ManufacturingEngineeringand Technology

F I F T HE D I T I O N

Serope KalpakjianIllinois Institute of Technology

Steven R. SchmidThe University of Notre Dante"

PEARSON

PrenticeHall

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

CONTENTS

Preface xxi

About tfie Authors xxiv

General Introduction 11.1 What is Manufacturing? 11.2 The Product Design Process and Concurrent Engineering 111.3 Design for Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly, and Service 141.4 Selecting Materials 161.5 Selecting Manufacturing Processes 19 .1.6 Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing 321.7 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 331.8 Lean Production and Agile Manufacturing 371.9 Quality Assurance and Total Quality Management 381.10 Global Competitiveness and Manufacturing Costs 39I.I 1 General Trends in Manufacturing 41

Part I: Fundamentals of Materials:Behavior and Manufacturing Properties 43

1 The Structure of Metals 461.1 Introduction 461.2 The Crystal Structure of Metals 471.3 Deformation and Strength of Single Crystals 501.4 Grains and Grain Boundaries 541.5 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 571.6 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 581.7 Cold, Warm, and Hot Worlcing 60Summary 61 Key Terms 61 Bibliography 62Review Questions 62 Qualitative Problems 62Quantitative Problems 63 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 63

2 Mechanical Behavior, Testing, andManufacturing Properties of Materials 642.1 Introduction 642.2 Tension 652.3 Comoression 76

VI Contents

2.4 Torsion 782.5 Bending 782.6 Hardness 792.7 Fatigue 832.8 Creep 862.9 Impact 872.10 Failure and Fracture of Materials in Manufacturing and Service 872.11 Residual Stresses 942.12 Work, Heat, and Temperature 96Summary 97 Key Terms 98 Bibliography 98Review Questions 98 Qualitative Problems 99Quantitative Problems 99 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 101

3 Physical Properties of Materials 1023.1 Introduction 1023.2 Density 1033.3 Melting Point 1063.4 Specific Heat 1063.5 Thermal Conductivity 1073.6 Thermal Expansion 1073.7 Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties 1083.8 Corrosion Resistance 109Summary 111 Key Terms 111 Bibliography 112Review Questions 112 Qualitative Problems 112Quantitative Problems 112 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 113

Metal Alloys: Structure and Strengtheningby Heat Treatment 1144.1 Introduction 1144.2 Structure of Alloys 1154.3. Phase Diagrams 1184.4 The Iron-Carbon System 1214.5 The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram and the Development of

Microstructures in Steels 1234.6 Cast Irons 1254.7 Heat Treatment of Ferrous Alloys 1274.8 Hardenability of Ferrous Alloys 1324.9 Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Alloys and Stainless Steels 1344.10 Case Hardening 1364.11 Annealing 1374.12 Heat-Treating Furnaces and Equipment 1424.13 Design Considerations for Heat Treating 144Summary 145 Key Terms 145 Bibliography 146Review Questions 146 Qualitative Problems 146Quantitative Problems 147 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 147

Contents vii

Ferrous Metals and Alloys: Production,General Properties, and Applications 1495.1 Introduction 1495.2 Production of Iron and Steel 1505.3 Casting of Ingots 1535.4 Continuous Casting 1545.5 ' Carbon and Alloy Steels 1565.6 Stainless Steels 1615.7 Tool and Die Steels 163Summary 165 Key Terms 166 Bibliography 166Review Questions 166 Qualitative Problems 167Quantitative Problems 167 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 168

Nonferrous Metals and Alloys: Production,General Properties, and Applications 1696.1 Introduction 1696.2 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 1706.3 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 1746.4 Copper and Copper Alloys 1766.5 Nickel and Nickel Alloys 1786.6 Superalloys 1796.7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 1806.8 Refractory Metals and Alloys 1816.9 Beryllium 1836.10 Zirconium 1836.11 Low-Melting Alloys 1836.12 Precious Metals 1856.13 Shape-Memory Alloys 1856.14 Amorphous Alloys (Metallic Glasses) 1866.15 Metal Foams 1866.16 Nanomaterials 186Summary 187 Key Terms 188 Bibliography 188Review Questions 188 Qualitative Problems 189Quantitative Problems 189 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 190

Polymers: Structure, General Properties,and Applications 1917.1 Introduction 1917.2 The Structure of Polymers 1937.3 Thermoplastics 2027.4 Thermosetting Plastics 2067.5 Additives in Plastics 2077.6 General Properties and Applications of Thermoplastics 208

viii Contents

7.7 General Properties and Applicationsof Thermosetting Plastics 211

7.8 Biodegradable Plastics 212

7.9 Elastomers (Rubbers) 214Summary 215 Key Terms 216 Bibliography 216Review Questions 217 Qualitative Problems 217Quantitative Problems 218 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 218

O Ceramics, Graphite, and Diamond: Structure,General Properties, and Applications 2198.1 Introduction 219

8.2 The Structure of Ceramics 2208.3 General Properties and Applications of Ceramics 224

8.4 Glasses 229

8.5 Glass Ceramics 2318.6 Graphite 2328.7 Diamond 233Summary 234 Key Terms 235 Bibliography 235Review Questions 235 Qualitative Problems 236Quantitative Problems 236 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 237

9 Composite Materials: Structure, GeneralProperties, and Applications 2389.1 Introduction 238

9.2 The Structure of Reinforced Plastics 239

9.3 Properties of Reinforced Plastics 2449.4 Applications of Reinforced Plastics 2489.5 Metal-Matrix Composites 251

9.6 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 2539.7 Other Composites 254Summary 254 Key Terms 255 Bibliography 255Review Questions 255 Qualitative Problems 256Quantitative Problems 257 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 257

Part II: Metal-Casting Processesand Equipment 259

10 Fundamentals of Metal Casting 26110.1 Introduction 261

10.2 Solidification of Metals 262

10.3 Fluid Flow 26710.4 Fluidity of Molten Metal 270

Contents ix

13

10.5 Heat Transfer 27210.6 Defects 275Summary 281 Key Terms 281 Bibliography 282Review Questions 282 Qualitative Problems 282Quantitative Problems 283 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 284

11 Metal-Casting Processes 28511.'1 Introduction 28511.2 Expendable-Mold Casting Processes 28711.3 Permanent-Mold Casting Processes 30311.4 Casting Techniques for Single-Crystal Components 31211.5 Rapid Solidification 31411.6 Inspection of Castings 31411.7 Melting Practice and Furnaces 31511.8 Foundries and Foundry Automation 316Summary 317 Key Terms 318 Bibliography 318Review Questions 319 Qualitative Problems 319Quantitative Problems 320 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 321

12 Metal Casting: Design, Materials,and Economics 32312.1 Introduction 32312.2 Design Considerations in Casting 32312.3 Casting Alloys 33212.4 Economics of Casting 337Summary 339 Key Terms 339 Bibliography 339Review Questions 340 Qualitative Problems 340Quantitative Problems 341 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 341

Part III: Forming and Shaping Processesand Equipment 344

Rolling of Metals 34713.1 Introduction 34713.2 The Flat-Rolling Process 34913.3 Flat-Rolling Practice 35413.4 Rolling Mills 35813.5 Various Rolling Processes and Mills 360Summary 368 Key Terms 368 Bibliography 369Review Questions 369 Qualitative Problems 369Quantitative Problems 370 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 370

Contents

1 4 Forging of Metals 37114.1 Introduction 37114.2 Open-Die Forging 37314.3 Impression-Die and Closed-Die Forging 37614.4 Various Forging Operations 38014.5 Forgeability of Metals—Forging Defects 38414.6 Die Design, Die Materials, and Lubrication 38714.7 Die Manufacturing Methods—Die Failures 38814.8 Forging Machines 39014.9 Economics of Forging 392Summary 396 Bibliography 396 Key Terms 396Review Questions 397 Qualitative Problems 397Quantitative Problems 398 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 398

1 5 Extrusion and Drawing of Metals 40015.1 Introduction 40015.2 The Extrusion Process 40215.3 Hot Extrusion 40515.4 Cold Extrusion 40915.5 Extrusion Defects 41315.6 Extrusion Equipment 41415.7 The Drawing Process 41515.8 Drawing Practice 41615.9 Drawing Defects and Residual Stresses 41915.10 Drawing Equipment 419Summary 420 Key Terms 421 Bibliography 421Review Questions 421 Qualitative Problems 422Quantitative Problems 422 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 423

Sheet-Metal Forming Processes 42416.1 Introduction 42416.2 Shearing 42616.3 Sheet-Metal Characteristics and Formability 43516.4 Formability Tests for Sheet Metals 43716.5 Bending Sheets, Plates, and Tubes 44016.6 Miscellaneous Bending and Related Operations 44516.7 Deep Drawing 45116.8 Rubber Forming 46016.9 Spinning 461

Contents xi

16.10 Superplastic Forming 46316.11 Specialized Forming Processes 46516.12 Manufacturing of Metal Honeycomb Structures 47016.13 Design Considerations in Sheet-Metal Forming 47116.14 Equipment for Sheet-Metal Forming 47416.15 Economics of Sheet-Forming Operations 476Summary 477 Key Terms 478 Bibliography 478Review Questions 479 Qualitative Problems 479Quantitative Problems 480 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 481

17 Processing of Metal Powders 48317.1 Introduction 48317.2 Production of Metal Powders 48417.3 Compaction of Metal Powders 49017.4 Sintering 49917.5 Secondary and Finishing Operations 50317.6 Design Considerations 50517.7 Process Capabilities 50817.8 Economics of Powder Metallurgy 508Summary 509 Key Terms 510 Bibliography 510Review Questions 510 Qualitative Problems 511Quantitative Problems 511 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 512

l o Processing of Ceramics, Glass,and Superconductors 51318.1 Introduction 51318.2 Shaping Ceramics 51418.3 Forming and Shaping of Glass 52118.4 Techniques for Strengthening and Annealing Glass 52518.5 Design Considerations for Ceramics and Glasses 52818.6 Processing of Superconductors 529Summary 530 Key Terms 531 Bibliography 531Review Questions 532 Qualitative Problems 532Quantitative Problems 533 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 533

19 Forming and Shaping Plastics andComposite Materials 53419.1 Introduction 53419.2 Extrusion 53619.3 Injection Molding 544

Xii Contents

19.4 Blow Molding 55219.5 Rotational Molding 55419.6 Thermoforming 55519.7 Compression Molding 55619.8 Transfer Molding 55719.9 Casting 55819.10 Foam Molding 55919.11 Cold Forming and Solid-Phase Forming 56019.12 Processing Elastomers 56119.13 Processing Polymer-Matrix Composites 56219.14 Processing Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites 57019.15 Design Considerations 57219.16 Economics of Processing Plastics and Composite Materials 574Summary 575 Key Terms 575 Bibliography 576Review Questions 577 Qualitative Problems 577Quantitative Problems 578 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 578

2 0 Rapid-Prototyping Operations 58020.1 Introduction 58020.2 Subtractive Processes 58220.3 Additive Processes 58320.4 Virtual Prototyping 59420.5 Direct Manufacturing and Rapid Tooling 594Summary 599 Key Terms 600 Bibliography 600Review Questions 600 Qualitative Problems 601Quantitative Problems 601 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 601

Part IV: Machining Processesand Machine Tools 603

21 Fundamentals of Machining 60721.1 Introduction 60721.2 Mechanics of Cutting 60921.3 Cutting Forces and Power 62021.4 Temperatures in Cutting 62321.5 Tool Life: Wear and Failure 62621.6 Surface Finish and Integrity 63521.7 Machinability 638Summary 642 Key Terms 642 Bibliography 643Review Questions 643 Qualitative Problems 644Quantitative Problems 644 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 645

Contents xiii

2 2 Cutting-Tool Materials and Cutting Fluids 64722.1 Introduction 64722.2 High-Speed Steels 65222.3 Cast-Cobalt Alloys 65322.4 Carbides 65322.5 Coated Tools 65622.6 Alumina-Based Ceramics 66122.7 Cubic Boron Nitride 66222.8 Silicon-Nitride-Based Ceramics 66322.9 Diamond 66322.10 Whisker-Reinforced Tool Materials 66422.11 Tool Costs and Reconditioning of Tools 66422.12 Cutting Fluids 665Summary 670 Key Terms 670 Bibliography 671Review Questions 671 Qualitative Problems 671Quantitative Problems 672 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 673

2 3 Machining Processes Used to Produce RoundShapes: Turning and Hole Making 67423.1 Introduction 67423.2 The Turning Process 67623.3 Lathes and Lathe Operations 68623.4 Boring and Boring Machines 70323.5 Drilling, Drills, and Drilling Machines 70423.6 Reaming and Reamers 71423.7 Tapping and Taps 716Summary 718 Key Terms 719 Bibliography 719Review Questions 720 Qualitative Problems 720Quantitative Problems 721 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 721

2 4 Machining Processes Used to Produce VariousShapes: Milling, Broaching, Sawing, and Filing;Gear Manufacturing 72324.1 Introduction 72324.2 Milling and Milling Machines 72424.3 Planing and Shaping 74124.4 Broaching and Broaching Machines 74224.5 Sawing 745

xiv Contents

24.6 Filing 74824.7 Gear Manufacturing by Machining 749Summary 756 Key Terms 756 Bibliography 756Review Questions 757 Qualitative Problems 757Quantitative Problems 758 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 758

25 Machining Centers, Advanced MachiningConcepts and Structures, and MachiningEconomics 76025.1 Introduction 76025.2 Machining Centers 76125.3 Machine-Tool Structures 77025.4 Vibration and Chatter in Machining Operations 77525.5 High-Speed Machining 77825.6 Hard Machining 78125.7 Ultraprecision Machining 78225.8 Machining Economics 783Summary 786 Key Terms 787 Bibliography 787Review Questions 787 Qualitative Problems 787Quantitative Problems 788 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 789

26 Abrasive Machining and FinishingOperations 79026.1 Introduction 79026.2 Abrasives and Bonded Abrasives 79226.3 The Grinding Process 79826.4 Grinding Operations and Machines 80826.5 Design Considerations for Grinding 81826.6 Ultrasonic Machining 81826.7 Finishing Operations 82026.8 Deburring Operations 82526.9 Economics of Abrasive Machining and Finishing Operations 828Summary 829 Key Terms 830 Bibliography 830Review Questions 831 Qualitative Problems 831Quantitative Problems 832 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 833

27 Advanced Machining Processes 83527.1 Introduction 83527.2 Chemical Machining 83627.3 Electrochemical Machining 84127.4 Electrochemical Grinding 84527.5 Electrical-Discharge Machining 846

Contents XV

27.6 Laser-Beam Machining 85127.7 Electron-Beam Machining 85427.8 Water-Jet Machining 85527.9 Abrasive-Jet Machining 85827.10 Economics of Advanced Machining Processes 858Summary 861 Key Terms 861 Bibliography 862Review Questions 862 Qualitative Problems 862Quantitative Problems 863 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 863

Part V: Fabrication of MicroelectronicDevices and Micromanufacturing 865

2 o Fabrication of Microelectronic Devices 86828.1 Introduction 86828.2 Clean Rooms 87128.3 Semiconductors and Silicon 87228.4 Crystal Growing and Wafer Preparation 87428.5 Film Deposition 87528.6 Oxidation 87728.7 Lithography 87828.8 Etching 88528.9 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 89328.10 Metallization and Testing 89528.11 Wire Bonding and Packaging 89728.12 Yield and Reliability 90028.13 Printed Circuit Boards 901Summary 903 Key Terms 903 Bibliography 904Review Questions 905 Qualitative Problems 905Quantitative Problems 905 Synthesis Design and Projects 907

2 9 Fabrication of Microelectromechanical Devicesand Systems (MEMS) 90829.1 Introduction 90829.2 Micromachining of MEMS Devices 90929.3 The LIGA Microfabrication Process 92029.4 Solid Free-Form Fabrication of Devices 927Summary 932 Key Terms 933 Bibliography 933Review Questions 934 Qualitative Problems 934Quantitative Problems 935 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 935

XVi Contents

Part VI Joining Processes andEquipment 936

3 0 Fusion-Welding Processes 94030.1 Introduction 94030.2 Oxyfuel-Gas Welding 94130.3 Arc-Welding Processes: Nonconsumable Electrode 94430.4 Arc-Welding Processes: Consumable Electrode 94830.5 Electrodes for Arc Welding 95430.6 Electron-Beam Welding 95630.7 Laser-Beam Welding 95630.8 Cutting 95830.9 The Weld Joint, Quality, and Testing 96030.10 Joint Design and Process Selection 971Summary 975 Key Terms 975 Bibliography 976Review Questions 976 Qualitative Problems 977Quantitative Problems 978 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 978

31 Solid-State Welding Processes 98031.1 Introduction 98031.2 Cold Welding and Roll Bonding 98131.3 Ultrasonic Welding 98231.4 Friction Welding 98331.5 Resistance Welding 98631.6 Explosion Welding 99531.7 Diffusion Bonding 99631.8 Economics of Welding Operations 998Summary 999 Key Terms 1000 Bibliography 1000Review Questions 1000 Qualitative Problems 1001Quantitative Problems 1001 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1002

32 Brazing, Soldering, Adhesive-Bonding,and Mechanical-Fastening Processes 100332.1 Introduction 100332.2 Brazing 100432.3 Soldering 100932.4 Adhesive Bonding 101432.5 Mechanical Fastening 102332.6 Joining Plastics, Ceramics, and Glasses 102732.7 Economics of Joining Operations 1030Summary 1031 Key Terms 1031 Bibliography 1031Review Questions 1032 Qualitative Problems 1032Quantitative Problems 1033 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1033

Contents xvii

Part VII: Surface Technology 1034

33 Surface Roughness and Measurement; Friction,Wear, and Lubrication 103633.1 Introduction 103633.2 Surface Structure and Integrity 103733.3 Surface Texture and Roughness 103833.4 Friction 104333.5 Wear 104633.6 Lubrication 105033.7 Metalworking Fluids and Their Selection 1052Summary 1055 Key Terms 1056 Bibliography 1057Review Questions 1057 Qualitative Problems 1057Quantitative Problems 1058 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1058

3 4 Surface Treatments, Coatings, and Cleaning 105934.1 Introduction 105934.2 Mechanical Surface Treatments 106034.3 Mechanical Plating and Cladding 106234.4 Case Hardening and Hard Facing 106234.5 Thermal Spraying 106334.6 Vapor Deposition 106534.7 Ion Implantation and Diffusion Coating 106834.8 Laser Treatments 106934.9 Electroplating, Electroless Plating, and Electroforming 106934.10 Conversion Coatings 107334.11 Hot Dipping 107434.12 Porcelain Enameling; Ceramic and Organic Coatings 107534.13 Diamond Coating and Diamond-Like Carbon 107634.14 Surface Texturing 107734.15 Painting 107734.16 Cleaning of Surfaces 1078Summary 1080 Key Terms 1080 Bibliography 1080Review Questions 1081 Qualitative Problems 1081Quantitative Problems 1082 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1082

Part VIII: Common Aspectsof Manufacturing 1084

35 Engineering Metrology and Instrumentation 108535.1 Introduction 108535.2 Measurement Standards 108635.3 Geometric Features of Parts; Analog and

Digital Measurements 1087

xviii Contents

35.4 Traditional Measuring Methods and Instruments 108935.5 Modern Measuring Instruments and Machines 109635.6 Automated Measurement 110035.7 General Characteristics and Selection of

Measuring Instruments 110135.8 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 1101Summary 1107 Key Terms 1107 Bibliography 1108Review Questions 1108 Qualitative Problems 1108Quantitative Problems 1109 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1109

3 6 Quality Assurance, Testing, and Inspection 111036.1 Introduction 111036.2 Product Quality 111136.3 Quality Assurance 111236.4 Total Quality Management 111336.5 Taguchi Methods 111436.6 The ISO and QS Standards 111936.7 Statistical Methods of Quality Control 112136.8 Statistical Process Control 112436.9 Reliability of Products and Processes 113136.10 Nondestructive Testing 113236.11 Destructive Testing 113636.12 Automated Inspection 1137Summary 1137 Key Terms 1138 Bibliography 1138Review Questions 1139 Qualitative Problems 1140Quantitative Problems 1140 Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1141

Part IX: Manufacturing in a CompetitiveEnvironment 1142

3 / Automation of Manufacturing Processes 114437.1 Introduction 114437.2 Automation 114637.3 Numerical Control 115337.4 Adaptive Control 116137.5 Material Handling and Movement 116337.6 Industrial Robots 116537.7 Sensor Technology 117137.8 Flexible Fixturing 117637.9 Assembly Systems 1180

Contents xix

37.10 Design Considerations for Fixturing, Assembly, Disassembly,and Servicing 1183

37.11 Economic Considerations 1186Summary 1187 Key Terms 1187 Bibliography 1188Review Questions 1189 Qualitative Problems 1189Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1189

3 8 Computer-Aided Manufacturing 119138.1 Introduction 119138.2 Manufacturing Systems 119138.3 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 119238.4 Computer-Aided Design and Engineering 119538.5 Computer-Aided Manufacturing 120338.6 Computer-Aided Process Planning 120438.7 Computer Simulation of Manufacturing Processes

and Systems 120638.8 Group Technology 1208Summary 1215 Key Terms 1215 Bibliography 1216Review Questions 1216 Qualitative Problems 1216Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1217

3 9 Computer-Integrated ManufacturingSystems 121839.1 Introduction 121839.2 Cellular Manufacturing 121939.3 Flexible Manufacturing Systems 122139.4 Holonic Manufacturing 122439.5 Just-in-Time Production 122539.6 Lean Manufacturing 122739.7 Communications Networks in Manufacturing 122839.8 Artificial Intelligence 123039.9 Economic Considerations 1233Summary 1234 Key Terms 1234 Bibliography 1235Review Questions 1236 Qualitative Problems 1236Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1236

4 0 Product Design and Process Selectionin a Competitive Environment 123840.1 Introduction 123840.2 Product Design 123940.3 Product Quality and Life Expectancy 1242

XX Contents

40.4 Life-Cycle Assessment and Engineering; SustainableManufacturing 1244

40.5 Material Selection for Products 124640.6 Material Substitution 125040.7 Manufacturing Process Capabilities 125340.8 Process Selection 125740.9 Manufacturing Costs and Cost Reduction 1261Summary 1269 Key Terms 1269 Bibliography 1269Review Questions 1271 Qualitative Problems 1271Synthesis, Design, and Projects 1272

Index 1278

Case Studies11.1: Lost-Foam Casting of Engine Blocks 29913.1: Manufacturing Solid-Rocket Motor-Case Segments for a Space

Shuttle 36614.1: Manufacture of a Stepped Pin by Heading and Piercing

Operations 38214.2: Suspension Components for the Lotus Elise Automobile 39416.1: Cymbal Manufacture 46818.1: Production of High-Temperature Superconducting Tapes 52919.1: EPOCH Hip Replacement 54720.1: Invisalign Orthodontic Aligners 59523.1: Bone Screw Retainer 71725.1: High-Speed Dry Machining of Cast-iron Engine Blocks 77927.1: Electrochemical Machining of a Biomedical Implant 84327.2: Manufacture of Stems 85829.1: Accelerometer for Automotive Air Bags 92832.1: Light Curing of Acrylic Adhesives for Medical Products 102036.1: Manufacture of Televisions by Sony Corporation 111836.2: Dimensional Control of Plastic Parts in Saturn Automobiles 112937.1: Development of a Modular Fixture 117838.1: CAD Model Development for Automotive Components 119940.1: Concurrent Engineering for Intravenous Solution Containers 1267