storage screen

computing signals are recorded, resensed again, and extinguished by

locally differentiated charging of the storage as in the said known

tubes Fig 46 shows the computing arrangement of a calculator according

to Fig 42 in combination with an electrostatically effective computing

signal carrier.

In this example, the condenser 331 of which the charge represents the

sum of the digit values as was the case with condenser 331 in Figs 41

and 44 a, is connected in parallel to the deflection plates 385 of the

electronic converter 374, and effects a corresponding bending of the

cathode ray of the said converter The secondary emission screen 378 of

the converter is so constructed that at the respective levels at which

the cathode ray may impinge, are spaces, at varying distances from the

edge of the screen corresponding to the various digit values and at

each such space is a spot for generating signals, which effect, for

instance by means of a secondary emission, computing signals for the

respective digit values, when the cathode ray, deflected horizontally

by a time base voltage generator, passes.

Moreover, the " electronic converter " 374 shows a screen 379, which

contains spots at the said respective levels at which the cathode ray

impinges, and by which signals co-ordinated to numerals or letters may

be generated In the example shown, the emission layer spots effect at

the passing of the cathode ray a secondary emission, according to the

time base voltage f, for the delivery of signal sequences for a dot

and line printing means or for indicating on a cathode ray tube

according to Fig.

33 c, or for reproduction by typeprinters.

Together with electrostatic storage tube 375 the " electronic

converter " 374 suitably acts in the way that both the devices are

controlled by the same deflecting generator 387, and that on the

computing signal carrier 377 computing signals for the sums of the

digit values, which are represented in condenser 331, are recorded.

The computing signals are sensed frem the converter screen spots

381-382 and after amplification via pentode 389, the left switch

position of switch 391, and a coupling capacitor of the control grid

of the left deflection system 375, are recorded by means of

analteration of the intensity of the cathode ray effecting

correspondingly different charges at different spots of the screen 377

They also serve for the controlling of the gas discharge tube 337 or

the like, for the screen grid of the 70 charge pentode 330 or the like

Instead of opening and closing the pentode by one discharge tube this

may be done by two separate discharge tubes 41.

On the emission screen 378 there may be 75 provided in the same way

emission spots within the rows which are co-ordinated to the digit

values, which effects the derivation of the complementary computing

signals.

The emission spots 381 or 382 of the screen 80 378 are so arranged

that the spots for digit values within the limiting value, as well as

for those which exceed the limiting value, are so arranged that only

the digit value of the last denomination of the result, diminished by

85 the diminishing value becomes effective, and a carry-over signal is

delivered To one side of the screen 378, along which the cathode ray

passes, emission layer 383 is provided effective at deflecting

voltages corresponding to 90 digit values exceeding the limiting value

The passing of the cathode ray over this emission layer 383 releases a

carry-over pre-mark signal.

The mode of operation of the arrangement 95 according to Fig 46 is as

follows: -By means of the cathode ray of the storage-tube 375, the

computing signals of the computing signal carrier 377 are sensed by a

cathode ray of constant intensity in known manner, by the 100 right

deflecting system of storage tube 375, whereby the secondary emissions

of electrons are correspondingly varied in intensity and signals are

delivered in dependence on the stored signals of the screen,

influencing the 105 control grid of the amplifier pentode

correspondingly The amplified signals are taken from the anode of this

tube 390, and effect the ignition of gas discharge tube 337 When the

gas discharge tube 337 is ignited, pentode 110 330 is " opened " and

charges condenser 331.

The extinguishing of the gas discharge tube 337, and by it the

termination of the charging of the condenser 331, is effected by a

signal, taken from the emission layer 380 in the zero 115 position,

via the amplifier pentode 388.

The regeneration of the charge image of storage plate 377 when no

other value is introduced is effected by the sensing of the plate,

amplification of the signals by pentode 390, 120 opening of pentode

330 by the discharge tube 337 for a corresponding period in dependence

on the sensing of the signal spots 381/382 of the converter, which is

a part of the computing arrangement, and recording of a respective 125

digit value signal via pentode 389 and the control grid of the left

deflecting system of storage tube 375 On computing, the second digit

value is introduced to said capacitor 331 in the same way and after

the formation of the 130 786,021 heads within the stator In Figs 14-16

a pointer is arranged at the inner edge of the stator indicating the

coils of an inductive switch similar to that shown in Fig 17 d-f.

At the passing of the radial line defining the 70 edge of each sector

and representing, for example, the jack 80 of Figs 17 d and 17 e, a

voltage surge is induced within each sector which extinguishes the

discharge tube 52 The input of the computing arrangement is shown 75

in the Figures of the drawings by means of a full keyboard or a ten's

keyboard 54 Alternatively, magnetic tapes, punched tapes, punched

cards, optical storages and the like can be used as input means The

control of the functions 80 can be effected by actuating the function

keys e.g " A," " S," cc M,'' "' D " and " PRINT," or these functions

may be controlled by magnetizable or punched tapes, discs and the like

or by means of switch positions of mechanical, 85 electromechanical or

electronic storage means, e.g relays.

Instead of contact distributors 132, 135 such as are shown in Fig 24

a, inductive distributors may be provided similar to those shown in 90

Fig 26 The cycle counter and the comparison device can also be

modified as shown in Fig.

24 b The cycle control may be effected by the coupling of a traversing

magnetic head to the signals of a signal carrier In the modification

95 according to Fig 24 b, the digit values are recorded in different

tracks arranged side-byside on the signal carrier 163, forming part of

the magnetizable disc 7 or connected to it.

At each rotation of the signal carrier, sensing ICC head 164 is

traversed in one direction, e g to the left On sensing the signal in

the track corresponding to the digit value the signal is sensed,

amplified by amplifier 165 and switches over relay 139 or a similar

electronic relay to 105 make the computing arrangement ineffective.

A further modification will include 10 times 13 sectors at the

circumference of the signal carrier for processing 10 cycles in one

rotation.

The computing signals controlling the effec 110 tiveness of the cycles

are so arranged at the circumference of the signal carrier that the

digit value signal for interrupting the effectiveness of the

processing is recorded at a position corresponding to the beginning of

the cycle 115 A further modification provides a gearing having a ratio

1: 10 or 1: 100 between signal carrier 7 for the multiplicand and

signal carrier 163 for the multiplicator By this means the digit

values can be recorded in one track of 120 the carrier 163 Division is

effected in similar manner A modification for mechanically traversing

signal heads includes a plurality of such heads, whereby mechanical or

electronic switches are provided for selecting the signal 125 heads

and switching them to co-ordinated amplifiers or the like (Fig 37).

By the use of the storage or record means computations with

logarithms, nomograms and other mathematical functions or constants

can 130 sum occurs, the recording of the result value takes place in

the same way as described for the result of the first digit value plus

0.

The input to this computor may be effected by different input means,

preferably electronic switches or tapes as shown for example in Fig.

The cathode ray of the electronic converter 374 is deflected over the

converter screen 378 by the sawtooth generator f at the level

according to the voltage of condenser 331 The signal resulting from

the passing of the cathode ray along the secondary emission spots 381

or 382, is led to the grid of tube 389 After being amplified the

signal effects a controlling of the cathode ray of the storage tube

375, and thereby the recording on the computing signal carrier 377 The

output of the computing signals, as well as of the printing signal

sequences amplified in the same way by pentode 389 occurs after the

changing over of change-over switch 391 to switchway 392 via the

electron switch 376.

The introduction of new values can be effected by digit value switches

54, preferably electronic switches, after changing over the

change-over switch 395 to switchway 396, and the partial voltages,

selected by the digit value switches, are led to the pair of

deflecting plates 385 of the electronic converter and effect a

corresponding bending of the electronic ray.

When switching over the switch in the control grid circuit of pentode

389 from switching position 393 to 394, the code signals on screen 379

for instance for the control of dot and line printers will be sensed

in the same way as is described above for the digit value signals on

the screen 378, and will be transferred either to the storage screen

of the storage tube 375 or via the electronic distributor 376 to the

control elements of output means.

In order to make the representation comprehensible, further

particularities such as devices for the performance of subtraction,

multiplication and division, devices for the rounding off, for decimal

point placing and the like, as well as for the performance of the

computing programme are omitted Such devices have been described in

connection with former computing devices and can be transferred to

this computing device without essential modifications.

MISCELLANEOUS MODIFICATIONS.

The arrangement of signal heads can be modified to give the required

results, for instance the erasing head 61 is shown as controllable in

position I a 25, while in Figs 5, 13, 14-16 such erasing head 61 is

positioned in II a 19.

The extinction of discharge tube 52 after having performed the ten's

carry-over is effected by means of a further signal head sensing the

permanent " 0 " signal In similar manner, any other control signals

can be effective in the timing position of those sensing 786,021 be

effected, the signals representing those operands being selected from

the storage, computed by addition, subtraction, multiplication or

division, and either returned to the storage or released for further

use as computation or control signals, and there may be selecting

means whereby the result signals from such functional computations are

converted again into direct numerical quantities.

Transfer or transmission means or carryover means will be arranged for

the positioning of commas, decimal points and the like, and the

computation processes may be adapted for different treatments of

various parts of a function, for example the characteristic and the

mantissa of a logarithm.

Signals sensed from a storage may be used as a base to control

succeeding computation processes and may be combined with

halfcarry-overs or off-roundings, and the indication of commas.

The calculator may include means for the varying of the speed of

computation, for example the shortening of multiplication processes,

and there may be means for supervising, checking, comparing and

controlling the operations of the machine, for example by a repeated

computation with comparison of the results, and by the use of bridge

switchings, compensation windings and the like.

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* GB786022 (A)

Description: GB786022 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements relating to the printing of characters


AMENDED SPECIFICATION

Reprinted as amended in accordance with the Decision of the

Superintending Examiner acting for the Comptroller-General, dated the

twentyninth day of July, 1960, under Section 14, of the Patents Act,

1949.


DRAWING ATTACHED Date of Application c sN r No 37201/54.

Application made in (Divided out of No.

Complete Specificatl Index at acceptance: -Class 100 ( 4), C 27 L.

7869022 and filing Complete Specification: June 23, 1950.

Germany on Oct 1, 1948.

786,021).

on Published: Nov 13, 1957.

International Classification:t-B 41 j.


Improvements relating to the Printing of 'Characters I, GERHARD DIRKS,

of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German

Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a

patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be

performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement:-

This invention relates to the printing of characters in rows and is

concerned with the dot-printing or line-printing of characters whereby

any character, whether a numeral or a letter of an alphabet or a

mathematical sign or other character can be built up from a small

number of common parts, thus dispensing with the necessity of having

separate printing elements for each character to be represented.

The invention comprises a selective printing device in which there is

a relative movement to effect contact between the paper or other

material being printed (hereinafter referred to as paper) and a

printing means, the device comprising means for effecting a relative

feeding movement between the printing means and the paper, printing

means in the form of a side-by-side assembly of printing elements

arranged transversely across the direction of said feeding movement

and each having a printing face capable of printing a continuous or an

intermittent impression so as to produce dots and/or lines in the

respective one of a corresponding number of different rows parallel to

the direction of said feeding movement, means for shaping characters

by selective application of said printing faces to the paper during

said feeding movement to effect the printing of dots and lines in

positions forming the desired characters, the printing faces being

lPrice 57 ' spaced apart in the direction of the feeding movement by

distances at least equal to the desired spacing between successive

character columns or denominations to enable printing of different

portions of characters in a number of columns or denominations

simultaneously.

The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, wherein the

single figure is a diagrammatic representation of a means for printing

a row of characters regardless of the number or the nature of the

characters to be represented.

Referring to the drawing there is a paper or like sheet 1 which is to

bear the printed impression and this is caused to pass in the

direction of the arrow 2, below a series of printing levers 3, each of

which has on the under side a printing element 4 in the shape of a

rectangular projection The elements 4 are arranged at different levels

with respect to the height of the characters, that is to say, on the

left hand element 3 the printing member 4 is in the highest position

to print in a top row the top parts of the various characters In the

next element 3 to the right the printing member 4 is at a lower

position to print parts of the characters in a lower or second row,

the characters being regarded as built up of seven horizontal rows of

markings.

There will be seven levers 3 in all, corresponding to the seven rows

of markings, and the extreme righthand lever 3 (not shown in the

drawing) will have its printing element 4 at the lowermost position

for printing in the bottom row the lowermost parts of the characters.

In operation as the paper sheet 1 is traversed below the levers 3 (or

the levers are moved over the paper) those levers are depressed

selectively under the control for example of signals in a magnetic

record means, so that the printing elements 4 may be brought into

contact with a printing ribbon and against the paper to print

selective parts of the characters As already stated the various

characters may be considered as made up of marks in seven horizontal

lines As the paper and printl C ing levers 3 move relatively to each

other, the extreme right hand lever (not shown in the drawing) would

first print in the bottom line in the character and the next printing

lever to the left would then print in the next higher horizontal line

in the character and so on, and as the paper continues its passage

under the various levers each lever would print in all the

denominations (i e in all the characters) those parts of the

characters which lie in the respective horizontal lines For example

the extreme left hand lever 3 would print all those parts of all the

characters which lie in the topmost horizontal row.

As the paper proceeds on its passage below the various levers the

levers are moved selectively under the control e g of signals in the

magnetic storage, so that they all take part in the printing of all

the characters One passage of the paper below all seven levers results

in the printing of all the characters concerned The printing elements

4 are spaced from each other at distances equal to the spacing of the

several columns or denominations so that at any one time each lever is

operating in a different denomination, the levers towards the left

completing the formation of characters which were begun by levers

towards the right.

The characters in the various denominations will all be built up at

the same time, the printing levers being selected to the printing

position under suitable control such as by signals in a magnetic

storage means A magnetic storage means suitable for this purpose and

sensing means therefor, are set forth in detail in my co-pending

applications Nos 37214/54 and 37215/54 filed 23rd December, 1954.

(Serial Nos 786,033 and 786,034).

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* 5.8.23.4; 93p

* GB786023 (A)

Description: GB786023 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements relating to the printing of information received from a record

means such as a magnetic storage, cathode ray screen or the like



786 023 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June

23, 1950.

7} j g I M No37202/54.

&,<At Y Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948.

(Divided out of No 786,021).


Index at acceptance:-Classes 100 ( 4), C( 20 82 K 1: 20 'Y 4: 27 G 2);

and 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: 2 G: 6).

International Classification:-B 41 j G 06 f.


Improvements relating to the Printing of Information Received from a

Record means such as a Magnetic Storage, Cathode Ray Screen or the

like We, GERH&RD DIRKS, of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on

Main, Germany, of German Nationality do hereby declare the invention,

for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method

by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by

the following statement: -

This invention relates to the recording of stored information The

information may be recorded by a multi-column printing mechanism as

printed characters Such a mechanism has a plurality of similar

printing elements, eadh element having a printing face for each of the

characters which it may be required to print The printing elemnents

are operated in synchronism and on a cyclic basis.

The printing face of any element which is to be printed from in each

cycle is determined by the stage in the printing cycle at which an

electrical impulse is received by a control element associated with

that printing element.

Such printing mechanisms are hereinafter referred to as "printing

mechanisms of the type described" Such printing mechanisms are well

known For example, they are employed in various machines for printing

information derived from punched record cards.

Alternatively, the information may be recorded by a multi-column

punching mechanism, Such mechanisms are well known and one form is

described in British Patent Specification No 442,534 The mechanism,

operates cyclically and the character recorded by a punch element is

determined by the stage in the cycle at which an electrical impulse is

received by a control element associated with that punch element in a

manner comparable to that in which the printing mechanism operates

Such a punching mechanism will be referred to hereinafter as

'Apunching mechanism of the type described".

It is an object of the invention to provide for the recording of

information which is stored on a cyclically sensed storage means such

as a magnetic drum or' disc, or a cathode ray tube screen.

It is a further object of the invention to record the information by a

printing mechanism having a plurality of printing elements, each

adapted to print characters in one of a plurality of side-by-side

columns.

It is another object of the invention to record the information by a

punching mechanism having a plurality of punching elements, each

adapted to punch in a column of a record member, for example a record

card.

The invention comprises a system for recording, with a' cyclic

printing mechanism of the type described, information stored on a

cyclically sensed storage device, with a plurality of signal storage

areas each of which comprises a number of digit areas, each for a

particular digit, and in which, at each stage of the recording cycle,

groups of storage areas are sensed in turn and signals are derived

from those and only those digit areas in each group of storage areas

containing signals corresponding to characters appropriate to that

stage, the signals so derived being fed to distributing means which

discriminate between signals derived from the different groups of

storage areas and the distributing means being connected to the

control elements of the printing or pun 1 ching mechanism so as to

associate particular printing or punching elements with particular

groups of storage areas such that a signal so derived from any group

of storage areas is caused to operate the control element of the

printing or punching element associated with that group of storage

areas.

An example of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying

drawing, wherein:Fig 1 indicates diagrammatically one form of printing

mechanism; and Fig 2 is an electrical diagram showing how signals from

a magnetic storage means are converted into actuating pulses for the

said printing mechanism.

Referring first to Fig 1, there is shown a part of a

multi-denomination or multi-column typewriter, which is an example of

a printing mechanism of the type described, and which includes a paper

roll 1 over which passes the paper 2 and including a printing ribbon

3, and a type bar frame movable vertically in guides (not shown), such

frame comprising or carrying the sixteen vertical type character bars

or printing elements 41 416 for printing in sixteen denominations Each

of these vertical members carries a plurality of type characters 0-9

as shown, e g at 5 Although in the arrangement shown the printing of

digits 0-9 is described, the same apparatus could be used for the

printing of other information, in which case the vertical members 4

would carry the corresponding characters, such as the letters of an

alphabet or other symbols The necessary modifications to this

embodiment of rmy invention to enable it to be used for alphabetical

printing will be apparent to those familiar with the operation of such

alphabetical printing, mechanisms.

Each of the vertically movable members 4 is formed on the rear face 6

with a number of ratchet teeth 7 and opposite each such member 4 is a

pivoted lever 8, the upper part of which projects forwardly as a pawl

to co-operate with the corresponding ratchet teeth in the adjacent

vertically movable member 4 The lower ends of these levers 8 comprise

the armatures of relays 9 shown side-by-side and of which there are 16

only, one for each of the 16 vertically movable members, that is, one

for each column or denomination Also there are 16 hammers 10,

pivotally mounted on an axis 11 one behind each of the vertically

movable members 4, and for use as described below.

Below each of the vertically movable members 4 is a spring 12 which

springs tend to urge those members upwardly The frame 13 is

reciprocated cyclically by a suitable driving means (not shown) and

the springs 12 tend to cause the type bars to rise with the frame.

Also, the rising and falling frame 13 carries a character selector

switch having a series of contacts 14 which pass successively under a

further contact member 15, there being as many contacts 14 as there

are printing faces on a type bar The arrangement of the printer is

such, that as the said frame 13 rises and falls, the extent to which

the individual type bars 4 are raised is determined by the stage at

which each related relay 9 is energised, during the rising of the

frame 13 to cause the associated lever 8 to engage the type bar, so

that, in the result, any, character onl any type bar 4 can be arranged

opposite the printing ribbon 3 and, by means of the hamtuers 10,

caused to print on the paper.

The general idea of this invention is to allow of the control of for

example a printing device operating in parallel by signals in a

magnetic record in such a way that relays for the opera 70 tion of the

printing device are required one in each denomination or column only

For this purpose there is provided a character selector (e.g a digit

value selector) operative for all columns in combination with a column

dis 75 tributor so that at each stage of the printing cycle, the

control elements of the printing device are operated only in those

columns for which there is the corresponding character signal stored

in the magnetic record In the simple 80 embodiment described, the

character selector makes use of the device 14, 15 which is a normal

part of such printing devices The relays 9, each of which forms a

control element for each type bar, i e for each column, are also a 85

normal part of such devices.

The type bars of the printing device move stepwisely character by

character, and for each step of such movement the character selector

makes the relays operative in those columns 90 in which the

corresponding character is stored in the record means, so as to retain

the type bars of such columns in that position ready for printing, but

printing is not effective until the character selector has moved

through all 95 its possible steps of movement and the type bars for

all columns have been brought to printing position Thereupon, printing

is effected in all columns simultaneously by the -hammers 10 100 The

information storage means is adapted for a cyclic sensing, the example

illustrated being a magnetic disc, and there is a complete cycle of

sensing of the information storage means for each position of the

character 105 selector During the first cycle of sensing the type bars

have the first character in printing position and the character

selector operates relays in those columns in which a signal for that

first character is present in the information 110 storage means to

hold the corresponding type bars against further stepwise movement.

During the next cycle of sensing the second character is in printing

position in those columns in which the type bars are not held, 115 and

the character selector operates the relays in those columns in which a

signal for such second character is present in the record means, and

so on.

Referring now to Fig 2, there are shown 120 two tracks of the magnetic

record means.

These tracks are marked a and N the former containing signals

representing the numerals to be printed The track N has magnetically

recorded pulses such as 17 sensed by sensing 125 head 16 and the

resulting signal is amplified by amplifier 18 and is passed to the

column distributor 19.

Signals sensed by the sensing heads 29 " are amplified in the

amplifier 26, but that 130 786,023 786,023 3 amplifier is open only at

the instants whenl a pulse 17, sensed by the sensing head 16 is passed

to the amplifier 18 Accordingly, the distributor 20/211-16 is effected

by signals on track a only at time instants determined by negative

pulses on track n The primary coils I-16 each have an additional

winding 24 16 These windings are such that positive pulses ican be

induced within the secondary windings 21116 only at that instant, when

the yoke 22 passes between the opposite cores of the coils 20/21 "'1

and the discharge tube 25 in the amplifier 26 is ignited, due to the

simultaneous sensing of a pulse 17 by the head 16 and of a pulse on

the track a by that one of the heads 29 for which the associated

switch 14 '7 is closed Other arrangements for discriminating between

digit representing signals are described in my co-pending Applications

Nos 37208/54 and 37214/54, (Serial Nos 786,028 and 786,033), and such

arrangements are also applicable to the present invention.

The inductive yoke 22 is mounted on, or so as to move with, the

rotating storage means in such a way, that it connects the core of

primary coil 201, with the core of secondary poil 211 during a passage

through the first sector of the storage means over the sensing means

and connects the coil of the other pairs similarly in succession,

whereby the magnetic flux between the cores of the respective pairs of

coils is for an instant completely closed.

Apart from the interpolation of the yoke 22, both coils of each pair

are magnetically coupled by the respective connecting cores 231-16 A

group of coils 24116 may be provided and be suitably biassed to reduce

the effect on coils 211-16 of current flowing in the coils 201-16

except when each pair of coils is coupled by the yoke 22.

With each secondary winding 21 16 a discharge tube or a glow discharge

relay 271 " 6 with cold cathode is arranged, the plate circuit of

which can be connected over switching plugboard 28 to the

before-mentioned relays 9 on the printing mechanism That is to say,

for each pair of coils 20 I-16 and 21116 of the distributor, there is

a discharge tube 271-16 connected via a switching plugboard 28 or the

like, which feeds signals to the corresponding denominational relay 9

in the printing mechanism.

The apparatus operates as follows Assuming the type bar frame 13 to be

in the lowermost position, the horizontal row of digit characters 9

would be opposite the printing ribbon 3 and the distributor switch 15

would be on the top-most contact 149, which would mean that the switch

14 D (Fig 2) would be closed As the storage means rotates, the signal

head 29 would sense any digit values 9 in the track a in any sector,

then in the corresponding denomination the relay 9 would be energised

and would operate the pivoted lever 8 to introduce the pawl 6 into the

corresponding tooth 7 and restrain the vertically movable member in

that denomination from any further rising movement As the frame 13 is

raised one step, the distributor switch 15 70 passes from the top-most

contact 14 thereby re-opening switch 149 and closing switch 14 g.

Therefore, in the next rotation of the storage means any signal for

digit value 8 in any sector would' energise the corresponding relay 75

9 and introduce the pawl 6 of the lever 8 into the teeth of the

vertically movable Inembers 4 for the denominations concerned so that

such members would be held against any further rising movement In a

similar manner, 80 for the succeeding rotations of the storage means

the succeeding digit values are sensed one by one For example if the

number 28 is recorded on the storage means, then after the completion

of the step-by-step upward move 85 ment the vertically movable member

in the last denomination would be held in a position where the

character 8 is opposite the printing ribbon, the vertically moving

member in the next denomination would be held in a position 90 with

the character 2 opposite the printing ribbon, and in all the other

denominations the vertically moving members would be in their top-most

position with the zero character opposite thei printing ribbon The

engagement 95 of the pawls 6 with the teeth 7 is such that, once a

pawl is introduced into a vertical member it cannot move, but is held

there for the rest of the cycle so that this member is restrained in

the selected position When a 100 number has been sensed and the

vertically moving members 4 are in their selected positions with the

various characters of the number opposite the printing ribbon, the

hammers are operated to press the selected characters 105 against the

ribbon and the ribbon against the paper, so that the number is printed

on the paper in the usual manner in all denominations simultaneously

After the number has been printed on the paper and the hammers 11 o

are retracted from the type-carrying mnembers 4, the frame 13 moves

downwards to its original position with the horizontal row of

characters opposite the printing ribbon and any engaged pawls 6 are

automatically dis 115 engaged.

In one convenient arrangement with the record means rotating at a

speed of 50 revolutions per second, the frame would rise through its

full height in 1/5th of a second, 120 and, after the operation of

hammers 10 would all again, also in 1/5th of a second As has been

stated above, it is an advantage of the invention that since in each

sector of the record means only owe digit value is sensed at one 125

time, only one relay is required t Eor each denomination, instead of a

relay for each digit value of each denomination By this means signals

on a record means may be transferred directly to the printing

mechanism' without 130 786,023 requiring transformation or coding or

intermediate storage.

The anodes of the gas valves 27-1 G may be connected to the

punch-operating magnets of a record card punching machine such as that

described in British Patent Specification No.

442,534, instead of to the relays 9 The character selector formed by

the switches 14 ' is then operated in synchronism with the cyclic

punching mechanism so that each of the switches is closed at a time

when punching of the corresponding index point is to take place hi

other respects, the operation of the apparatus is similar to that

already described.

Another advantage of the invention is that the connections between the

sensing means for the storage means, the distributor and the printing

means can be by way of switched plugboards or the like allowing of the

various parts of the apparatus being in various localities.

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